Supplement 1: Sequences of Capture Probes. Capture probes were /5AmMC6/CTG TAG GTG CGG GTG GAC GTA GTC

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1 Supplementary Appendixes Supplement 1: Sequences of Capture Probes. Capture probes were /5AmMC6/CTG TAG GTG CGG GTG GAC GTA GTC ACG TAG CTC CGG CTG GA-3 for vimentin, /5AmMC6/TCC CTC GCG CGT GGC TTC CGC CTT CTG CGC GGC TGG GGT GCC CGG TGG-3 for NDRG4, /5AmMC6/GCG GGA CAC TCC GAA GGC GCA AGG AG-3 for BMP3, /5AmMC6/CGC CTG GAG CAG AAA GCC GCG CAC CT-3 for TFPI2, /5AmMC6/CCT TGT CAC ACG AGC CAG TGT TAG TAC CTA CAC C-3 for ACTB, /5AmMC6/GGC CTG CTG AAA ATG ACT GAA TAT AAA CTT GTG GTA GTT GGA GC-3 and /5AmMC6/CTC TAT TGT TGG ATC ATA TTC GTC CAC AAA ATG ATT CTG AAT TAG C-3 for KRAS (IDT, Coralville IA). Supplement 2: QuARTS Reaction. QuARTS (quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification) technology was used to quantify methylated gene markers, the reference gene β-actin, and KRAS mutations (see illustration below). There are three reactions sequentially occurring in each QuARTS assay, including DNA amplification (reaction 1) and target probe cleavage (reaction 2) in primary reaction and FRET cleavage and fluorescent signal generation (reaction 3) in secondary reaction. When target DNA is being amplified with specific primers, specific detection probe with a flap sequence loosely binds to the amplicon. With the presence of a specific invasive oligo at the target binding site, cleavase releases the flap sequence by cutting between detection probe and flap sequence. The flap sequence is complementary to the non-hairpin part of corresponding FRET. The flap sequence functions as an invasive oligo on corresponding FRET and ignites the

2 cleavage between fluorophore and quencher to release fluorescent signal. The cleavage reaction can cut multiple probes per target and multiple FRET cassettes per flap giving exponential signal amplification to the overall assay. QuARTS can detect multiple targets in a single reaction well by using FRETS with different dyes. Supplement 3: Methylation Assays. We treated 45 µl captured DNA with bisulfite using EZ-96 DNA Methylation Kit according to manufacturer s instructions (Zymo Research, Irvine CA) and eluted the sample in 50 µl of Zymo M-dilution buffer with 20 ng/µl trna (Sigma) on a 96-well PCR plate; 10 µl of bisulfite treated DNA was added to the QuARTS assays, which were set up in 30 µl total reaction volumes on a 96-well PCR plates. PCR plates were cycled in a LightCycler 480 (Roche). Two separate triplex QuARTS assays were designed to detect methylated markers vimentin, NDRG4, BMP3, and TFPI2 using ACTB as a reference gene for each assay. The first triplex assay contained ACTB, vimentin, and NDRG4, and the second contained ACTB, BMP3, and TFPI2. Each QuARTS reaction incorporated

3 nm primers and detection probes, 100 nm invasive oligo, nm each of FAM (Hologic, Madison WI), Yellow (Hologic), and Quasar 670 (BioSearch Technologies, Novato CA) fluorescence resonance energy transfer reporter cassettes (FRETs), ng/µl Cleavase 2.0 (Hologic), 1 unit hot-start GoTaq DNA polymerase (Promega, Madison WI), 10 mm MOPS, 7.5 mm MgCl 2, and 250 µm of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dntp). QuARTS cycling conditions consisted of 95 ºC 3 min, 10 cycles at 95 ºC 20 sec, 67 ºC 30 sec, and 70 ºC 30 sec, 45 cycles at 95 ºC 20 sec, 53 ºC 1 min, and 70 ºC 30 sec, and 40 ºC hold 30 sec. Methylation-specific primers and probe were 5 -GGC GGT TCG GGT ATC G-3, 5 -CGT AAT CAC GTA ACT CCG AC T-3, and 5 -GAC GCG GAG GCG AGT CGG TCG/3 C6/ for vimentin; 5 - CGG TTT TCG TTC GTT TTT TCG-3, 5 -GTA ACT TCC GCC TTC TAC GC-3, and 5 -CGC CGA GGG TTC GTT TAT CG/3 C6/ for NDRG4; 5 -GTT TAA TTT TCG GTT TCG TCG TC-3, 5 -CTC CCG ACG TCG CTA CG-3, 5 -CGC CGA GGC GGT TTT TTG CG/3 C6/ for BMP3; and 5 -TCG TTG GGT AAG GCG TTC-3, 5 -AAA CGA ACA CCC GAA CCG-3, 5 -GAC GCG GAG GCG GTT TTT TGT T/3 C6/ for TFPI2. TFPI2 assay had a specific invasive oligo 5 GCG GGA GGA GGT GCC-3. Primers and probe for detecting bisulfite-treated ACTB were 5 -TTT GTT TTT TTG ATT AGG TGT TTA AGA-3, 5 -CAC CAA CCT CAT AAC CTT ATC-3, and 5 - CCA CGG ACG ATA GTG TTG TGG/3 C6/. Each plate included bisulfite-treated DNA samples, standard curve samples, positive and negative controls, and water blanks. Standard curves were made using 300 to 1000 target sequences cut from engineered plasmids. Bisulfite-treated sheared CpGenomeTM universal methylated DNA (Zymo Research) and human genomic DNA

4 (ATCC, Manassas, VA) were used as positive and negative controls. DNA strand number was determined by comparing a predetermined crossing threshold of the target gene to the standard curve of that assay. Percent methylation for each marker was determined by dividing the strand number of the methylated gene by the ACTB strand number and multiplied by 100. Supplement 4: KRAS Mutation Assays. KRAS gene was first PCR amplified with primers flanking codons 12/13 using 10 µl of captured KRAS DNA as template. PCR was conducted with U/µl hot start GoTaq and 200 nm each primers in a 100 µl reaction volume at 95ºC 3 min, and 15 cycles at 95ºC 20 sec, 62ºC 30 sec, and 72ºC 30 sec. Primer sequences were 5 -AGG CCT GCT GAA AAT GAC TG-3 and 5 -CTA TTG TTG GAT CAT ATT CG TC-3. Each amplified sample was diluted 500-fold in nuclease free water. 10 µl of the 500-fold sample dilutions was added to 96-well PCR plate with an automated liquid handler epmotion (Eppendorf, Hauppauge NY). QuARTS assays were then used to evaluate seven mutations at codons 12/13 of the KRAS gene. Mutation-specific forward primers and probes were 5 -CTT GTG GTA GTT GGA GCA A-3 and 5 -GCG CGT CCA GTG GCG TAG GC/3 C6/ for KRAS G12S mutation; 5 -AAA CTT GTG GTA GTT GGA CCT T-3 and 5 -GCG CGT CCT GTG GCG TAG GC/3 C6/ for G12C mutation; 5 - TAT AAA CTT GTG GTA GTT GGA CCT C-3 and 5 -GCG CGT CCC GTG GCG TAG GC/3 C6/ for G12R mutation; 5 -ACT TGT GGT AGT TGG AGC TCA-3 and 5 - GCG CGT CCA TGG CGT AGG CA/3 C6/ for G12D mutation; 5 -ACT TGT GGT AGT TGG AGC TCT-3 and 5 -GCG CGT CCT TGG CGT AGG CA/3 C6/ for G12V

5 mutation; 5 -AAC TTG TGG TAG TTG GAG ATG C-3 and 5 -GCG CGT CCC TGG CGT AGG CA/3 C6/ for G12A mutation; 5 -GGT AGT TGG AGC TGG TCA-3 and 5 - GCG CGT CCA CGT AGG CAA GA/3 C6/ for G13D mutation. The reverse primer for each was 5 -CTA TTG TTG GAT CAT ATT CGT C-3. Each mutation assay was designed as a singleplex assay. QuARTS cycling conditions and reagent concentrations for KRAS were the same as those in the methylation assays. Each plate contained standards made of engineered plasmids, positive and negative controls, and water blanks, and was run in a LightCycler 480 (Roche). DNA strand number was determined by comparing a predetermined crossing threshold of the target gene to the standard curve for that assay. The concentration of each KRAS mutation marker in 50 µl was calculated based on the 500-fold dilution factor and an amplification efficiency of This value was divided by the ACTB concentration in the methylation assay, and then multiplied by 100 to determine the percent mutation.

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