Today is Tuesday, February 26 th, 2019

Transcription

1 Today is Tuesday, February 26 th, 2019 Pre-Class: Today we are reviewing. Have your questions ready!

2 Today s Agenda Review Review Getting shot in the eyeball? Review

3 Review Game Rules I will ask a question to the class. Each participant (that s you) writes down the answer silently. Not each group each individual. After a few moments, I will say, Compare answers. Each of you will look at what the other wrote.

4 Review Game Rules Did you each get the right answer? 2 points. Did one of you get the right answer? 1 point. Neither of you? For shame. 0 points. And eternal guilt.

5 Review Game Rules The List of Do Nots: Do not talk to each other, make noises, gesture, give answers (my discretion here) between when the question has been read and when I say, Compare answers. Doing so will result in a disqualification for that round. Don t believe me? Try it. Do not fall asleep when I m getting scores. If you re not paying attention, I m not giving you points.

6 Review Question 1 What is an antigen? Anything that provokes an immune response.

7 Review Question 2 Construct a cladogram for the following character table: Trait 1 Trait 2 Trait 3 Trait 4 Species Species Species Species

8 Review Question 3 What happens to blood vessels during the inflammatory response? They dilate, making them more porous to blood cells.

9 Review Question 4 What chemical signal molecule is most closely associated with the inflammatory response? Histamine.

10 Review Question 5 BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION You may wager any/all of your points. Category: Music There are three speeds at which vinyl records can be played, each measured in RPM. What are they? 33 1/3, 45, 78.

11 Review Question 6 Approximately how old is life on Earth in years? 3.9 billion years old, but I ll accept anything from 4 billion to 3.8 billion.

12 Review Question 7 Endosymbiosis resulted from a surge in what atmospheric gas? Oxygen (as part of the oxygen revolution/oxygen holocaust).

13 Review Question 8 Which organelles developed as a result of the oxygen revolution? Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

14 Review Question 9 After staining, you see purple bacteria under a microscope. How would you classify them? Gram-positive.

15 Review Question 10 What cell membrane compound is present in high concentrations in gram-positive bacteria? Peptidoglycan.

16 Review Question 11 What compound is present in greater concentrations in the cell walls of gramnegative bacteria? Lipopolysaccharide.

17 Review Question 12 What type of cell provides the humoral portion of the immune response? B cells.

18 Review Question 13 What are the three modes by which genetic variation can be introduced into bacteria? Conjugation (DNA exchange through pili), transformation (DNA uptake from environment), transduction (phage infection).

19 Review Question 14 Which viral reproductive cycle results in the fastest destruction of the host cell? The lytic cycle.

20 Review Question 15 BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION You may wager any/all of your points. Category: Inventions Who is credited with inventing the safety elevator designed to not fall if the cable breaks? Elisha Otis.

21 Review Question 16 Retroviruses carry which kind of genetic material? RNA, which they reverse-transcribe into DNA.

22 Review Question 17 A bacteriophage is also known as a phage virus. Its DNA is phage DNA. When the phage DNA becomes part of the host cell DNA, what is the DNA then known as? Prophage.

23 Review Question 18 What do bacteria do in response to harsh environmental conditions? They form an endospore and go dormant.

24 Review Question 19 The first type of animal life form that colonized land was likely a(n). Amphibian.

25 Review Question 20 Bird wings and bat wings are structures. Analogous. Their common ancestor did not have wings.

26 Review Question 21 How do vaccines stimulate immunity, and which part of the immune system (1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd tier) do they most importantly stimulate? Vaccines are weakened or dead versions of pathogens or similar pathogens designed to provoke the immune system into developing memory B and T cells.

27 Review Question 22 Cladograms should always be set up according to the simplest possible explanation of traits. What principle is this? The principle of parsimony.

28 Review Question 23 Construct a cladogram from the table below, which shows percent nucleotide differences between a selected gene in various species: Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species 1-25% 10% 2% Species 2-1% 30% Species 3-28% Species

29 Review Question 24 How many major extinctions have their been before the present day? Five. We may be in the midst (probably are) of a sixth mass extinction.

30 Review Question 25 The second tier immune response does not recognize types of pathogens. It is known as the response. Innate.

31 Review Question 26 What is one thing a virus has in common with living cells and what is one feature of living things they don t have? Viruses reproduce, evolve, and have genetic material, but can t reproduce on their own, do not grow, do not respond to stimuli, can t maintain homeostasis, and are not made of cells.

32 Review Question 27 There are two different molecular chains that make up an antibody, along with at least two different molecular regions. What are they? The heavy (H) and light (L) chains, and the variable (V) and constant (C) regions.

33 Review Question 28 How does the amount of antibodies produced in a secondary immune response compare to the amount of antibodies produced in a primary immune response? Secondary immune responses feature higher levels of antibodies than the initial (primary) immune response.

34 Review Question 29 What are the Linnaean classification levels, not including domain, starting from the most general? [Domain] Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

35 Review Question 30 BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION You may wager any/all of your points. Category: Film What was the first major film release to be shot (almost) entirely digitally? Superman Returns (2006), except for the scene where Superman gets shot in the eyeball.