Unit 3: Cellular Processes: Homeostasis

Transcription

1 Name: Unit 3: Cellular Prcesses: Hmestasis Students will be able t: 3.1 Understand that hmestasis is the ability t maintain a cnstant internal envirnment despite changes within the external envirnment. The human bdy accmplishes this by using feedback mechanisms t stabilize systems and keep them within certain parameters. Describe the general cmpnents f a feedback mechanisms and explain hw they wrk Explain hw several bdy systems wrk tgether t maintain hmestasis Ex Cardivascular and respiratry systems wrk tgether fr cell respiratin 3.2 Understand the bdy uses and prduces fur types f macrmlecules in rder t btain the energy and create the structures t carry ut basic life functins. Use the structure and unique prperties f carbn t explain why carbn is the basis f all rganic mlecules. Be able t describe the functin and building blcks f macrmlecules and give examples f each. (elements, building blcks, functin, example) Be able t describe hw mnmers bnd t becme plymers. (Dehydratin synthesis and hydlysis) Describe the bimlecules used within the bdy and explain: Hw they are used by the bdy t maintain hmestasis Where they are fund in ur fd The cnsequences f having t much r t little within ur bdies Keywrds: Hmestasis Feedback Inhibitin Epithelial Tissue Cnnective Tissue Nervus Tissue Muscle Tissue Organic Cmpunds Mnmer Plymer Dehydratin Synthesis Hydrlysis Saccharide Saturated fats Unsaturated fats Hydrphbic Nucletide Adensine Triphsphate Amin Acids Catalyst Substrate Active Site Activatin Energy Cfactr/Cenzyme Cellular Prcesses: Hmestasis and Macrmlecules Date Tpic 10/1 Intrductin t Hmestasis Quick Lab and Ntes 10/2 Bdy Systems Activity 10/3 Bdy Systems Activity 10/4 The Amazing Human Bdy-Survive Vide 10/5 Intrductin t Organic Mlecules Ntes and Organic Mlecules Statins Lab 10/8 Organic Mlecules Statins Lab 10/9 Macrmlecules Lab 10/10 Dehydratin Synthesis and Hydrlysis Mdel 1

2 10/11 Enzyme Ntes and Reading 10/12 Enzyme Manipulatives 10/15 Enzyme Manipulatives 10/16 Unit Review 10/17 Unit Multiple Chice Test 10/1/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy maintains hmestasis: a cnstant internal envirnment, despite changes within the external envirnment. 1. What are tw things that I want yu t knw by the end f this unit? 2. When is yur unit test? 3.1 Hmestasis Intrductin t Hmestasis: Quick Lab Directins: Yu will receive a thermmeter and tw beakers f water: ne will warm water, and ne will cld water. Develp a methd t put water in a third beaker and keep it within ne degree f 35 C fr a perid f 10 minutes. Methd: In the space belw, explain what yu did fr this activity. Hw did yu keep the water at 35 C? Questins: 1. What were the challenges in trying t keep the temperature the same fr a given perid f time? 2. Cmpare this experiment with what yu think happens t yur wn bdy during temperature regulatin? 2

3 Hmestasis What is hmestasis? Sme things are easy t bserve. When yu run r swim r even write the answer t a test questin, yu can see yur bdy at wrk. But behind the scenes, yur bdy s systems are wrking cnstantly t d smething that is difficult t see and that few peple appreciate-maintaning a cntrlled, stable envinrnment. This stable envirnment is called hmestasis, which means similar standing. Hmestasis describes the relatively cnstant internal physical and chemical cnditins that rganisms maintain despite changes in internal and external envirnments. Hmestatsis amy nt be bvius, but fr a living rganism, it s literally a matter f life r death. Feedback Inhibitin If yu ve ever watched smene driving a car dwn a relatively straight rad, yu may have nticed hw the persn cnstantly mves the wheel left r right, adjusting directin t keep the vehicle in the middle f the lane. In a certain sense, that s hw the systems f the bdy wrk, t, keeping internal cnditins within a certain range, and never allwing them t g t far t ne side r the ther. A Nnliving Example One way t understand hmestasis is t lk at a nnliving system that autmatically keeps cnditins within a certain range like a hme heating system. In mst hmes, heat is supplied by a furnace that burns il r natural gas. When the temperature within the huse drps belw a set pint, a thermstat sensr switches the furnace n. Heat prduced by the furnace warms the huse. When the temperature rises abve a set pint, the thermstat switches the furnace ff, keeping the temperature within a narrw range. A system like this is said t be cntrlled by feedback inhibitin. Feedback inhibitin, r negative feedback, is the prcess in which a stimulus prduces a respnse that ppses the riginal stimulus. Figure 30-3 summarizes the feedback inhibitin prcess in a hme heating system. When the furnace is switched n, it prduces a prduct (heat) that changes the envirnment f the huse (by raising the air temperature). This envirnmental change then feeds back t Inhibit the peratin f the furnace. In ther wrds, heat frm the furnace eventually raises the temperature high enugh t trigger a feedback signal that switches the furnace ff. Systems cntrlled by feedback inhibitin are generally very stable. A Living Example Culd bilgical systems achieve hmestasis thrugh feedback inhibitin? Abslutely. All that is needed is a system that regulates sme aspect f the cellular envirnment and that can respnd t feedback frm its wn activities by switching n r ff as needed. Such mechanisms are very cmmn, nt nly in the human bdy, but in all frms f life. One example is the maintenance f bdy temperature. The bdy regulates temperature by a mechanism that is remarkably similar t that f a hme heating system. Yu can fllw bdy temperature regulatin in Figure A part f the brain called the hypthalamus prduces chemicals that signal cells thrughut the bdy t speed up their activities. Heat prduced by this increase in 3

4 activity, especially cellular respiratin, causes a gradual rise in bdy temperature, which is detected by nerve cells in the hypthalamus. Have yu ever been s cld that yu began t shiver? If yur bdy temperature drps well belw its nrmal range, the hypthalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just belw the surface f the skin t cntract invluntarily-t shiver. These muscle cntractins release heat, which helps the bdy temperature t rise tward the nrmal range. If bdy temperature rises t far abve 37C, the hypthalamus slws dwn cellular activities t reduce heat prductin. This is ne f the reasns yu may feel tired and sluggish n a ht day. The bdy als respnds t high temperatures by prductin sweat, which helps t cl the bdy surface by evapratin. D yu think that feelings f hunger and fullness are an example f feedback inhibitin? Explain. 4

5 Types f Bdy Tissues 1. Fill in the blanks: Cells Organs Organism 2. Cmpare the characteristics f tw types f tissues. Identify the parts f the bdy that cntain these types f tissues. 10/2/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy uses feedback mechanisms t maintain a stable internal envirnment despite changes within the external envirnment. 1. Name as many bdy systems that yu can think f. 2. Match the system with ne f the fllwing functins: prtectin, cnnectivity, reprductin, structure. 5

6 10/3/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy uses feedback mechanisms t maintain a stable internal envirnment despite changes within the external envirnment. Nne 10/4/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy uses feedback mechanisms t maintain a stable internal envirnment despite changes within the external envirnment. 1. Describe hw the digestive system and the circulatry system wrk tgether t help the bdy maintain hmestasis. 2. Describe hw the respiratry system and the muscular system wrk tgether t maintain hmestasis. Vcabulary Builder: Freyer Mdel Jig-Saw Vcab 10/5/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy uses and prduces the fur types f macrmlecules in rder t btain the energy and create the structures t carry ut basic life functins. Feedback lps can als mdel Earth s systems, t! Use the fllwing feedback lp t answer the questins. 1. Is the feedback lp psitive r negative? 2. Can a cycle like this be changed nce it starts? 3. What changes culd yu make t alter this feedback lp? 4. Why are feedback lps a way t see what directin ur planet may be heading and hw t prevent harmful changes? 6

7 3.2 Intrductin t Organic Mlecules Organic Cmpunds: Carbn What is an Organic Cmpund? A grup f mlecules that cntain. Carbn frms the key cmpnents f all life n Earth. Carbn can have up t because f its structure. Why study rganic cmpunds? living things are made f rganic cmpunds! The Recipe What else makes up the recipe fr life? All types f rganic cmpunds cntain, but they may als cntain:, phsphrus,, nitrgen, and hydrgen Alng with hydrgen, carbn bnds with these elements t frm rganic cmpunds. Fur Types There are fur majr categries f rganic mlecules that are fund in all living things: These are large mlecules knwn as. Mnmer and Plymers Each f the fur types f macrmlecules are made f smaller subunits called mnmers. Mn = ne A is a single unit f a structure Ply = many A is a larger structure made up f mnmers. Analgy: a brick huse is the plymer. What are the mnmers (Building blcks) f the huse? Ways t frm plymers : remves water t jin mnmers t frm a plymer. It s a chemical reactin: Mnmer + Mnmer Plymer + H 2O Ways t break apart plymers: t create mnmers. : breaks the bnds in a plymer by adding water 7

8 It s als a chemical reactin: Plymer + H 2O Mnmer + Mnmer 8

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11 10/8/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe hw the bdy uses and prduces the fur types f macrmlecules in rder t btain the energy and create the structures t carry ut basic life functins. 1. Why is carbn the best element t build living rganisms? 2. Create an analgy fr a mnmer and a plymer. (Hint: think abut the brick huse) 10/9/18 Objective: Students will discver what macrmlecules different fds cntain and hw these fds give us energy t maintain hmestasis. 1. What is the difference between structural prteins and functinal prteins? 2. Of the three macrmlecules fund in fds, which d yu think is the mst prevalent in ur bdies? 11

12 10/10/18 Objective: Students will be able t mdel hw plymers are made and brken apart by dehydratin synthesis and hydrlysis. 1. What is dehydratin synthesis? 2. What is hydrlysis? 10/11/18 Objective: Students will be able t describe the functin f enzymes in ur bdy and hw they help us t maintain hmestasis. Fill in the fllwing table abut macrmlecules. Organic Mlecule Mnmer Functin Carbhydrate Lipid Prtein Nucleic Acid Enzymes 3.3 Enzymes Enzymes are their wn class f. Living things culd nt survive withut enzymes. Withut enzymes, chemical reactins f life wuld ccur t t survive. We call these substances a 12

13 Examples f Enzymes: Carbhydrases Prteases Lipases Plymerases Transferases Enzymes that break dwn sugars. Enzymes that break dwn prteins. Enzymes that break dwn lipids. Enzymes that jin mlecules tgether. Enzymes that transfer pieces f ne mlecule t anther. Enzymes and Substrates upn. is the term used t describe the mlecules that an enzyme acts Fr example, amylase is an enzyme (a type f carbhydrase) that breaks dwn plysaccharides int mnsaccharides. The amylase attaches t the starch, which is the substrate, and helps t break it dwn int individual glucse mlecules. Lck and Key/Puzzle Enzymes and substrates fllw the mdel. Each enzyme nly reacts with a. Fr example: if yu are eating a cheeseburger fr dinner, amylase will nly react with the starch fund in the bun. It will nt break dwn the ther types f fd mlecules. Only ne substrate ( ) per enzyme ( )! The f an enzyme is the specific area f the enzyme where it bnds with the substrate. Enzyme Substrate Cmplex Once the substrate bnds with the enzyme, it temprarily frms an until the reactin ccurs. Once the prducts are frmed, they are released, and the enzyme is free t react again (enzymes the prducts and t the next substrate). Example: the prducts f amylase and starch wuld be smaller glucse mlecules brken apart. 13

14 Enzymes can als smaller mlecules tgether, resulting in ne large prduct. Hw d Enzymes Wrk? Enzymes wrk by the bnds between mnmers. This lwers the activatin energy. is the energy needed fr a chemical reactin t ccur. What Affects Enzyme Activity? 1. Envirnmental Cnditins a. are the mst dangerus i. High temperatures may denature (unfld) the enzyme b. -mst prefer a ph f 6-8, near neutral c. -especially salt ins 2. Cfactrs and Cenzymes a. (zinc, irn) and (respectively) are smetimes needed fr prper enzymatic activity. b. Example: Irn must be present in the hemglbin (prtein) structure in rder fr it t pick up xygen. 3. Enzyme Inhibitrs a. : are chemicals that resemble an enzyme s nrmal substrate and cmpetes with it fr the active site. b. : Inhibitrs that d nt enter he active site, but bind t anther part f the enzyme causing the enzyme t change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. 14

15 10/12/18 Objective: Students will be able t mdel the functin f enzymes using manipulatives and explain hw enzymes help us t maintain hmestasis. 1. Meat tenderizer cntains an enzyme that interacts with meat. If meat is cated with tenderizer and then placed in a refrigeratr fr a shrt time, hw d yu think the enzyme will be affected? 2. What is the relatinship between an active site and a substrate? 10/15/18 Objective: Students will be able t mdel the functin f enzymes using manipulatives and explain hw enzymes help us t maintain hmestasis. 1. Enzymes have an ptimum temperature at which they wrk best. Temperatures abve and belw this ptimum will decrease enzyme activity. Which graph best illustrates the effect f temperature n enzyme activity? Explain yur answer. Vcabulary Builder: Vcabulary Battle Game 10/16/18 Objective: Students will demnstrate their knwledge f hmestasis an rganic mlecules n a unit review. (2 Questins) 1. G back t the frnt page f yur packet and read thrugh the essential utcmes. Put a questin mark next t the tpics that yu still have questins abut. Put a check mark next t the tpics that yu feel cnfident abut. 15

16 2. Hw are yu ging t g abut learning thse tpics that have a questin mark next t them? 10/17/18 Objective: Students will demnstrate their knwledge f hmestasis an rganic mlecules n a unit test. 1. Turn in yur wrk t the basket. 16