BLG Applied Genetics. Biology

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1 BLG Applied Genetics Bilgy

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3 BLG Applied Genetics INTRODUCTION The curse entitled Applied Genetics is aimed at enabling adult learners t functin effectively in situatins frm the Research and Expertise families that invlve genetics, its applicatins and their impact. In this curse, adult learners seek answers t prblems related t the mlecular functin f cells and t genetics, genetic diversity and the genetic prcess f evlutin. They prcess data t slve prblems related t genetic crssing, calculate the prbability f hereditary diseases r interpret DNA tests. They apply their knwledge t illustrate the effects f a mutatin in a cell s DNA sequence, understand the presence f a genetic disease r explain a species ability t adapt t a change in its envirnment. They make infrmed decisins n scial, ethical and envirnmental issues arising frm the use f technlgies in mlecular bilgy, particularly gene clning and transgenesis, and evaluate their impact n sciety and demgraphics. Lastly, they use varius methds t cmmunicate their ideas and the results f their scientific research n applied genetics. By the end f this curse, in Research and Expertise situatins, adult learners will be able t: explain the mechanisms invlved in the transmissin f hereditary characteristics thrugh genetic crssing based n Mendel s laws r sex-linked inheritance interpret infrmatin n allelic diversity within a ppulatin (e.g. ABO and Rh bld grups) interpret a family tree and human karytypes t answer questins n heredity analyze an issue related t a genetic engineering applicatin justify the decisin f whether r nt t prduce genetically mdified rganisms (GMOs) and describe their uses and the risks they pse, taking int accunt bitechnical, scial, ethical and envirnmental factrs explain the usefulness f genetic diversity as ppsed t the hmgeneity f crps and livestck discuss ethical issues that may arise frm genetic screening fr hereditary diseases use bitechnical results (fr example, t establish a genetic prfile r t detect a genetic anmaly during a diagnstic test fr hereditary diseases) use cncrete cases t analyze certain mechanisms f micrevlutin and their impact n bidiversity r n the survival f a species Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 3

4 SUBJECT-SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES The fllwing table lists, fr each cmpetency, the key features studied in the curse. The manifestatins f the key features are presented in Appendix 4. Cmpetency 1 Seeks answers r slutins t prblems invlving bilgy Cmpetency 2 Makes the mst f his/her knwledge f bilgy Cmpetency 3 Cmmunicates ideas relating t questins invlving bilgy, using the languages assciated with science and technlgy Defines a prblem Develps a plan f actin Carries ut the plan f actin Analyzes his/her results Puts issues in cntext Analyzes a phenmenn r an applicatin frm a bilgical pint f view Explains an issue frm the standpint f bilgy Frms an pinin abut an issue Interprets scientific and technlgical messages Prduces scientific and technlgical messages PROCESSES The investigative prcesses enable adult learners t examine bilgical issues, slve prblems and study applicatins. The fllwing are the steps in an investigative prcess: Define the prblem Frmulate a hypthesis Test the hypthesis Draw cnclusins and cmmunicate The mst apprpriate investigative prcesses fr this curse are mdelling, dcumentary research and the bservatin methd. It is during hypthesis verificatin that these methds becme distinguishable. Sectin 3.5 and Appendices 2 and 3 present these investigative prcesses with their respective characteristics. 4 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

5 CROSS-CURRICULAR COMPETENCIES The crss-curricular cmpetencies supplement the subject-specific cmpetencies. The develpment f ne cntributes t the develpment f the thers. Curse BLG allws fr all the crsscurricular cmpetencies t be put int practice. The sample learning situatins presented in this curse place particular emphasis n thse indicated in grey shading in the table belw. Crss-Curricular Cmpetencies Intellectual Cmmunicatin- Related Persnal and Scial Methdlgical Uses infrmatin Cmmunicates apprpriately Achieves his/her ptential Adpts effective wrk methds Slves prblems Cperates with thers Uses infrmatin and cmmunicatins technlgies Exercises critical judgment Uses creativity Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 5

6 SUBJECT-SPECIFIC CONTENT A) KNOWLEDGE The cmpulsry cncepts represent the specific knwledge t be acquired in this curse. They are presented in the tables in the fllwing sectin. 1. Cncepts The knwledge written in italics have been acquired in the Science and Technlgy prgrams f the Québec Educatin Prgram and must be mbilized again in this curse. The Living Wrld General cncept: Genetics Genetics is the study f the hereditary transmissin f traits and genetic variatin amng individuals. Genes, the basic units f inheritance, are fund at specific lcatins n chrmsmes. Each gene in a eukarytic cell has tw alleles that underg segregatin and independent assrtment during gamete frmatin. In applying Mendel s laws f inheritance, it is necessary t take int accunt an individual s phentype in rder t determine the underlying gentype. The Punnett square is used t predict the utcme f cntrlled crsses. Lastly, the family tree represents unins and descendants ver many generatins fr a given trait, and makes it pssible t predict the risk f transmitting a hereditary disease. Fr autsmal dminant diseases such as Huntingtn s disease t manifest, nly a single cpy f the mutated gene is required. Hwever, autsmal recessive diseases, such as cystic fibrsis, sickle cell anemia, -thalassemia, lactic acidsis and phenylketnuria, nly develp in hmzygus individuals. Heterzygus individuals, wh have nly ne mutated gene, will generally nt be affected by these diseases. They are called healthy carriers. Sex-based anmalies (e.g. clur blindness, hemphilia, Duchenne muscular dystrphy) are mre cmmn in males than in females. Bld grup cmpatibility Heredity Chrmsmes PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Determines the cmpatibility r incmpatibility f bld grups (e.g. bld grup A individuals can nly receive bld frm individuals with bld type O r A) KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Defines heredity as the transmissin f traits frm ne generatin t the next Describes the rle f chrmsmes as carriers f genetic infrmatin respnsible fr transmitting hereditary infrmatin Uses a karytype t distinguish sex chrmsmes frm autsmes Establishes the relatinship between sex chrmsmes and gender determinatin in humans Alleles Characteristics Defines an allele as ne f the pssible frms f a gene Recgnizes hereditary characteristics in an individual r ppulatin (e.g. eye clur, bld grup, hereditary diseases) 6 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

7 Genetics (cntinued) Hmzygus and heterzygus Dminance and recessiveness Gentypes and phentypes Mendel s law Law f dminance Law f segregatin Law f independent assrtment Genetic Crsses Autsmal inheritance Sex-linked inheritance Hereditary diseases KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Defines an individual wh is hmzygus fr a gene as being a carrier f tw identical alleles f the gene Defines an individual wh is heterzygus fr a gene as being a carrier f tw different alleles f the gene Describes the phenmena f genetic dminance and recessiveness Fr a given hereditary characteristic, assciates the gentype with the cmbinatin f tw alleles f the crrespnding gene Assciates the phentype with bservable characteristics f an individual Distinguishes the gentype and phentype f an individual fr ne r mre characteristics using the Punnett square (diagram illustrating crsses) r a karytype Describes the main mechanisms f heredity prpsed by Mendel and highlights their imprtance fr understanding heredity: law f dminance, law f segregatin and law f independent assrtment Illustrates hw independent assrtment increases genetic variatin due t the existence f many ptential chrmsme cmbinatins during gamete frmatin Determines the prprtins f mnhybrid r dihybrid crssing utcmes using the rules f prbability r the Punnett square Uses a family tree t identify the mde f transmissin f a hereditary characteristic (autsmal dminant, autsmal recessive r sex-linked) Uses a family tree t determine the prbability f a cuple having a child with a hereditary disease (e.g. Huntingtn s disease, cystic fibrsis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketnuria, clur blindness, hemphilia r Duchenne muscular dystrphy) Uses a karytype t determine whether an individual has r is a carrier f a hereditary disease Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 7

8 General cncept: Mlecular bilgy Mlecular bilgy studies prcesses such as replicatin, transcriptin and translatin f DNA, the carrier f genetic infrmatin. The semicnservative mdel f DNA replicatin is a highly accurate mechanism invlving the pairing f the nitrgenus bases in the nucletides. It is the prcess by which DNA is cpied. If errrs ccur during the replicatin prcess, the damaged strands are repaired by enzymes. The transcriptin f DNA int RNA invlves its translatin int prteins. In the cell nucleus, DNA is first transcribed int messenger RNA (mrna). Translatin t an amin acid chain then takes place n a ribsme in the cytplasm using transfer RNA (trna). The genetic cde specifies the crrelatin between each mrna cdn and its translatin int an amin acid. The same gene can prduce different prteins. Hwever, mst human DNA is nncding. The integrity f the DNA mlecules and f the replicatin, transcriptin and translatin prcesses ensures the health f an rganism, since even a minute change in the nucletide sequence can lead t the prductin f an altered prtein, have negative physilgical effects r prduce a lasting change in the phentype. Mutatins are changes in the DNA sequence f a cell. Many mutatins are naturally ccurring; they are called spntaneus mutatins. Others can be caused by mutagenic agents, such as radiatin, chemicals, r viral, bacterial r parasitic infectins. Sme genetic mutatins can cause hereditary diseases r create new alleles. They als cntribute t genetic diversity, which is essential fr evlutin. DNA Genme DNA replicatin Gene Prtein synthesis Transcriptin Translatin Genetic cde Mutatin PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Describes the structure f DNA (duble helix) Explains the rle f DNA (mlecule carrying the genetic cde f an individual. This infrmatin can be fund in every cell f the human bdy) KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Defines the genme as the cmplete set f genetic material r as all the DNA mlecules f a cell Assciates DNA replicatin with the prcess by which genes are duplicated and passed n t tw daughter cells Defines a gene as a DNA segment that carries the cde needed fr the synthesis f ne r mre prteins Describes the cmpsitin (nitrgenus bases, sugar and phsphate) and the general structure (base pairing in a duble helix) f a DNA mlecule Assciates prtein synthesis with the transcriptin f a DNA strand int mrna fllwed by its translatin int an amin acid sequence using trna Uses a standard genetic cde table t determine the amin acids that crrespnd t a cdn r the cding DNA sequence fr a given plypeptide sequence Recgnizes the substitutins and the insertins r deletins f base pairs as the tw main categries f pint mutatins ccurring during DNA replicatin Identifies a few causes f mutatins: errrs during genetic replicatin, repair r recmbinatin and expsure t mutagenic agents (e.g. radiatin, chemical prducts r infectins) Explains hw a mutatin can lead t the creatin f a different prtein r the absence f a prtein and influence the nset f a disease r cancer 8 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

9 General cncept: Evlutin Evlutin is a prcess f adaptatin invlving the transfrmatin f rganisms ver the curse f the Earth s histry, frm the rigin f life t the diversity we see tday. It explains bth the diversity and unity f life. Evlutin can ccur in respnse t anything that causes a change in the genetic cmpsitin f a ppulatin. On a smaller scale, it invlves changes in allele frequency in a ppulatin ver successive generatins. Mechanisms that prmte genetic variatin have variable cnsequences fr the survival f individuals and species: they can be beneficial, harmful r neutral and, in sme cases, lead t speciatin. The crssbreeding f plants and animals can lead t the emergence f useful characteristics in the majrity f individuals f the same species. This methd, knwn as artificial selectin, is widely used in agrnmy. It generates evlutinary changes at a much faster pace than that f the natural selectin prcess. Fr example, the use f antibitics increases the frequency f resistant bacteria arising frm natural selectin. In the same way, the use f chemical substances t fight insect pests prmtes the emergence f resistant insects. Interventins mdifying the genetics f a species, cmbined with the many actins that transfrm the envirnment f living rganisms, create challenges and prblems fr the maintenance f bidiversity. The appearance f new species r, cnversely, the extinctin f certain species, are issues that must be addressed by sciety. Genetic diversity Bilgical evlutin Genetic diversity PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Assciates genetic diversity with sexual reprductin (the cmbinatin f genes frm the mther and father ensures diversity) KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Describes bilgical evlutin as an bservable prcess by which the hereditary characteristics f rganisms change, frm ne generatin t the next, as a result f mechanisms that prmte genetic variatin Defines genetic diversity as the variability f genes within the same species Recgnizes the impact f human activity n the distributin f living rganisms and n bidiversity (e.g. there is greater genetic diversity in wild species than there is in dmesticated species that have undergne artificial selectin) Gene pl Mechanisms f micrevlutin Adaptatin Natural r artificial selectin Gene flw Genetic drift Randm mating Mutatin Interventins mdifying the genetics f a species Defines a gene pl as all f the genetic infrmatin f a ppulatin at a given time Describes hw selectin (natural r artificial), gene flw, genetic drift (funder effect, bttleneck effect), randm mating and mutatins affect the gene pl f a ppulatin, frm ne generatin t the next (e.g. high frequency f hereditary diseases in the ppulatin f Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean) Illustrates hw a ppulatin adapts t its envirnment by increasing the frequency f resistant frms thrugh natural selectin (e.g. antibitic-resistant bacteria r an insect ppulatin with decreased sensitivity t an insecticide) Describes the effects f genetic techniques n the bidiversity f a species (e.g. seed selectin, hybridizatin r cellular clning) Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 9

10 The Technlgical Wrld General cncept: Genetic engineering Almst all living rganisms, whether animals, plants r bacteria, use the same genetic cde: ne cdn cdes fr ne amin acid. The universal nature f the genetic cde makes it pssible t manipulate genes and transpse them frm ne rganism t anther. The techniques used in mlecular bilgy t sequence, recmbine, transfer and analyze genes f living rganisms cme under genetic engineering. Thrugh gene insertin r mdificatin, genetic engineering makes it pssible fr plants and animals t lse r acquire traits in just ne generatin. The field f genetic engineering is grwing at a rapid pace, and new techniques are cnstantly being develped. Fr instance, the genetic prfile f an individual can be determined by analyzing specific DNA sequences that are unique t each individual. Applicatins in genetic engineering are used in a variety f fields, including agriculture, medicine and criminlgy; they tend t transfrm sciety and may even transfrm the human species itself. These new techniques and their applicatins raise many scial, ethical and envirnmental issues that sciety must address. Genetic transfrmatin Genetically mdified rganisms (GMOs) Gene manipulatin tls DNA sequencing Genetic engineering applicatins Clning Transgenesis PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE Names the main advantages and disadvantages f genetic transfrmatins (cancer treatments, pest-resistant and herbicide-tlerant plants, vitamin enrichment r changes in the nature f certain fds, regulatins and cntrls) KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED Describes the main tls used t manipulate genes (e.g. a restrictin enzyme cuts specific base pair sequences n bth DNA strands; a clning vectr a small piece f DNA int which a freign DNA fragment can be inserted is capable f autnmus replicatin in a hst cell; recmbinant DNA is used t prduce therapeutic prteins) Identifies a mral, ethical r scial issue assciated with genetic prfiling (e.g. eugenics fllwing screening fr a hereditary disease, gene patenting r the disclsure f persnal infrmatin) Defines clning as a prcess used t make identical cpies f genes, cells r entire rganisms Recgnizes the usefulness f genetic clning (e.g. the prductin f vaccines insulin, EPO, smattrpin fr dairy prductin, grwth hrmne) Defines transgenesis as the means used t prduce a GMO thrugh the transfer f ne r mre freign genes int a cell in rder t mdify its genme Identifies an issue assciated with applied genetic engineering (e.g. the impact f GMO prductin n bidiversity, the adptin f laws prhibiting human clning, the use f gene therapy t treat genetic diseases) 10 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

11 B) CULTURAL REFERENCES Cultural references make learning situatins mre meaningful. The fllwing table presents sme f the references related t this curse. It is neither exhaustive nr cmpulsry. CULTURAL REFERENCES Technical bjects, technlgical systems, prcesses and prducts Genetics - Genetic testing (hereditary diseases) Mlecular bilgy - DNA database (CODIS index) - DNA samples (genetic prfile) Evlutin - Antibigram - Genmic selectin (dairy cws) Genetic Engineering - Agrnmy: prductin f transgenic crps (crn, sy) - Glfish (genetically mdified zebrafish) - Harvard OncMuse - Prductin f human insulin by micrrganisms - Glden rice Area Scientists Cmmunity Resurces Applicatins Events The Living Wrld Charles Darwin Frederick Griffith Barbara McClintck Gregr Mendel Thmas Hunt Mrgan Reginald Punnett Assciatin de l acidse lactique du Saguenay Lac-St-Jean Natinal DNA Data Bank Genetic Databases Crpratin de recherche et d actin sur les maladies héréditaires (CORAMH) Génme Québec Discvery f DNA duble helix Human Genme Prject Canadian Animal Genetic Resurces BALSAC database Svalbard Glbal Seed Vault The Technlgical Wrld Stanley Chen and Herbert Byer Alec Jeffreys Kary Mullis Michael Smith James Watsn and Francis Crick Assciatin de thérapie génique du Québec Cmmissin de l éthique en science et en technlgie du Québec Armand-Frappier Museum (infrmatin n GMOs) Netwrk f Applied Genetic Medicine DNA Identificatin Act (S.C. 1998, c. 37) Mnsant Prtectin Act Clning f Starbuck Cartagena Prtcl Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 11

12 FAMILIES OF LEARNING SITUATIONS The learning situatins in this curse, derived frm the Research and Expertise families, invlve genetic applicatins and their impact n sciety and bidiversity. These situatins cver varius general cncepts. The fllwing paragraphs cntain examples f tasks that culd be assigned t adult learners in learning situatins invlving ne r mre general cncepts. A situatin invlving general cncepts in mlecular bilgy and genetic engineering might require adult learners t determine an individual s genetic prfile. Adult learners culd identify and describe genetic engineering techniques used t manipulate genetic infrmatin. In the case f a mutatin, they wuld be able t demnstrate that a change in a specific DNA r RNA sequence can lead t changes in gene expressin. A situatin invlving mlecular bilgy might require adult learners t reflect n the rigin f a genetic disease and ask questins abut the expressin f genetic infrmatin, such as the relatinship between DNA and prtein synthesis. Making adult learners aware f the cnsequences f expsure t mutagenic agents enables them t assess the effects f such agents. The study f genetics can help them understand that nt all genetic diseases are necessarily hereditary. In a learning situatin invlving the general cncepts f evlutin and genetics, adult learners might prcess qualitative and quantitative data that reflect a change in the genetic makeup f a ppulatin ver time. Using the different mechanisms f evlutin, they culd explain these changes r make predictins abut the gene pl f a ppulatin. The study f the general cncept f mlecular bilgy wuld enable them t use data t make cnnectins between DNA sequences and different traits bserved in individuals. A situatin invlving genetics might require adult learners t slve a prblem related t heredity. Using a karytype mdel, they culd mdel the prcesses that ensure the transmissin f genetic infrmatin. They culd describe the gentype and phentype fr a specific allele r identify the maternal r paternal rigin f a chrmsme. They wuld apply their knwledge t explain hw parents transmit sme f their traits t their children. Adult learners culd use the general cncept f genetic engineering t explain hw DNA is analyzed and hw this permits defective genes t be identified. In a learning situatin invlving the general cncept f genetic engineering, adult learners might justify their pinin f a genetic engineering technique, such as genetic clning r transgenesis. They culd describe certain genetic manipulatins and recgnize their therapeutic applicatins. Using the general cncept f evlutin, adult learners culd explain hw interventins that mdify the genetics f a species may have an impact n the maintenance f bidiversity. BROAD AREAS OF LEARNING Learning situatins will have mre meaning fr adult learners if they are related t the brad areas f learning. The brad areas f learning that are mst readily applicable t the learning situatins fr the curse BLG are Health and Well-Being, Envirnmental Awareness and Cnsumer Rights and 12 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

13 Respnsibilities, Media Literacy and Citizenship and Cmmunity Life. The examples fllwing the presentatin f the families f learning situatins fr this curse reflect the educatinal aim f the brad areas f learning Envirnmental Awareness and Cnsumer Rights and Respnsibilities, Media Literacy and Citizenship and Cmmunity Life. Brad Areas f Learning Health and Well-Being Career Planning and Entrepreneurship Envirnmental Awareness and Cnsumer Rights and Respnsibilities Media Literacy Citizenship and Cmmunity Life EXAMPLES OF LEARNING SITUATIONS In the fllwing examples f learning situatins, the main tasks t be carried ut help adult learners develp f the three subject-specific cmpetencies. They fall under the Research and Expertise families. Research Family: Lking fr the Guilty Party A few strands f hair were fund at a crime scene. Plice suspect tw individuals and have asked yu t cmpare the DNA cllected at the crime scene with the DNA f the suspects. At the lab, they have determined the genetic prfile f the DNA fund at the crime scene, and the technician hands yu the results f the gel electrphresis. Yu have discvered the suspects genetic prfiles in their files. Yu must identify the guilty party. T supprt yur decisin, yur file must include: a presentatin f the prblem supprted by a descriptin f the DNA structure and its replicatin an explanatin f the scientific principles used t determine an individual s genetic prfile a DNA analysis f the suspects using restrictin enzymes a cmparisn f the results f the gel electrphresis with the analysis f the suspects genetic prfiles Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 13

14 Expertise Family: Transgenic plants Je Green s family has been grwing crn fr several generatins and recently set aside part f their farmland fr grwing sybeans. Hwever, the significant changes in precipitatin and temperature f the last few years are frcing this Québec business t review its agricultural practices. Its crn crps are frequently attacked by pests, and its sybean crps are verrun with weeds. Since the last general meeting f grain prducers, Je Green has been lking int new transgenic seeds: Bt crn seeds are pest resistant and transgenic sybeans are herbicide resistant. Wuld it be a gd idea fr Je Green t use GMOs? Why? What are the advantages and the risks? In yur justificatin, be sure t prvide: a descriptin f what a GMO is and an explanatin f the genetic cde and prtein synthesis infrmatin n transmissin mechanisms fr hereditary traits the factrs that influence evlutin mechanisms and the scial and envirnmental repercussins f artificial selectin fllwing the use f GMOs a justificatin f the advantages and disadvantages f using GMOs in agriculture END-OF-COURSE OUTCOMES Learning situatins are administered n the premise that the adult learner will becme familiar with an investigative prcess invlving the experimental methd, mdelling, dcumentary research and the bservatin methd. In bilgy, these learning situatins enable adult learners t apply their prblemslving skills and knwledge, and t prduce messages. Adult learners slving a prblem related t genetics, its applicatins and their impact develp a representatin f the prblem based n their reading and interpretatin f scientific messages. They develp an experimental prtcl r a mdel based n ne f their hyptheses, applying their knwledge f genetics, mlecular bilgy, evlutin and genetic engineering. They plan the steps f their research and select thse available resurces that will enable them t find answers t the questins raised. They implement a plan f actin by carrying ut selected activities r describe a plan f actin whse activities have already been cmpleted. In the labratry, they demnstrate their ability t prepare and bserve samples. When necessary, they use a mdelling apprach t slve the prblem. Adult learners may als use data cllectins t find slutins t genetic prblems. Fr example, they may use their understanding f genetic replicatin, transcriptin and translatin t analyze data cllected frm a DNA test. They use cncepts r laws t explain the results f genetic crsses, which they illustrate with apprpriate mdels while applying the writing cnventins fr genetics. If necessary, they make crrectins t the planned steps using the apprpriate techniques. In a summary reprt, they use the results btained, smetimes presenting the infrmatin in charts r graphs. They prvide explanatins that take the results int accunt, and check whether the hypthesis is cnsistent with the analysis f the results. They recgnize the relatinship between slving scientific prblems and the develpment f bitechnlgies. 14 Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy

15 Adult learners wh study an issue r technlgical applicatin invlving genetics r mlecular bilgy frmulate questins related t scial, ethical r envirnmental issues. They identify the characteristics f the issue r applicatin in rder t understand the underlying scientific principles. They explain the imprtance f genetic diversity fr the evlutin f a ppulatin and its capacity t adapt t changes in its envirnment. Lastly, they defend an pinin n issues related t prgress in mlecular bilgy and its resulting applicatins. By relying n their knwledge f genetics, they prpse varius explanatins r slutins that take int accunt the issue as a whle. EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR SUBJECT-SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES Evaluatin Criteria fr Cmpetency 1 Apprpriate representatin f the situatin Develpment f a suitable plan f actin Apprpriate implementatin f the plan f actin Develpment f relevant explanatins, slutins r cnclusins Evaluatin Criteria fr Cmpetency 2 Frmulatin f apprpriate questins Relevant use f scientific and technlgical knwledge Apprpriate frmulatin f explanatins r slutins Evaluatin Criteria fr Cmpetency 3 Accurate interpretatin f scientific messages Apprpriate prductin r transmissin f scientific messages Diversified Basic Educatin Prgram, Bilgy 15

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