Structure of Biological Materials

Transcription

1 ELEC ENG 3BA3: Structure of Biological Materials Notes for Lecture #2 Monday, September 13, 2010

2 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOENGINEERING 1.1 What is bioengineering? Oxford English Dictionary the application of engineering techniques to biological processes 2

3 Areas of bioengineering: Neural engineering EE/CE Neuromuscular engineering EE/ME Biomedical instrumentation EE Biomedical signal and image processing EE (Tele)robotic surgery EE/ME Biomedical devices and sensors EE/CE/EP Biological modeling EE/ME/CE 3

4 Areas of bioengineering (cont.): Tissue and cell engineering CE Bioprocessing CE Biomaterials CE/MS Biocompatibility CE/MS Physiological Fluid Mechanics CE Drug delivery systems CE/EE Artificial organs CE/EE/ME 4

5 Areas of bioengineering (cont.): Biomechanics ME Prosthetics ME/EE Cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary engineering ME/CE/EE BioMEMS and nanotechnology EP/ME/EE Bioinformatics CS/EE 5

6 1.2 What is biomedical engineering (BME)? Biomedical engineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice. It includes: 1. The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative and substantive application of experimental and analytical techniques based on the engineering sciences. 2. The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and systems that advance biology and medicine and improve medical practice and health care delivery. Whitaker Foundation ( 6

7 Another definition of BME: Any area of bioengineering that applies to medical/health issues. So what is not BME? Some areas of: Bioprocessing CE Biological modeling EE/ME/CE Biomaterials CE/MS Biomimetics 7

8 1.3 A short history of bioengineering Some research and application milestones: B.C. Eygptian limb prostheses, endoscopic reeds 1780s Luigi Galvani discovers bioelectricity 1790s Alessandro Volta inserts metal rods attached to a battery into his ears noise like the boiling of thick soup 8

9 1816 Rene Laennec stethoscope 1848 Emil Du Bois-Reymond Concerning the Animal Electricity 1856 Hermann von Helmholtz Handbook of Physiological Optics & Ophthalmoscope 1863 Hermann von Helmholtz On the Sensation of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music 9

10 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen X-rays 1903 Willem Einthoven ECG 10

11 1925 M.N. Smith-Petersen artificial hip 1927 Philip Drinker iron lung 1929 Hans Berger EEG 1941 Donald Sproule ultrasound 1950s Paul Zoll pacemaker & defibrillator 1960s William House cochlear implant 1970s Raymond Damadian MRI Michael Ter-Pogossian PET 11

12 Bioengineering education milestones: 1700s Some scientists trained in both &1800s physics and biology/medicine, e.g., Galvani, Helmholtz Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany 1950s NIH graduate training programs in BME at The Johns Hopkins University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Rochester and Drexel University 12

13 1960s Spread of graduate BME 1980s programs to many other US universities, and introduction of undergraduate BME programs 1990s Whitaker Foundation funds the creation of many new BME programs and departments in the US and Canada 2002 McMaster introduces undergrad programs in bioengineering 13

14 1.4 Approaches to bioengineering Engineering Biology/Medicine: Take an engineering technique or device and find a biological/biomedical application for it Pros: Cons: Engineering technique or device is fully developed Engineer doesn t need to know a lot about biology or medicine Need to find an application Need someone who knows about the application 14

15 Biology/Medicine Engineering: Start with a biological/biomedical problem and see if there is an engineering technique or device that will solve it Pros: Biological/medical problem is well defined Scientist/physician doesn t need to know a lot about engineering Cons: Need to find an engineer up-to-date with techniques and devices Need to fit the engineering technique/device to the particular problem 15

16 Integrated Bioengineering: Work within a particular area of biology or medicine and develop or adapt engineering techniques or devices to solve problems Pros: Biological/medical problems are well defined Bioengineer has knowledge of biology/medicine as well as engineering Bioengineer can be a bridge between other engineers and biologists/physicians Cons: Bioengineer has to keep up to date with both biology/medicine and engineering 16

17 1.5 Bioengineering at McMaster Before 2002: Bioengineering graduate students in ECE and CE Research primarily in the areas of: tissue engineering, biocompatibility, neuromuscular engineering, biomedical instrumentation, and biomedical signal processing One BME undergrad elective in EE and one in CE No BME graduate courses 17

18 Since 2002: New professors hired in EE, CE, ME and EP, expanding research areas Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering undergrad program Electrical and Biomedical Engineering undergrad/grad program A range of BME grad courses offered by CE, EE, EP, ME, & MSBE Formation of McMaster (Graduate) School of Biomedical Engineering (MSBE) 18

19 McMaster School of Biomedical Engineering (MSBE): Joint initiative of the Faculties of Engineering & Health Sciences M.A.Sc. and Ph.D. programs in Biomedial Engineering Possibly M.D./Ph.D. program Research labs, lecture halls, admin offices, etc. in new engineering building Provide a link between undergrad programs ( 19

20 Bioengineering at McMaster Society (BEAMS): For CE & Bioengineering undergrads, Electrical & Biomedical Engineering undergrads, and any grad students doing bioengineering research Educational, social, and career-oriented activities Important link between programs ( 20

21 1.6 Careers in Bioengineering (in Canada) Medical imaging, instrumentation & healthcare software: Philips Medical Systems ( GE Medical Systems ( Siemens Medical ( Visual Sonics ( Merge Healthcare ( Resonant Medical ( 21

22 Hearing aids: ON Semiconductor ( Unitron ( VitaSound ( Medical devices, sensors and diagnostics: MDS ( XLTEK ( MEG International Services Ltd. ( IntelliPharmaCeutics ( 22

23 Medical devices, sensors and diagnostics (cont.): Medtronic ( Baylis Medical ( ON Semiconductor ( Medical robotics: MD Robotics ( Clinical biomedical engineering: Aramark ( Hospitals Government agencies (standards and compliance) and medical or academic careers 23