Emerging Bacterial Diseases Associated with the Management of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

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1 Emerging Bacterial Diseases Associated with the Management of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens J. Roberts, L. Tredway, and B. Clarke NC State and Rutgers University

2 Bacterial Wilt / Decline of Creeping Bentgrass ٠ The first occurrence in the 1970 s on CBG cv. Toronto C-15, vegetatively produced, the ONLY host (would not even go to C-19) ٠ Only identified in upper Mid-West (Chicago) ٠ Wilting of turf, killed entire greens ٠ Identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis ٠ Recently, Acidovorax agrostis has been identified on CBG from the SE and Mid-Atlantic regions

3 Etiolated Tiller Syndrome (ETS) Etiolation is the rapid elongation of leaves and internodes Chlorosis Weak, spindly growth Many different terms Etiolated tiller syndrome (ETS) Mad Tiller Ghost Grass (United Kingdom) Problematic for many years on golf course putting greens

4 Are the Two Problems Related? Etiolation has been suggested as a precursor to bacterial decline of CBG Significant outbreaks of bacterial wilt on annual bluegrass have sometimes started as etiolated tillers Photos by John Kaminski, PSU

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6 Etiolation Problems at Quail Hollow - NC Etiolation followed by severe decline on G-2 creeping bentgrass at Quail Hollow CC Bacterial streaming observed in cut tissue Giordano and Vargas identified Acidovorax avenae as causal agent Photo from MSU extension, 2011 Inoculated bentgrass plants showed tip dieback Photo by Giordano, MSU

7 Current Investigations into the Cause and Management of Etiolation on Bentgrass Greens Objectives (J. Roberts NC State) 1. Isolation and identification of bacteria and other microorganisms associated with etiolated creeping bentgrass 2. Determine if bacteria associated with etiolated bentgrass produce gibberellic acid or induce its production by turf plants 3. Investigate the influence of biostimulant and growth regulator programs on bentgrass etiolation 4. Evaluation of surface sanitizers to reduce foliar bacterial growth on creeping bentgrass plants

8 2011 and 2012 Acidovorax sp. Xanthomonas translucens Both Acidovorax and Xanthomonas No suspected pathogens but symptoms evident

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11 Pathogenic isolates used to inoculate healthy A-1 bentgrass field plots A. avenae P. ananatis X. translucens Inoculations RCBD 4 replications Covered for 6 hr prior ~10 8 cells ml -1 suspension 100 ml applied to fresh cut turf using atomizer bottle 113 cm 2 inoculated area Area re-covered overnight Plots rated regularly Etiolation (# of tillers) Chlorosis (1-5; 5=Worst) Field Inoculations

12 Plant Quality (1-9; 9=Best) Screening Results Inoculated Untreated Check Plant quality at 10 days post inoculation

13 Preliminary Results from Greenhouse Inoculations at NC State Pathogenicity of Acidovorax avenae confirmed in the lab and field - Acidovorax avenae isolated from inoculated seedling was 100% match to the inoculated strain Other isolated species may also cause etiolation

14 PGRs and Biostimulants Both have become an integral part of turfgrass management Some biostimulants contain Gibberellic Acid Claim to stimulate the microbial environment Can they stimulate etiolated tiller syndrome?

15 Preliminary Field Study Initiated -14 Sept Biostimulants Knife Plus Perk Up Astron BioMax CytoGro Nitrozyme Untreated Trinexapac-ethyl oz per 1000 ft2 weekly oz per 1000 ft2 bi-weekly None

16 A A A Bio P < 0.1 Primo P < A A A A a b b a b b a b b a b b a b b a b b a b b

17 Preliminary Results from 2011 Field Study Biostimulants containing GA may play a role in etiolation of bentgrass - Statistically significant with omitted outliers Trinexapac-ethyl reduced symptoms in the fall However, all treatments were applied during the fall while growing conditions were optimal - Impacts of summer stress was tested in 2012

18 % Turf Infested Biostimulants and Etiolation A B B B p = 0.02 B Astron Nitrozyme Knife Plus CytoGro Untreated Astron biostimulant increased etiolation in the field compared to all other treatments on Aug. 9, 2012 J. Roberts, NC State

19 % Turf Infested Primo and Etiolation A Weekly Bi-Weekly None Trinexapac-ethyl Interval (0.125 oz 1000 ft -2 ) Weekly trinexapac-ethyl applications increased etiolation symptoms in the field on Aug 13, 2012 B B J. Roberts, NC State 2012

20 Impact of Biostimulants and Primo on Etiolated Tillers (ETS) Some biostimulants (e.g., Astron) that contain gibberellic acid (GA) can increase ETS The role of GA in bacterial disease is currently being studied Other biostimulants may also have an effect Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) applications increased ETS during high temperatures Primo degrades faster under high temperatures Plants coming out of regulation may generate a surge of GA exacerbating etiolation symptoms The impact of trinexapac-ethyl on A. avenae has yet to be determined J. Roberts, NC State 2012

21 What about Chemical Control of Bacterial Diseases of Turf? Bacteriocides Antibiotics Fungicides Surface Disinfestants

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25 Emerging BMPs for Bacterial Diseases of Bentgrass 1. Raise the height of cut, switch to light weight mowers, reduce rolling (not mowing) frequency, mow when greens are dry, and use solid rollers 2. Syringe turf to avoid soil moisture extremes 3. Stop using vegetative PGRs (e.g., Primo) or reduce the rate / increase interval 4. Replace ammonical fertilizers (e.g., ammonium sulfate) w/ nitrate-based sources

26 Emerging BMPs for Bacterial Diseases of Bentgrass 5. Avoid heavy topdressing applications during hot weather (> 90 F) and dispersing bunker sand on greens each day 6. Delaying aerification, spiking, or other cultivation practices until the problem subsides 7. Reducing shade and improve air circulation around greens 8. Applications of Signature, Daconil Action, or Junction (burn potential) may aid in symptom suppression. 9. Consider dedicated mowers for affected greens and disinfest them with 10% chlorox

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