Card #2/36. Card #1/36. Science Revision B1. Science Revision B1. Science Revision B1. Card #4/36

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1 Card #1/36 Card #2/36 Topic: Diet and Health Topic: Diet and Health What food groups does a balanced diet contain? What are their roles? What is metabolic rate? List 5 factors that can affect a person s metabolic rate. What are the effects of eating a diet that has too much fat and/or sugar too little of one or more of the nutrients What is cholesterol. What factors can affect cholesterol levels. Card #3/36 Card #4/36 Topic: Disease Topic: Disease In what ways can infection be spread? What is does contagious mean? What is a pathogen? What organisms cause disease? A disease that has spread through a large part of the world is called? A disease that has spread widely throughout a small community is called? How do bacteria make us feel ill? How do viruses make us feel ill?

2 Card #2/36 Card #1/36 A healthy BALANCED diet contains the right balance of the different nutrients from foods your body needs to keep you healthy: Carbohydrates, Fats for energy Protein for growth Vitamins, Minerals for the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Fibre (not digested) and Water Metabolic Rate = Rate that chemical reactions occur in cells of the body Factors affecting metabolic rate age, gender, genetic traits, proportion of fat to muscle and level of activity. Too much fat and/or sugar overweight (can lead to Type 2 diabetes) lose weight by healthier diet and/or more exercise Not enough of one of the nutrients malnourished (can lead to deficiency diseases) Cholesterol can affect health, causing heart disease/blocked arteries. Some people are genetically more affected by cholesterol than others. Card #4/36 Card #3/36 Pathogens: Microorganisms that cause infectious disease. Bacteria Viruses Smaller than plant or animal cells Much smaller than bacteria An infectious disease that can be passed on to other people is contagious. Reproduce rapidly by copying themselves They release waste products into our bodies which are toxic (poisonous) making us ill. Reproduce rapidly inside other cells They release waste products into our bodies which are toxic (poisonous) making us ill. They also damage the cells in which they reproduce. An epidemic is a disease in a community such as a school, or town A pandemic is a disease that has spread over many countries or worldwide

3 Card #5/36 Card #6/36 Topic: Disease Topic: Disease Describe how the following parts of the body are designed to protect the body: Describe the 3 ways white blood cells fight disease? Skin Saliva Mucus Stomach Acid Tears Platelets Topic: Disease Card #7/36 Card #8/36 Topic: Disease What did Semmelweiss notice in the hospital he worked in, and how did he use this evidence to then reduce death rates. Describe how vaccinations protect us from disease?

4 Card #6/36 Card #5/36 The white blood cell can ingest the pathogen and destroy it. The white blood cells can produce chemicals called antibodies which target specific bacteria or viruses and destroy them. The white blood cells can produce chemicals called antitoxins which counteract the toxins produced by pathogens. Scabs platelets clot the blood and stop anything getting in Card #8/36 Card #7/36

5 Card #9/36 Card #10/36 Topic: Aseptic Technique Topic: Health and Disease How do we grow bacteria in a lab? What conditions should be used when growing bacteria? How are Agar plates used to test how effective antibiotics are. Topic: Disease Card #11/36 Card #12/36 Topic: HeaDisease What do painkillers treat? What do antibiotics treat? What don t antibiotics treat? What does MMR vaccine treat? How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Why does stopping taking antibiotics too early cause antibiotic resistance? When do vaccines fail?

6 Card #10/36 Card #9/36 Effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics on bacteria experiment 1. Agar inoculated with BACTERIA. 2. Paper discs containing antiseptics and antibiotics placed on bacteria and left to grow. 3. Water DISK used as a CONTROL. 4. If bacteria don t grow around the disk the it is effective at killing bacteria. Area where bacteria don t grow is called ZONE OF EXLUSION. Sterilise inoculating loop, Agar jelly and Petri dish. Pour Agar jelly in the Petri dish. Pass inoculating loop through a flame, dip in the bacterial culture and spread on Agar jelly. Antibiotics can be tested on plates to see how many bacteria they kill. Tape the lid of the Petri dish down to prevent bacteria getting in from air. Leave at 25⁰C in schools any higher illegal as dangerous bacteria may grow. Industry uses higher temperatures up to 35⁰C faster growth. Card #12/36 Card #11/36 Painkillers relieve symptoms but do not kill the pathogen Antibiotics (such as penicillin) kill infectious bacteria inside the body. Specific antibiotics kill specific bacteria. Antibiotics don t work on viruses as viruses live inside body cells. Overuse of antibiotics and patients not completing courses has led to the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as MRSA. MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella. Overuse of antibiotics can cause more resistance to develop antibiotics not used to treat non serious infections anymore. MRSA resistant to many antibiotics therefore very difficult to treat Some viruses mutate often and the immune system (WBC s) doesn t recognise them so new vaccines have to be made for them e.g. flu

7 Card #13/36 Card #14/36 Topic: Nervous System Topic: Nervous system Describe how a synapse works. What are the similarities between a light receptor cell and a normal animal cell. Describe the journey of how a stimulus is detected and then transmitted until it reaches an effector. How does a reflex action differ from a normal response to a stimulus? Card #15/36 Card #16/36 Topic: The Menstrual Cycle Part 2 Topic: The Menstrual Cycle Part 1 When in the menstrual cycle is the egg releases? Where are FSH and LH produced? At what time in the cycle is the level of LH the highest? What does FSH do? How long does it take the egg to mature in the ovary? What does LH do? What happens to the lining of the womb if fertilisation does not occur? What 2 hormones are produced by the ovaries?

8 Science Revision b1 Card #14/36 Card #13/36 Reflex arc reaction to a stimulus First A the Receptor reacts to a stimulus. Next B the Sensory Neuron carries message to the Central Nervous System (CNS), the spine and the brain. The message is then passed on by C the Relay Neuron. To D the Motor Neuron which carries message away from CNS. To E the Effector which is a muscle or gland and the body reacts to Electrical signal travels along sensory neurone until reaches synapse. Electrical signal turned into chemical signal. Chemicals released and travel across the gap. Electrical signal recreated in relay or motor neurone across the gap and carries on. Light receptor cells, like most animal cells, have a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Card #16/36 Card #15/36 Hormone FSH Follicle stimulating Hormone Oestrogen LH Luteinising hormone Progesterone Produced in... Pituitary Gland Ovaries Pituitary Gland Ovaries Causes... Egg to mature stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen Lining of the womb to develop. Stimulates pituitary gland to make LH Triggers release of egg from the ovary Maintains the lining of the womb

9 Card #17/36 Card #18/36 Topic: Homeostasis Topic: Hormones and Glands What is homeostasis? Name 4 substances whose levels are controlled by homeostasis and explain how this is done. What organ/gland controls menstruation and fertility. What is the hormone that controls menstruation? Which gland secretes the hormone which controls blood sugar? What is the hormone which controls blood sugar? What is the name of the gland found in the brain? Card #19/36 Topic: Plant Hormones What is the name of the hormone that controls plant growth? What is geotropism and phototropism? Topic: Controlling Fertility Which hormone is used in the contraceptive pill? Card #20/36 Describe how this hormone causes these effects. State and describe the uses of plant hormones in agriculture? How does the contraceptive pill stop a woman becoming pregnant? Which 2 hormones are used in IVF and why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF? What is the advantage of contraception?

10 Card #18/36 Card #17/36 Hormones: The endocrine system produces hormones in parts of the body called glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control body functions. The glands release the hormones into the blood where they are carried to target organs. Hormones travel a lot slower than nerve messages but their effects are usually longer lasting and they act quickly. Hormones control things like menstruation in women as well as the changes that occur to our bodies during puberty and homeostasis. Factors controlled by homeostasis: Water content water leaves the body by: lungs when we breathe out, skin when we sweat, kidneys in the urine Ion content ions are lost by: skin when we sweat, kidneys in the urine Temperature to maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best for chemical reactions in the cells. Normal body temperature is 37 o C Blood glucose levels controlled by the pancreas to provide the cells with a constant supply of energy. Card #20/36 Card #19/36 Contraception : Inhibits production of FSH so eggs don't mature in the ovaries. Fertility treatments: FSH used to stimulate eggs to mature and trigger oestrogen production. IVF - eggs collected and fertilised in the lab then implanted Advantages - fewer children (cost), women freedom. Disadvantages - expensive, multiple births, embryo use Phototropism Auxin produced in the tip of the shoot. Auxin moves to shaded side of the stem, away from the light Auxin causes increased growth on one side. Geotropism Auxin produced in the tip of the root. Auxins have opposite effect in the root Auxins slows down growth and root Auxin is used as weedkiller and rooting hormone in agriculture.

11 Card #21/36 Card #22/36 Topic: Drug Testing Topic: Legal and Illegal Drugs Describe the different stages in the testing of new drugs. What are new drugs tested for? Why would a placebo be used? Why are blind and double blind trials used in drug testing? What was Thalidomide first developed to treat? What was it then used for and what was the effect. What is it not used to treat? Describe the effects of any drug on the body Give examples of legal and illegal drugs and explain the meaning of addictive and withdrawal symptoms. Explain which of the legal and illegal drugs has the most negative effect on society. Card #23/36 Card #24/36 Topic: Medicinal Drugs Topic: Adaptations What are statins used for? What are steroids used for? What are stimulants used for? For plants and/or animals: Describe the adaptations necessary for a hot climate. Describe the adaptations necessary for a very cold climate. What do animals and plants compete for? What is an extremophile?

12 Card #22/36 Card #21/36 Topic: Drugs Three stages of drugs testing: All drugs change the chemical processes in the human body. Cannabis is an illegal drug. Cannabis smoke contains chemicals which may cause mental illness in some people. Cocaine, Ecstasy and heroine are highly addictive illegal drugs that may have a negative effect on the heart and circulatory system. Stopping taking these drugs leads to withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol and Nicotine are legal drugs. Their impact is much higher than illegal drugs because so many people abuse them. Stage 1 - Test on cells and animals in the lab (efficacy, toxicity) Stage 2 Test on healthy volunteers (side effects, dose) Stage 3 Test on patients (efficacy, dose) Placebo pill that does not contain the drug Double blind trial neither doctor or patient knows who has the real drug and who has taken the placebo. Thalidomide developed as a sleeping pill. Then used to treated morning sickness. Hadn t been tested on pregnant women and caused disfigured limbs in babies. Drug testing became more rigorous as a result. Now used to treat leprosy and some cancers. Hot Climate: Animals: Low body fat: Sandy colour for camouflage; Thin insulating coat Card #24/36 Card #23/36 Statins: Drugs that lower cholesterol in the blood and stop the liver producing too much cholesterol. Patients should also have a healthy diet. This reduces the risk of heart disease. Plants: Low surface area of limbs; Water storage in stems; extensive root system. Cold Climate: High body fat; Thick insulating coat; Camouflage Animals compete for Food, Mates, Territory Plants compete for Light, Space, Water, Nutrients Steroids Drugs that allow athletes to train for longer and longer, gain more muscle and gain an unfair advantage in sport. Stimulants Boost heart rate and other bodily functions to give athletes an unfair advantages. Antibiotics, Painkillers are discussed elsewhere. Extremophiles living in highly different environments and can survive high levels of salt, high temperature or pressure.

13 Card #25/36 Card #26/36 Topic: Distribution and environmental change Topic: Food Chains and Biomass Give examples of indicator species used to measure pollution. Draw a food chain, pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass for : What do indicator species tell us? Oak tree (1), aphid (500), ladybird (50), sparrow (5), Owl (1) What do pyramids of numbers and biomass look like? Card #27/36 Card #28/36 Topic: Decomposition / Decay Topic: Carbon cycle What is a detritus feeder? Describe the process of decay? What are the essential conditions for decay to occur? Describe the key processes in the carbon cycle. What is the only biological process to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Why do all living things release carbon dioxide? How can carbon dioxide be locked away? How does decay fit into the carbon cycle?

14 Card #26/36 Card #25/36 As environmental changes happen the distribution of organisms also changes. It can be difficult to measure change in distribution. Lichens used to measure air quality (if they die, indicates pollution) Invertebrate animals to measure water quality (if they die indicates low oxygen levels due to pollution). Pyramids of biomass tells us how much dry mass of living organism there is. Producers go on Card #28/36 Card #27/36 Decay happens when micro-organisms digest matter. These organisms are called detritus feeders. Large molecules are broken down into much smaller molecules. These can then be used by living things for growth. Carbon Dioxide is one product released by decay, which is then used by plants to grow. Conditions needed for decay are: Warm: Chemical reactions in microorganisms work fastest when warm. Moist: Easier to dissolve food, prevents drying out Plenty of oxygen: Decomposers respire, need oxygen to release energy. In a stable system, processes that remove materials from the environment are balanced by the materials produced by decay (and other processes)

15 Card #29/36 Card #30/36 Topic: Evolution Difference between Lamarck and Darwin Topic: Natural Selection Describe the difference between: Darwin s theory of natural selection [Survival of the Fittest] Lamarck s theory of inherited characteristics According to Darwin s theory, where did all living things come from? What are the key points in natural selection? Who opposed this theory, and why? How does mutation affect natural selection? Card #31/36 Card #32/36 Topic: Sexual/Asexual Reproduction Topic: Genetics Sexual Asexual Where is genetic material found? Number of parents Why does sexual reproduction produce variation? Number of gametes What is genetic variation? Give an example Likeness of offspring to What is environmental variation? Give an example Variation Organisms that do it

16 Card #30/36 Card #29/36 All living things came from a common ancestor, thought to be some sort of worm. Over billions of years they evolved into a variety of different species. Natural selection Organisms show a wide range of variation within a species. The individuals most suited to their environment most likely to survive and breed. The genes that give them these characteristics passed on to offspring. The church opposed it due to lack of evidence at the time, and the theory challenging the existence of God. Mutation results in rapid changes to a species, much faster than natural selection.? Card #32/36 Card #31/36 The nucleus of most human cells is made of 23 pairs of chromosomes. (sex cells [gametes] contain half that amount 23 individual chromosomes). Sexual Asexual Chromosomes are made of DNA. DNA is made of genes. Genes control the development of characteristics of an organism. These characteristics are also affected by environmental factors (the conditions within which they are raised). Examples of environmental factors include diet, climate, etc Number of parents 2 1 Number of gametes 2 1 Likeness of offspring to parent Similar but different Identical (Clones) Variation Lots None Organisms that do it Mammals Snails, Some sharks, Bacteria, Happens in animals duplicating cells (eg skin cells)

17 Card #33/36 Card #34/36 Topic: Embryo Transplantation Topic: Adult Cell Cloning Describe embryo transplantation What are the advantages/disadvantages of embryo transplantation? Describe the process of adult cell cloning. What are the advantages and disadvantages of adult cell cloning? Card #35/36 Card #36/36 Topic: Cloning plants Topic: Genetic Engineering How can plants be cloned? What is genetic engineering? What are the advantages of tissue culturing over cuttings? Why are people concerned about genetic engineering?

18 Card #34/36 Card #33/36 Advantages: Protect endangered Advantages: breeds Farmers gets a herd Could be used for genetically engineered clones. of all female, genetically excellent animals. Disadvantages Economically good Ethics/unnatural Disadvantages Lots of failed Ethics/unnatural attempts on way to success. All offspring identical subject to same All offspring identi- illnesses. cal subject to same illnesses. Card #36/36 Card #35/36 Genetic engineering involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species, using enzymes. This DNA is then inserted into an empty egg cell and a new organism created. Taking Cuttings: take part of a plant use auxins to grow roots and plant in soil. Tissue culture: new plants grown in Petri dish from a few cells Famous examples include taking glow in the dark genes from jellyfish and GM crops are genetically modified. GM crops are designed to produce more food, resist insect attack or chemicals. Some people worry about long term health effects and the effect on naturally occurring Simple and cheap but damages original plant. Non destructive technique. Good for making large quantities of new plants.