Supporting Information

Transcription

1 Supporting Information Polyserotonin Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Materials for Biomedical Applications Nako Nakatsuka, 1,2 Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi, 1,2,3,4 Kevin M. Cheung, 1,2 Thomas D. Young, 1,2 Ghasem Bahlakeh, 5 Alireza Moshaverinia, 1,3 Paul S. Weiss, 1,2,6 * and Anne M. Andrews 1,2,7 * 1 California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States 2 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States 3 Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States 4 Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States 5 Department of Engineering and Technology, Golestan University, Aliabad Katool, Iran 6 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States 7 Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States S-1

2 Figure S1. Dynamic light scattering of polyserotonin nanoparticles incubated at ph 9.5 over 10 days. While the sizes of nanoparticles continued to increase, after approximately seven days, polyserotonin nanoparticle size distributions broadened with polydispersity indices exceeding 0.50 indicating aggregation. For main text experiments, polyserotonin nanoparticles were formed for five days (shaded in purple). S-2

3 Figure S2. Representative line sections from the peak-force atomic force microscopy adhesion maps for (a) polyserotonin and (b) polydopamine from Figures 2c and S2c respectively. (c) Atomic force microscopy images of polydopamine nanoparticles for comparison with polyserotonin nanoparticles. S-3

4 Figure S3. Cellular viability of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), gingivalderived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), and human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hbmmscs) after incubation with two concentrations of serotonin- (left) or dopamine- (right) based nanoparticles after 24 h (upper panels) or 72 h (lower panels). For polyserotonin nanoparticles, decreases in cell viability at high concentrations (100 μg/ml) were only observed for GMSCs [t(4)=3.76; P<0.05]. For polydopamine nanoparticles, there were significant reductions in cell viability upon incubation with 100 μg/ml for all three stem lines: DPSCs [t(4)=7.50; P<0.01], GMSCs [t(4)=5.71; P<0.01], and hbmmscs [t(4)=6.33; P<0.01]. Error bars represent standard errors of the means (N=3). S-4

5 Figure S4. (a) In vitro heat generation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspensions containing polyserotonin or polydopamine nanoparticles (NPs) at 200 μg / ml after near-infrared (NIR)-irradiation (808-nm laser; 3 W cm -2 ) for 10 min. (b) Temperature change (ΔT) after 10 min for serotonin vs. dopamine-based nanoparticles after NIR-irradiation at a constant concentration of 200 μg / ml. Dopamine NPs showed a greater ΔT compared to serotonin nanoparticles [t(4)=4.49; P<0.05]. Error bars are standard errors of the means (N=3). S-5

6 Figure S5. Comparative loading efficiencies of doxorubicin on polyserotonin vs. polydopamine nanoparticles with respect to different drug concentrations relative to 1 mg/ml nanoparticles. Loading efficiency of doxorubicin was statistically greater for polydopamine nanoparticles at all ratios (P<0.05 for doxorubicin:nanoparticle ratios 0.5 2; P<0.01 at a ratio of 5). Error bars are standard errors of the means (N=3). Polyserotonin loading efficiencies are reproduced from main text Figure 5c. S-6

7 Figure S6. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hbmmscs) after 24 h of exposure to doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded vs. unloaded polyserotonin nanoparticles as a function of concentration at 37 C. The effect of combining laser exposure and DOX (i.e., DOX-loaded nanoparticles + laser exposure) on the viability of hbmmscs cells is also shown. We compared the viability of hbmmscs with that of HeLa cells for exposure to DOX-loaded polyserotonin nanoparticles and the combination treatment (main text Figure 5e data reproduced as dotted lines). Error bars are standard errors of the means (N=3). S-7

8 Figure S7. Time evolution of the potential energy and temperature of all simulated cells within the last 150 ps of the molecular dynamics simulations. S-8

9 Serotonin Dimer-1 Dimer-2 Tetramer-1 Tetramer-2 Figure S8. Side views of initial snapshots of doxorubicin over surfaces of serotonin and its two dimers and tetramers. The doxorubicin molecule is shown in CPK style. The atomic color code is: carbon gray, oxygen red, hydrogen white, and nitrogen blue. S-9