THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BETA- HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
|
|
- Tabitha Chandler
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BETA- HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF OUTDATED HUMAN BLOOD-BANK BLOOD BERKLEY H. JOHNSON, M.S., STANLEY C. BRAUNSTEIN, M.S., AND CHARLES KASPER Division of Bacteriology, Naval Medical Research Unit No. 4, Administrative Command, U. S. Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois Bacteriologists generally agree that human blood should not be used in the preparation of mediums for the primary isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci because of the possibility of streptococcal inhibitory substances being present in some specimens of blood. Rothbard 3 demonstrated that fresh human blood that contains complement, viable leukocytes, and type-specific antibody is bacteriostatic for homologous types of streptococci. Furthermore, it is not without reason to speculate that some human blood may contain sufficient antistreptolysin "0" to preclude the detection of beta-hemolytic strains that produce streptolysin "0" but little or no streptolysin "S." In this laboratory, a reduction in hemolysis and streptococcal growth has been observed when fresh blood from a patient with rheumatic fever was used in a 10 per cent concentration in a blood agar plate that was seeded with a virulent, matt-strain of type 19 streptococcus. The study described in this paper was designed to detect differences in (1) the amount of growth, (2) the appearance of colonies, and (3) the hemolytic characteristics of representative strains of group A, C, and G beta-hemolytic streptococci when outdated human blood (from the blood bank of a hospital) and sheep blood were used, the latter serving as a reference blood for the routine isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 4 cultures of streptococci used in these studies were strains that were maintained in the lyophilized state for varying periods of time, and the organisms were identified, previously and subsequently, as group A type 19, group A type 17, group C, and group G strains. Both of the group A strains were in the matt-phase of growth. The type 19 strain was selected for study because this type is, and has been, epidemic among Navy recruits at Great Lakes Naval Training Center. Because the recruits comprise the greater number of donors for the blood bank, there is some possibility that this blood contains type-specific Received, July 3, 1957; accepted for publication September 4. Mr. Johnson and Mr. Braunstein are Supervisory Bacteriologists (Medical), and Mr. Kasper is Research Technician. From Project Report NM , the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Washington 25, D. C. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and can not be construed as reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service at large. The use of commercially available products does not imply endorsement of these products or preference to other similar products on the market. 587
2 588 JOHNSON ET AL. Vol. 28 inhibitory substances against type 19 streptococci, as well as antistreptolysin "0." On the other hand, a type 17 strain was selected to represent a streptococcal strain which has not been isolated as an epidemic strain at Great Lakes Naval Training Station since World War II, so that, if any inhibition were observed, the role of type-specificity could be studied. Group C and G strains were included in order to determine whether or not nongroup A inhibitory factors might also be present in the blood of some donors, thereby leading to interference in the recognition or isolation of such, not infrequently isolated streptococcal strains. All beta-hemolytic streptococci used in this study were originally isolated from Navy recruits in conjunction with epidemiologic studies that were performed during a period of several years. After several passages of the lyophilized strains in broth and on plates of blood agar, the organisms were incubated in Todd- Hewitt broth at 37 C. for 18 hours, and serial dilutions were prepared in order to obtain a plate count in the range of 30 to 300 colonies. This was accomplished as follows: 0.2 ml. of the culture grown in 10 ml. of broth for a period of 18 hours was transferred into 99 ml. of sterile water; this represents a primary dilution of 1:496. Five additional dilutions of 10-fold intervals were made in 20-ml. volumes, and 1 ml. of each of the last 4 dilutions was plated in order to determine the streptococcal count. Duplicate plates were poured for each of the dilutions, and the streptococcal colonies were counted, by means of a Quebec colon}'' counter, after incubation for 24 hr. at 37 C. Streak plates were prepared from the nondiluted culture, or the lower dilutions, in order to observe any differences in colonial or hemolytic characteristics, as manifested with the 2 species of blood. The basic agar medium consisted of 1 part Todd-Hewitt broth and 2 parts of a blood agar base (Difco), with the ph adjusted to 7.8. Blood was added to the autoclaved agar base (previously cooled to 45 C.) in order to obtain a 10 per cent concentration in earlier experiments, and, in later experiments, a 5 per cent concentration. Defibrinated sheep blood was used within 5 days after bleeding the animal. Human blood was used within an average of 3 to 5 days after the 21-day expiration date. The human blood was obtained from the blood bank of the U. S. Naval Hospital at Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and it contained 120 ml. of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution (formula B of the National Institutes of Health). All of the specimens of blood collected throughout the months of February, March, April, May, and June, 1956, were sterile. The specimens were selected during this period in order to maximize the possibility of obtaining blood most likely to contain appreciable amounts of antistreptolysin "O" or growth-inhibitory substances, inasmuch as streptococci are most prevalent in the area at this time. Titers of antistreptolysin "O" were determined with the plasma of the human blood, with commercially prepared streptolysin "O" reagent (Difco) and by a method that was previously described. 2 KESULTS During the 4-month period of this study, 30 samples of outdated human bloodbank blood were studied for the presence of inhibitory substances against betahemolytic streptococci. A pictorial representation of a typical experiment, in-
3 Dec STREPTOCOCCI IN BANK BLOOD 589 dicating the growth and hemolysis of the 4. test strains of streptococci on human and sheep blood (using streak-plate and pour-plate methods), is reproduced in Figures 1 to 8. It may be noted in Figures 1 to 4 that the colonies and surface hemolysis are virtually identical on both species of blood. Similarly, no differences in colony counts, or in submerged hemolysis, are grossly evident in Figures 5 to 8. A summary of the counts of streptococcal colonies in aliquots from 30 pints of blood-bank blood, and from 13 samples of sheep blood (performed concomitantly as controls), is illustrated in Figure 9. The average plate counts indicated in this figure were obtained by means of averaging the colony counts from a selected FIGS. 1-4 FIG. 1 (upper left). Growth of type A17 streptococci on streak plates with 5 per cent human blood (la) or 5 per cent sheep blood (16). FIG. 2 (upper right). Growth of type All) streptococci on streak plates with 5 per cent human blood (2a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (26). FIG. 3 (lower left). Growth of Group C streptococci on streak plates with 5 per cent human blood (3a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (36). FIG. 4 (lower right). Growth of Group G streptococci on streak plates with 5 per cent human blood (4a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (46).
4 590 JOHNSON ET AL. Vol. 28 inoculum-dilution that yielded counts in the range of 30 to 300 colonies per plate on the agar medium with sheep blood. This same dilution of inoculum was used to compare the colony counts for all blood-bank blood that was tested on a single day. Any daily variation in inoculum was compensated, therefore, and an equitable comparison of all analyses performed throughout the period of study was thereby permitted. There were no differences in colony counts for any 1 of the 4 test strains of streptococci with either of the 2 species of blood (Fig. 9). Although there seemed to be no inhibitory substances in the human blood at a maximal concentration of 10 per cent, it was thought pertinent to determine whether or not the donors used in this study had any evidence of a recent streptococcal infection prior to their donation of blood to the blood bank. Determinations of antistreptolysin "O" antibody were performed with all 30 specimens of blood, and the distribution of titers is indicated in Table 1. Only 3 (10 per cent) of the donors had relatively increased titers of antistreptolysin "O" (250 units), or could be regarded as having had a recent streptococcal infection. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the colony counts or the hemolytic and colonial characteristics of the streptococci cultured on these 3 bloods, as compared with the other 27 specimens of blood. DISCUSSION Recently Neussle and co-workers 1 reported an increase in recovery of betahemolytic streptococci among 2 series of hospitalized persons when sheep blood was substituted for human blood in the procedure of primary isolation. In addition, cultures from the throats of another series of 20 patients, plated simultaneously on both species of blood, similarly yielded fewer isolations of streptococci on human blood. The authors suggest that antistreptolysin, or unknown inhibiting substances present in human blood, may have resulted in the lower recovery rates. There is some question, however, as to whether or not the apparently lower rate of isolation of streptococci on human blood agar was actually the result of the type of blood, or a lower incidence of carrier-rates for betahemolytic streptococci in the Fall months, when human blood was used, than in the Winter months, when sheep blood was substituted. In our study, the experimental approach was designed to control or limit the variables, as much as possible, only to the species of blood used in the tests. Thus, it was possible to detect even small differences, not only between human and sheep blood, but also differences within both of the 2 species of blood that was used throughout the period of study. As illustrated in the figures, there seemed to be no differences in the amount of growth, the morphologic appearance of the streptococcal colonies, or the hemolytic characteristics of the 2 group A and 2 nongroup A strains on agar plates that contained sheep or human blood. Theoretically, inasmuch as (1) the bacteriostatic action of human blood against beta-hemolytic streptococci results from antibodies in the presence of viable phagocytes, active complement, and other labile substances, and (2) these factors are active only in fresh blood, one would not expect any inhibitory action by these substances in the agar plates that contained outdated human blood.
5 . o v C Q c o O 0 o 0 0 a o o o o O O 0/ \U O OD C!<& 8 ^7 oc V ^O ; - " \n - > O ^. -> ^ o V\ o d Or n ^' 7a 7b 8 a 8 b FIGS. 5-8 FIG. 5 (upper left). Growth of type A17 streptococci on pour plates with 5 per cent human blood (5a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (56). FIG. 6 (upper right). Growth of type A19 streptococci on pour plates with 5 per cent human blood (6a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (66). FIG. 7 (lower left). Growth of Group C streptococci on pour plates with 5 per cent human blood (7a) and 5 per cent sheep blood (76). FIG. S (lower right). Growth of Group G streptococci on pour plates with 5 per cent human blood (8a) or 5 per cent sheep blood (S6). STREPTOCOCCAL INOCULUM SHEEP BLOOD HUMAN BLOOD A AVERAGE POUR PLATE COUNTS FIG. 9. Average counts of colonies of streptococci in agar mediums with human or sheep blood (pour-plate technic). 591
6 592 JOHNSON ET AL. Vol. 28 TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF TITERS OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN "0" IN 30 SPECIMENS OF HUMAN BLOOD- BANK BLOOD Number of Specimens of Blood * Titers of Antistreptolysin "0' units 0 to to to to 100 J01 to to to to 200 (ASO) * Each of the 3 specimens contained 250 units. Furthermore, from the data presented, it was demonstrated that, in spite of the fact that 3 of the 30 donors (10 per cent) probably had a recent streptococcal infection (as evidenced by an elevated titer of 250 units of antistreptolysin "O"), there was no apparent interference in detecting beta-hemolysis on these specimens of blood. From this study, therefore, there was no experimental evidence to support the supposition that interfering substances, either known or unknown, are present in outdated human blood-bank blood that would preclude the use of such blood in the primary isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci. One should bear in mind, however, that human blood does not contain the inhibiting substance against Hemophilus hemolyticus, as does sheep blood. Therefore, Gram stains should be made with colonies that resemble those of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated on human blood. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION A comparative evaluation of aliquots from 30 pints of outdated human bloodbank blood and sheep blood, using the pour-plate technic, revealed no detectable differences in the amount of growth, the colonial characteristics, or the hemolytic properties of the 2 group A and 2 nongroup A strains of streptococci observed in this study. It is concluded that the use of outdated human blood-bank blood is suitable for the preparation of blood agar to be used for the isolation and identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci, provided Gram stains of suspected colonies are examined in order to exclude the possibility of Hemophilus hemolyticus. SUMMARIO IN INTERLINGUA Un evalutation comparative de aliquotes ab 30 pintas de supervetulate sanguine human ab un banca de sanguine e de sanguine ovin, sub le conditiones del technica a plattas coperite per effusion, revelava nulle detegibile differentias in le quantitate de crescentia, le characteristicas colonial, o le proprietates hemolytic
7 Dec STREPTOCOCCI IN BANK BLOOD 593 del 2 racias de giuppo A e del 2 racias nonde gruppo A de streptococcos observate in iste studio. Es concludite que le uso de supervetulate sanguine human ab bancas de sanguine es legitime in le preparation de agar a sanguine destinate al empleo in le isolation e identification de streptococcos hemolytic beta, providite que suspecte colonias es examinate sub coloration per le Gram pro excluder le possibilitate de Hemophilus hemolyticus. Acknowledgment. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Paul F. Frank, Director, Division of Bacteriology, in preparation of the manuscript; Robert L. Woolridge, Director, Division of Immunology, and Wilber F. Smith, HMC USN, for the performance of the antistreptolysin "0" titers; Walter T. Stille, Statistician, for aid in the preparation of the statistical data; and Wayne C. O'Neill, HM1 USN, for the photographic prints. REFERENCES 1. NEUSSLE, W. F., WRIGHT, A. E., AND JONES, P. R.: Comparison of human and sheep blood agar in detecting streptococcus. U. S. Armed Forces M. J., 6: , ROBINSON, J. J., CRAWFORD, Y. E., AND Roiioi/r, D. M.: The determination of antistreptolysin "0." Am. J. Clin. Path., 22: , ROTHBARD, SIDNEY. Bacteriostatic effect of human sera on group A streptococci. J. Exper. Med., 82: , 1945.
E. A. EDWARDS' AND G. L. LARSON
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Dec. 1974, p. 972-976 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 28, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. New Method of Grouping Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Directly on Sheep Blood
More informationCOMMITTEE REPORT. for the full 10 days recommended for bona fide streptococcal infections.' Compared with. many other laboratory diagnostic aids, a
A Method for Culturing Beta Hemolytic Streptococci from the Throat Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on August 20, 2018 EXCEPT in the case of scarlet fever, no completely satisfactory clinical
More informationSelective and Enhanced Recovery of Group A and B
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1977, p. 650-655 Copyright C) 1977 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Selective and Enhanced Recovery of Group A and B Streptococci
More information37.50C. for 3, 4, or 5 days, together with uninoculated control. Histological examination of the sections of kidney grown with
LYTIC ACTION OF CERTAIN STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ON FRESH STERILE KIDNEY AND OTHER TISSUES BEATRICE CARRIER SEEGAL AND DAVID SEEGAL Departments of Bacteriology and Medicine, College of Physicians
More informationTime, Cost, and Efficacy Study of Identifying
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1969, p. 193-197 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Time, Cost, and Efficacy Study of Identifying Group A Streptococci with Commercially Available Reagents LAWRENCE
More informationSee external label 2 C-8 C = ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O (ASO) REAGENT SET A LATEX SLIDE TEST
CORTEZ DIAGNOSTICS, INC. 21250 Califa Street, Suite 102 and 116, Woodland Hills, CA 91367 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com
More informationpossible to understand more fully the qualitative
STUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCAL FIBRINOLYSIS. III. A QUANTI- TATIVE METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SERUM ANTIFIBRINOLYSIN 1 BY MELVIN H. KAPLAN IN COLLABORATION WITH THE COMMISSION ON ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASES
More informationobtained from the infected and treated tissues, Fleming's2 technic of hemolytic streptococcus B. Immediately following the infection, 1.0 ml.
THE SENSITIVITY OF STREPTOCOCCI TO PENICILLIN G AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIBIOTIC IN VIVO* E. GRUNBERG, C. UNGER, AND D. ELDRIDGE Previous investigations by Grunberg, Schnitzer, and Unger3 on the topical
More informationUDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE. III. THE I~r~T.~mscE of Mn.K os THE GROWT~ OF SCAa~LET FEVER STm~I~rOCOCCL
Published Online: 1 June, 1928 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1084/jem.47.6.965 Downloaded from jem.rupress.org on January 22, 2019 UDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE. III. THE I~r~T.~mscE
More informationEM021. Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)( mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)(0.002-32 mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing For In Vitro Diagnostic use EM021 Not for Medicinal Use It is a unique MIC
More informationGroup A Streptococcal L Forms
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Jan., 9, p. - Copyright @ 9 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 9, No. Printed in U.S.A. Group A Streptococcal L Forms I. Persistence Among Inoculated Mice J. SCHMITr-SLOMSKA,
More informationINHIBITION OF A STAPHYLOCOCCAL HEMOLYSIN BY A SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY A NONHEMOLYTIC MICROCOCCUS SPECIES
INHIBITION OF A STAPHYLOCOCCAL HEMOLYSIN BY A SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY A NONHEMOLYTIC MICROCOCCUS SPECIES PINGHUI LIU' Kitasato Institute for Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan Received for publication
More informationCLIA Complexity: MODERATE
CLIA Complexity: MODERATE INTENDED USE The is intended for the rapid detection of Group A Streptococcal antigen directly from throat swabs and beta-hemolytic colonies recovered from culture. This test
More informationsubjects; (2) the frequency with which fi-hemolytic
STUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCAL FIBRINOLYSIS. IV. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A QUANTITATIVE ANTIFIBRI- NOLYSIN TEST' BY THE COMMISSION ON ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASES 2 (From the Respiratory Diseases Commission Laboratory,
More informationPROCEDURE MANUAL. Prepared By Date Adopted Supersedes Procedure # Review Date Revision Date Signature
Procedure: CLIA Complexity: Moderate Procedure #: Prepared By Date Adopted Supersedes Procedure # Review Date Revision Date Signature Distributed to # of Copies Distributed to # of Copies This Procedural
More informationSPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF
QUANTITATIVE ANTISTREPTOKINASE STUDIES IN PATIE.NTS INFECTED WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI: A COMPARISON WITH SERUM ANTISTREPTOLYSIN AND GAMMA GLOBULIN LEVELS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OCCURRENCE
More informationSerological Grouping of Hemolytie Streptococci
APPLED MCROBOLOGY, Dec. 1973, p. 899-903 Copyright 0 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 26, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Serological Grouping of Hemolytie Streptococci by Counter-mmunoelectrophoresis
More informationB2M (Human) ELISA Kit
B2M (Human) ELISA Kit Catalog Number KA0222 96 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Intended Use... 3 Background... 3 Principle of the Assay...
More informationAntibody Responses to Group A Streptococcal
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 1972, p. 913-917 Vol. 6, No. 6 Copyright 1972 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Antibody Responses to Group A Streptococcal Infections in the Hamster ADNAN
More informationTHE TECHNIC OF THE KOLMER COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS FOR SYPHILIS EMPLOYING ONE-FIFTH AMOUNTS OF REAGENTS JOHN A. KOLMER
THE TECHNIC OF THE KOLMER COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS FOR SYPHILIS EMPLOYING ONE-FIFTH AMOUNTS OF REAGENTS JOHN A. KOLMER WITH THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE OP ELSA R. LYNCH Department of Bacteriology and Immunology
More informationCOUNT METHOD 5.0 OBJECTIVES 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 PRINCIPLE. Structure
Food Microbiology EXPERIMENT 5 STANDARD PLATE COUNT METHOD Structure 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Principle 5.3 Materials Required 5.4 Procedure 5.4.1 E-coli Culture 5.4.2 Food Samples 5.5 Observations
More informationINFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS
INFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PASTEURELLA PESTIS II. PLASMA FROM PLAGUE-INFECTED GUINEA PIGS W. G. STANZIALE1 AND J. D. WHITE U. S. Army Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories,
More informationSeparation and Properties of a Red Cell Sensitizing
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June, 1966 Copyright @ 1966 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 91, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Separation and Properties of a Red Cell Sensitizing Substance from Streptococci MERWIN
More informationToday s Topics. General Quality Control Best Practices. Practices Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing(AET) Best Practices Environmental Isolates
Laboratory Best Practices in QC Microbiology Today s Topics General Quality Control Best Practices Growth Promotion Testing (GPT) Best Practices Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing(AET) Best Practices
More informationPROCEDURE MANUAL. Prepared By Date Adopted Supersedes Procedure # Review Date Revision Date Signature
Procedure: CLIA Complexity: Waived Procedure #: Prepared By Date Adopted Supersedes Procedure # Review Date Revision Date Signature Distributed to # of Copies Distributed to # of Copies This Procedural
More informationpenicillin, especially in the blood, are usually too small to produce adequate zones METHODS OF MEASURING PENICILLIN CONCENTRATIONS
METHODS OF MEASURING PENICILLIN CONCENTRATIONS IN BODY FLUIDS' WILLIAM M. M. KIRBY AND LOWELL A. RANTZ The Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, San Francisco 15, California Received
More informationSpecificity and Sensitivity of the Streptozyme Test for the
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1974, P. 748-752 Copyright 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 27, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Specificity and Sensitivity of the Streptozyme Test for the Detection of Streptococcal
More informationABC. Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline. Volume 19 Number 18
M26-A ISBN 1-56238-384-1 September 1999 ISSN 0273-3099 Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline Volume 19 Number 18 Arthur L. Barry, Ph.D. William A. Craig,
More informationStreptococci Utilizing a Two-Disk Technique
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 1979, p. 80-84 0095-1137/79/07-0080/05$02.00/0 Vol. 10, No. 1 Primary Plate Identification of Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Utilizing a Two-Disk Technique ELLEN
More informationSUMMARY AND EXPLANATION
This Procedural Bulletin is intended to provide a ready outline reference for performance of the assay. These abbreviated directions for use are not intended to replace the complete package insert. It
More informationExercise 13 DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL NUMBERS
Exercise 13 DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL NUMBERS Introduction When biologists discuss the growth of microorganisms (microbial growth), they are actually referring to population size rather than to the size
More informationMicrobial Quality. of the latter have been reviewed and discussed. are abundant in the gastrointestinal tract, and
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1979, p. 885-890 0099-2240/79/11-0885/06$2.00/0 Vol. 38, No. 5 Determining Endotoxin Content of Ground Beef by the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Test as a Rapid
More informationIN THIS SECTION MICROBIOLOGY TESTING EXPERT SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. Bacterial Endotoxin (LAL) Testing
EXPERT SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN THIS SECTION MICROBIOLOGY TESTING Microbial assays involve a variety of tests, from the determination of the numbers and types of organisms naturally present
More informationPorcine CRP ELISA Kit
Porcine CRP ELISA Kit Catalog No.: IPGCRPKT Lot No. SAMPLE The CRP test kit is a highly sensitive two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring CRP in Pig biological samples. INTENDED USE The
More informationAntigen-Antibody reactions
Antigen-Antibody reactions Ag Ab reactions in vitro are known as Serological reactions. Help in :- 1. In the diagnosis of infections 2. Epidemiological surveys 3. Identification of infectious and noninfectious
More informationTest Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces
Test Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces Test Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
More informationCOLUMBIA AGAR (base)
COLUMBIA AGAR (base) INTENDED USE Columbia Agar is a highly nutritive medium used for the growth and isolation of a large variety of microorganisms, particularly very fastidious bacteria : streptococci
More informationSurvival of Lactobacillus leichmannii in Relation to Vitamin B12 Assays
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, May, 1965 Copyright @ 1965 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 13, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Survival of Lactobacillus leichmannii in Relation to Vitamin B12 Assays JOSEPH A. VALUl
More informationProject 5: Urine Cultures and Identification
Project 5: Urine Cultures and Identification Readings: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-culture http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/558845 (Listen to the two lectures by Dr. Robert A. Weinstein.)
More informationLab Activity #14 - Bacteriological Examination Of Water and Milk (Adapted from Lab manual by Dr. Diehl)
Lab Activity #14 - Bacteriological Examination Of Water and Milk (Adapted from Lab manual by Dr. Diehl) Some of the diseases that humans can contract from drinking polluted water include typhoid, dysentery,
More informationKILL-TIME STUDIES Antimicrobial Activity of Experimental Solutions Using Legionella pneumophila Test Solution: ACS 200 Submitted June 6, 2012
KILL-TIME STUDIES Antimicrobial Activity of Experimental Solutions Using Legionella pneumophila Test Solution: ACS 200 Submitted June 6, 2012 October 11, 2012 PREPARED FOR: Results RNA 1272 South 1380
More informationSee external label 2 C-8 C Σ=96 tests Cat # 5201Z CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYTEST KIT CEA ELISA. Cat # 5201Z
DIAGNOSTIC AUTOMATION, INC. 23961 Craftsman Road, Suite D/E/F, Calabasas, CA 91302 Tel: (818) 591-3030 Fax: (818) 591-8383 onestep@rapidtest.com technicalsupport@rapidtest.com www.rapidtest.com See external
More informationSerial dilution and colony count (Viable count) Pour plate. Spread plate Membrane filtration. Turbidity. Microscopic cell count
Aljawharah Alabbad 2016 Serial dilution and colony count (Viable count) Pour plate Spread plate Membrane filtration Turbidity Microscopic cell count Many studies require the quantitative determination
More informationDemonstration of Serologically Different Capsular
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Apr. 1971, p. 535-539 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Demonstration of Serologically Different Capsular Types Among Strains of Staphylococcus
More informationHELICA BIOSYSTEMS, INC. MOUSE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN QUANTITATION BY ELISA FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY
HELICA BIOSYSTEMS, INC. MOUSE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN QUANTITATION BY ELISA FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY INTENDED USE The Helica C-reactive protein assay is intended for the detection and quantification of mouse C-reactive
More informationA NEW- OR DELTA-TYPE STREPTOCOCCUS
A NEW- OR DELTA-TYPE STREPTOCOCCUS CARRIE KIRK BRYANT Prom the Department of Microbiology and Bacteriopathology oj the Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute School of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania,
More informationA SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREPARING HOMOGENEOUS SUSPEN-
A SMPLE METHOD FOR PREPARNG HOMOGENEOUS SUSPEN- SONS OF DERMATOPHYTES AND FOR ESTMATNG THE NUMBER OF VABLE PARTCLES N THESE SUSPENSONS* t FRANCES WOLFE FREDHOFF, MS. AND STANLEY A. ROSENTHAL, Ph.D. Because
More informationGROWTH AND MANOMETRIC STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION
GROWTH AND MANOMETRIC STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION BY SHIGELLA FLEXNERI' ARVID L. ERLANDSON, JR.,2 AND WILLIAM H. MACKEY Naval Medical Research Institute, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda,
More informationGENUS STAPHYLOCOCCUS: Isolation and Identification
GENUS STAPHYLOCOCCUS: Isolation and Identification Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram +, nonspore-forming cocci belonging to the family Micrococcaceae that are often found as normal human microbiota of
More informationTest Method for Efficacy of Copper Alloy Surfaces as a Sanitizer
Test Method for Efficacy of Copper Alloy Surfaces as a Sanitizer Test Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) Methicillin Resistant
More informationTYPING OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY Vol. 87, No. 6, pp. 1377-1382 June, 1964 Copyright 1964 by the Anmerican Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. TYPING OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE I. PREPARATION
More informationINTRODUCTION water-soluble Figure 1.
INTRODUCTION Natural waters contain bacteria. The aerobic gram negative bacillus of the genera Psedomonas, Alcalignes, and Flavobacterium are common in natural waters. Many of these bacteria are able to
More informationHuman Beta 2-Microglobulin ELISA Kit
Human Beta 2-Microglobulin ELISA Kit CATALOG NO: IRKTAH1125 LOT NO: SAMPLE INTENDED USE The Beta 2-Microglobulin test kit is a highly sensitive two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring
More informationEvaluation of Pall Metricel Black PES membrane Filter for Legionella pneumophila by Direct Membrane Filtration Method
www.pall.com/lab Application Note Evaluation of Pall Metricel Black PES membrane Filter for Legionella pneumophila by Direct Membrane Filtration Method Summary Monitoring of legionellae is critical for
More informationEnumeration of Escherichia coli in Frozen
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1973, p. 499-53 Copyright 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 4 Printed in U.SA. Enumeration of Escherichia coli in Froen Samples After Recovery from Injury' B.
More informationEnumeration of Escherichia coli in Frozen
APPUED MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1973, p. 499-53 Copyright 1973 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 4 Printed in U.SA. Enumeration of Escherichia coli in Froen Samples After Recovery from Injury' B.
More informationPURE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUES Most specimens (from animal tissue, plant tissue, or environmental samples) will be mixed, with a variety of bacteria (or other microorganisms). A single gram of feces, for example,
More informationBacterial Counts - Quantitative Analysis of Microbes
Bacterial Counts - Quantitative Analysis of Microbes Introduction: It is often important to know not only what types of bacteria are in a sample but also how many of them are present. Food manufacturers
More informationSTREPTOCOCCI' ANIMAL STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC. hydrolyze sodium hippurate. Avery (1929) also demonstrated
THE BIOCHEMIICAL CHARACTERS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI' PHILIP R. EDWARDS Department of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Lexington, Kentucky Experiment Station, Received
More informationSELECTED QUESTIONS F ROM OLD MICRO 102 QUIZZES PART I EXPERIMENTS 1 THROUGH 7
SELECTED QUESTIONS F ROM OLD MICRO 102 QUIZZES PART I EXPERIMENTS 1 THROUGH 7 Question numbers refer to the applicable experiment. Questions with blanks are multiple true-false questions unless otherwise
More information(From the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research)
TYPING GROUPA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY M PRECIPITIN REACTIONS IN CAPILLARY PIPETTES*$ BY HOMER F. SWIFT, M.D., ARMINE T. WILSON, M.D., Lieutenant, Medical Corps, United States Naval Reserve ANn REBECCA
More informationrevtersed by methionine, they postulate that 2-Cl-PAB inhibits only the
INHIBITION OF METHIONINE SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI BY 2-CHLORO-4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND SULFANILAMIDE FREDE B. STRANDSKOV The Research Department of Wallace and Tiernan Products, Inc., Belleville, New
More informationrevtersed by methionine, they postulate that 2-Cl-PAB inhibits only the
INHIBITION OF METHIONINE SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI BY 2-CHLORO-4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND SULFANILAMIDE FREDE B. STRANDSKOV The Research Department of Wallace and Tiernan Products, Inc., Belleville, New
More informationnumber or vitality. Spores from strain 62A were used for the major part of this EFFECT OF SUBTILIN ON SPORES OF CLOSTRIDIUM
EFFECT OF SUBTILIN ON SPORES OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM A. A. ANDERSEN Western Regional Research Laboratory,' Albany, California Received for publication January 9, 1952 Within the last few years considerable
More informationPennsylvania Md.) to obtain. coagglutination. incubated at 35 C under anaerobic conditions in type
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1980, p. 541-545 0095-1137/80/10-0541/05$02.00/0 Vol. 12, No. 4 Serogrouping Single Colonies of Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci from Primary Throat Culture Plates with
More informationCat. # MK138. For Research Use. Rat IgG EIA Kit. Product Manual. v1012
Cat. # MK138 For Research Use Product Manual Table of Contents I. Description... 3 II. Principle... 3 III. Kit Components... 4 IV. Materials Required but not Provided... 4 V. Storage... 4 VI. Intended
More informationEDICT ± OF GOVERNMENT
EDICT ± OF GOVERNMENT Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equal justiceforal,abeterinformedcitizenry,theruleoflaw,world tradeandworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymade availableonanoncommercialbasis,asitistherightofal
More informationIQCP for Commercially Prepared CLSI-Exempt Media
Please note that some references to protocol, publications, performance data etc. are fictitious in this EXAMPLE. Please use your own DATA for your IQCP. The following represents one example of how you
More informationTest Method of Specified Requirements of Antibacterial Textiles for Medical Use FTTS-FA-002
Test Method of Specified Requirements of Antibacterial Textiles for Medical Use FTTS-FA-002 FTTS-FA-002 Antibacterial Textiles for Medical Use Antibacterial Textiles suppress and even kill harmful bacteria
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB4789.11-2014 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE GB PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GB 4789.11-2014 National Food Safety Standard
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB4789.35-2016 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GB 4789.35-2016 National food safety standard
More informationCANINE CRP ELISA KIT
CANINE CRP ELISA KIT CATALOG NO: IDGCRPKT LOT NO: SAMPLE INTENDED USE The CRP test kits are a highly sensitive two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring CRP in Dog biological samples. INTRODUCTION
More informationHumaTex. Design Verification
Design Verification HumaTex 1 Function... 2 2 Imprecision... 2 3 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range... 2 Preparation of Serum Control Panel... 2 Sensitivity Test Results... 2 Function test with Kit Controls...
More informationBovine Haptoglobin ELISA Kit
Bovine Haptoglobin ELISA Kit Catalog No: IBVHPKT Lot No: SAMPLE INTENDED USE The Haptoglobin test kits are a highly sensitive two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring Haptoglobin in biological
More informationInoculate: Media. Physical State of Media: Liquid. The Five I s: Basic Techniques to Culture Microbes Tools of the Microbiology Laboratory
The Five I s: Basic Techniques to Culture Microbes Tools of the Microbiology Laboratory 1. Inoculate 2. Incubate 3. Isolate 4. Inspect 5. Identify The Five I s: Inoculate Inoculate: Media Classified according
More informationCANINE NGAL CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00031
CANINE NGAL CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00031 Immunoperoxidase Assay for Determination of NGAL in Dog Samples DIRECTIONS FOR USE Version 4.0 Please Read this Package Insert Completely Before Using This Product
More informationMethod for Identifying Salmonella and Shigella Directly from
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1976, p. 339-343 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 3 Printed in U-SA. Method for Identifying Salmonella and Shigella Directly from the
More informationMethod for Identifying Salmonella and Shigella Directly from
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1976, p. 339-343 Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 3 Printed in U-SA. Method for Identifying Salmonella and Shigella Directly from the
More informationThe kit is a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for in vitro quantitative measurement of CCSA-4 in. Reagents Quantity Reagents Quantity
Catalog No: YLA0017HU 96 Test Human colon cancer-specific antigen-4(ccsa-4)elisa Kit FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY; NOT FOR THERAPEUTIC OR DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS! PLEASE READ THROUGH ENTIRE procedure BEFORE BEGINNING!
More informationHUMAN IgG. Immunoperoxidase Assay for Determination of IgG in Human Samples
HUMAN IgG Immunoperoxidase Assay for Determination of IgG in Human Samples DIRECTIONS FOR USE Version3 L30A 31 For Research Use Only, NOT for Diagnostic Purposes Please Read this Package Insert Completely
More informationFibrinogen ELISA. For the quantitative determination of fibrinogen in biological fluids, serum, and plasma.
Fibrinogen ELISA For the quantitative determination of fibrinogen in biological fluids, serum, and plasma. Please read carefully due to Critical Changes, e.g., Changes to preparation of standard volume
More informationMOUSE SERUM AMYLOID P (SAP) CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00113
MOUSE SERUM AMYLOID P (SAP) CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00113 Immunoperoxidase Assay for Determination of SAP in Mouse Samples DIRECTIONS FOR USE Version 4.0 Please Read this Package Insert Completely Before Using
More informationProtoplasts, Spheroplasts, and L-Forms
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Sept. 1970, p. 692-696 Copyright 0 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 103, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Reversion to the Streptococcal State of Enterococcal Protoplasts, Spheroplasts,
More information!Difco KL Virulence Enrichment S1191JAA 2003/07
Revisions SO 0046-2 Rev From Rev To ECO # Appr. 0899 0703 2143-03 Notes: 1. BD Cat. No. 298610 2. Blank (Sheet) Size : Length: Width: Number of Pages: 4 Number of Sheets: 1 Page Size: Length 7.312 Width
More informationMOUSE ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00088
MOUSE ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN CATALOG NUMBER: OKIA00088 Immunoperoxidase Assay for Determination of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin in Mouse Samples DIRECTIONS FOR USE Version 4.0 Please Read this Package Insert Completely
More informationsulfapyridine, sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfapyrazine upon
THE ACTION OF SULFONAMIDES AND OF PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID ON BACTERIUM TULARENSE JOSEPH T. TAMURA Department of Bacteriology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati and the Cincinnati General Hospital
More informationHELICA BIOSYSTEMS, INC. HIGH SENSITIVITY HUMAN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY (Not for in vitro diagnostic use)
INTENDED USE HELICA BIOSYSTEMS, INC. HIGH SENSITIVITY HUMAN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY (Not for in vitro diagnostic use) The Helica C-reactive protein assay is intended for the detection
More informationFurther studies on the reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test for the presumptive identification
J. clin. Path., 1977, 3, 421-426 Further studies on the reliability of the bacitracin inhibition test for the presumptive identification of Lancefield group A streptococci D. J. COLEMAN, D. McGHIE, AND
More informationSupplement. Guideline for Investigation of Suspected Transfusion Transmitted Bacterial Contamination. Canada Communicable Disease Report
CCDR Canada Communicable Disease Report ISSN 1188-4169 Volume: 34S1 January 2008 Supplement Guideline for Investigation of Suspected Transfusion Transmitted Bacterial Contamination Suggested citation:
More informationRapid Aerobic Count. Interpretation Guide. 3M Food Safety 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate
3M Food Safety 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate Rapid Aerobic Count Interpretation Guide The 3M Petrifilm Rapid Aerobic Count Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system which contains nutrients,
More informationSKIN INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH HEMOLYTIC STREP- TOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM A PATIENT WITH ERYSIPELAS.
SKIN INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH HEMOLYTIC STREP- TOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM A PATIENT WITH ERYSIPELAS. I. METHOD OF DEMONSTRATING PROTECTIVE ACTION OF IMMUNE SERA. BY THOMAS M. RIVERS, M.D. (From the Hospital
More informationFURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO. BY CARROLL G. BULL, M.D. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.) PLATE 7. (Received for publication, April
More informationbottom of the cylindrical chamber. The chamber is sterilized by dipping in alcohol and flaming. Placing the open end of the
STUDIES WITH THE AGAR CUP-PLATE METHOD I. A STANDARDIZED AGAR CUP-PLATE TECHNIQUE S. BRANDT ROSE AND RUTH E. MILLER Division of Bacteriology, Laboratories of the Philadelphia General Hospital, and the
More informationMouse Anti-SRBC IgG ELISA Kit
Mouse Anti-SRBC IgG ELISA Kit CATALOG NO: IRKTAH3033 LOT NO: SAMPLE INTENDED USE The mouse anti-srbc IgG test kit is based on a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay uses detergent
More informationIQCP ELIGIBILITY CROSSWALK TABLE
IQCP ELIGIBILITY CROSSWALK TABLE: The first column lists those CLIA regulations (general QC and specialty/subspecialty) that are eligible for IQCP based on federal requirements. The second column designates
More informationMICROBIOLOGY #2 PREPERATION AND STERILIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
MICROBIOLOGY #2 PREPERATION AND STERILIZATION OF CULTURE MEDIA When we receive a sample (ex. Urine sample) for detection, we cannot gram stain it right away if it requires to be inoculated because when
More informationCANINE HAPTOGLOBIN ELISA KIT
CANINE HAPTOGLOBIN ELISA KIT CATALOG NO: IRKTAH1113 LOT NO: Sample INTENDED USE The Haptoglobin test kits are a highly sensitive two-site enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measuring Haptoglobin in
More informationAgar-Gel Precipitin-Inhibition Technique for
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, July 1967, p. 794-799 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Agar-Gel Precipitin-Inhibition Technique for Histoplasmosis Antibody Determinations JOHN G. RAY, JR. Medical
More informationA MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR PANTO- THENIC ACID WITH THE USE OF PROTEUS MORGANII
A MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR PANTO- THENIC ACID WITH THE USE OF PROTEUS MORGANII BY MICHAEL J. PELCZAR, JR., AND J. R. PORTER (From the Department of Bacteriology, College of Medicine, State University
More informationLESSON ASSIGNMENT. After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Identify principles for maintaining a "working" stock culture.
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 Maintaining Stock Cultures. TEXT ASSIGNMENT Paragraphs 10-1 through 10-6. TASK OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 10-1. Identify principles for
More information