DESIGN AND F ABRICA TION OF A PASTEURIZER

Transcription

1 DESIGN AND F ABRICA TION OF A PASTEURIZER BY AUDU DAVID BABAMINI 01/11375EA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NOVEMBER, 07.

2 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PASTEURIZER BY AUDU, DAVID BABAMINI 01/11375EA BEING A FINAL YEAR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NOVEMBER, 07

3 DEC LARA TION I hereby declare that this project is a recqrd of a research w~rk that was undertaken and written by me. It has not been presented for any degree or diploma or certi-ficate at any University or Institution. Infonnation derived froiii personal communications, published and unpublished works of others were duly referenced in the text. Audu David Babamini Date II

4 CERTIFICATION This project entitled "design and fabrication of a pasteurizer" by Audu David I3abamini meets the regulations govorning the University of Technology, Minna, and it is approved for its Contribution to scientific Knowledge and literary presentation ~ Engr. Dr. 13. A. Alabadan Supervisor Date... ~ ~~.~~ Engr. Dr. Mrs. Z. D. Osunde (-lead of the Department Date External Examiner t '/;JI/R()Ol: Dale III

5 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Almighty God for spanng my life all through the course of study. IV

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My si ncere appreciation goes to the Lord Almighty for his favour, provision, protection over me and for seeing me through this great citadel of learning. I thank my seasoned supervisor, Dr. B. A. Alabadan the erudite and eminent academic of this great institution for having time to go through my manuscript thoroughly, out of his tight schedule and all his support in other areas. I th ank and acknowledge the effort of my parents, Mr. & Mrs. Audu for their moral, financial and spiritual support. May God Almighty bless and reward you abundan tl y. Also to my siblings (Shaaba Francis, Agnes Nnazatwa, Helen Zainab and Yebo Asia lye) may God bless you all richly. ) thank my lecturers in person ofmr. Peter Adeoye, Mr. John Visa and others who have contributed to my knowledge. My acknowledgement goes to my colleagues and others too numerous to mention. My gratitude also goes to my great AG (Chris) who have contributed to the success of this project and to my good friend (Isaac Abubakar) whose care I remember now and always and also to all my gallant and the most rouged WARBAYS, FUT Man 0 ' War command. Lastly, I acknowledge the love, care and support of my beloved Nawa Rhoda Santali God bless and keep you. v

7 ". ABSTRACT The project presents "the design and fabrication of pasteurizer usmg a Batch method of pasteurization and microcontroller temperature regulation system (unit). The microcontroller temperature regulator provide an automated way of controlling the temperature of a given pasteurizer for pasteurizing the milk at a given temperature (65 C for (5 minutes) and honey at a given temperature (165F for mjnutes). This project is realizable via temperature sensing, signal conditioning and relaying. The temperature sensor senses the current of the said pasteurizer, send it to the ADC (Anologue to Digital Converter) the digitized signal is then sent a controller which through the help of a programmed input (software), does the comparison and control by sending a feedback signal to the heating element thereby bringing about the regulation of the temperature of the said pasteurizer. A great advantage of this project is that it provides automated, and it is reliable, if there can be a constant power supply to the system. It is also economical in constructioll. Agricultural products such as milk in their raw state habours harmful organisms sllch as virllses and bacterial that are known for causing diseases when consumed. For safe consumption and healthy leaving, this organisms need to be reduced or eliminated. The mean count of bacterial isolated from the milk sample before pasteurization was 5.45 x los, 5.84 x los, 2.62 x los and 1.26 x los cfu/ml for staphylococcus sp, Salmonella, Bacillus and pseudomonas respectively. These reduced to 2.47 x (Os, 2.21 x los, 0.86 x los and x los cfu/ml respectively after pasteurization. The pasteurizer performed well for milk and it can be easily used for other products such as JUIce. VI

8 T ABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Declaration Cel1ification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents List of table List of figures II 111. IV v VI.. VII IX X CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION I. I Electric Pasteuriser 1.2 Statement of Problem 1.3 Object ives of the Study 1.4 Justification of the Study 1.5 Limitation of Study CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REV lew 2. I Food Preservation 2. I. I Preservation Processes 2.2 Louis Pasteur Pasteurisation of Milk Pasteurisation of Honey Pasteurisation Methods Components ofpasteuriser 2.3 A Brief History of Temperature Early Temperature Measurement 2.3. I. I The Eighteenth Century: Celsius and Fahrenheit The Nineteenth Century: A Productive Era The lh Century: Further Discovery, Refinement and Recognition VII ~~

9 .) History of Temperature Regulation CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHOD AND MATERlALS 3. I Method 3.2 Biochemical Test Catalyst Test Coagulase Test Simple Sugar Fermentation 3.3 Materials 3.4 Components of the Batch Method Cover 34.2 I-land valve process Control 3.5 Machine Description and Operation Procedure The Heating Element The Agitator (Stirring Fan) Display Unit 3.5."4 Design Calculations Calculation of the Design Calculation of the Inner Volume Calculation of the Outer Volume 3.6 Maintenance CI-IAPER FOUR 4.0 RESULT AND DlSCUSSION 4. I Resuit 4.2 Discussion of Result 4.2. I Composition of cow milk 34.3 Phosphate Test: CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. I Conclusion VIII

10 5.2 Recommendation REFERENCES IX

11 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. I: Dairy Pasteurisation Table 4. I: Biochemical properties of the test organisms x

12 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 3. I: Batch Pasteuriser Fig. 3.2: 3D view of Batch Pasteuriser Fig. 3.3: Sectional View of Batch Pasteuriser Fig.3.4: Circuit diagram Fig. 3.5: Power circuit Fig 3.6: Measurement of the Pasteuriser Fig. 4. I: Showing the microbial load of milk product before pasteurization Fig. 4.2: Showing the microbial load after pasteurization 39 Xl