Readings. Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural. Neural Development. September 10, Bio 3411 Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development
|
|
- Corey Oswin Hutchinson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Readings Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural NEUROSCIENCE: References : 5 th ed, pp (sorta) 4 th ed, pp (sorta) Fainsod, A., Steinbeisser, H., & De Robertis, E. M. (1994). EMBO J, 13(21), Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., & Melton, D. (1997). Annu Rev Neurosci, 20, Melton, D. A. (1987). Nature, 328(6125), Bio 3411 Monday Sasai, Y., & De Robertis, E. M. (1997). Dev Biol, 182(1), Smith, W. C., & Harland, R. M. (1992). Cell, 70(5), Weeks, D. L., & Melton, D. A. (1987). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84(9), Wilson, P. A., & Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1995). Nature, 376(6538), Xanthos, J. B., Kofron, M., Wylie, C., & Heasman, J. (2001)., 128(2), Zimmerman, L. B., de Jesus-Escobar, J. M., & Harland, R. M. (1996). Cell, 86(4), (pdfs on course websites: [[ 1 2 Embryogenesis 1. Maternal cytoplasmic determinants. 2. Fertilization creates dorsal-ventral axis. 3. Cell division. 4. Blastula created. 6. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm created. by molecular signals along the Animal/Vegetal axis. 5. Gastrulation. 6. Spemann organizer creates anterior-posterior axis. 7. Notocord induces the Neural Plate. 8. Neurulation forms the Neural Tube. 9. Neural crest cells form the PNS. 10. Segmentation & Cephalization (anterior enlargement) 1) Cell Signaling 2) Discovery of the Organizer 3) How Could this Work? 4) The Answer 5) Blockers 6) Current View 7) Summary 3 4 Neuroinduction Cell Signaling 5 6 1
2 Intracellular Signaling through a Kinase Cascade; Signal Amplification (Suppression) and Multiple Control Points Endoderm and Mesoderm involute with gastrulation: Induction of the Neural Plate from, by the underlying, closely apposed Mesoderm. 7 8 Hilde Mangold and Hans Spemann Discovery of the Organizer Key experiments performed in at the University of Freiburg, Germany. Hilde Mangold was a 24 year old graduate student when she performed these experiments. She died tragically in an accidental alcohol heater explosion. Hans Spemann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Mangold Spemann Experiments (1924) How Could this Work?
3 Explant Experiments with Animal Caps from Amphibian Blastula: Puzzling Results Isolating Inducing Factors that Promote Neuronal Differentiation; Sigma Catalog Experiments Result in Further Confusion (Many positives, including apparently non-biological factors!)? + Candidate Neuroinducing Factors! Model 1: Models for Neural Induction + Epidermal TGF-β Proteins Signal Through Heterodimeric Receptors and Smad Transcription Factors Model 2: Model 3: + Epidermal A Dominant-Negative Receptor Subunit Blocks Activation of the Signaling Pathway The Answer (Hemmati-Brivanlou and Melton, 1992)
4 Blocking TGF-β Signaling by a Dominant-Negative Receptor Causes Isolated to Become Neuronal BMP-4 (TGF-β) Signaling Results in Neural Epidermal Induction (+Dominant-Negative Type II Receptor crna) Animal Cap Animal Cap TFG-β Signaling Blocked by expression of Dom-Neg Type II Receptor Subunit + TGF-β Signaling + TGF-β Signaling TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor - β BMP-4: Bone Morphogenic Protein Model 1: Models for Neural Induction + Epidermal BMP-4 (Secreted by al Cells) Inhibits Neuronal Fate and Promotes Epidermal Fate. Tissue Dissociation dilutes BMP-4 activity Model 2: (Wilson and Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995) Model 3: +BMP-4 Neural [BMP-4] (Endogenous BMP-4 Diluted) + BMP-4 Epidermal Recombinant BMP-4 Promotes Epidermal Fate and Inhibits Neuronal Fate BMP-4 mrna is Expressed in Ectoderm (Wilson and Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995)
5 Blockers Are there native anatgonists of BMP-4? Secreted from underlying mesoderm? Yes chordin / noggin / follistatin. And they are enriched in the Spemann-Mangold Organizer! Differential Substractive Screen yields Chordin, a BMP-4 antagonist (1994) Functional Expression Cloning yields noggin, a BMP-4 anatagonist (1992) Chordin/Noggin/Follistatin directly bind to and inactivate BMP
6 Structure of Noggin-BMP complex Molecular Mechanism of Neuralization TGF-β proteins signal through heterodimeric receptors and Smad transcription factors Current View Neural induction mechanisms are conserved: Ligand Receptor Antagonist Transcription Factor Vertebrates BMP-4 Type I Type II Type III noggin chordin follistatin Smad1 Smad2 Smad3 Smad4 Smad5 Drosophila decapentaplegic (dpp) punt thick veins (tkv), saxophone (sax) Short-gastrulation (sog) Mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) Medea BMP-4 is only one member of the large evolutionarily conserved TGF-β gene family, which mediates many different tissue inductive events. Relationships between members of the TGF-β super family. (After Hogan, 1996)
7 Neurogenesis: Inductive Mechanisms 1. al cells choose either a neuronal or epidermal fate. Summary 2. Interactions between mesoderm and neuroectoderm induce neuroectoderm to adopt the neural fate. 3. Induction is signaled by Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 (BMP-4), a protein made and secreted by neuroectodermal cells. 4. BMP-4 inhibits neuralization and promotes the epidermal fate in neighboring cells. 5. Mesodermal cells secrete proteins (Chordin, Noggin, Follistatin) which directly bind and antagonizes BMP-4 activity Neurogenesis: Inductive Mechanisms 6. al cells become neurons by suppression of BMP-4 activity by secreted antagonists from underlying mesodermal cells. 7. The default state of neuroectodermal cells is neuronal. 8. This mechanism is conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. 9. BMP-4 is a member of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules. END 10. Similar signaling events in the nervous system mediate changes in later development stages and in adult plasticity
Neural Development. How does a single cell make a brain??? How are different brain regions specified??? Neural Development
Neural Development How does a single cell make a brain??? How are different brain regions specified??? 1 Neural Development How do cells become neurons? Environmental factors Positional cues Genetic factors
More informationNeural Induction. Chapter One
Neural Induction Chapter One Fertilization Development of the Nervous System Cleavage (Blastula, Gastrula) Neuronal Induction- Neuroblast Formation Cell Migration Mesodermal Induction Lateral Inhibition
More informationNeural Induction. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Neural Induction Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Coffee Hour (with Dr. Nakagawa) Friday, Sept 22 8:30-9:30am Surdyks Café in Northrop Auditorium Stop by for
More informationXenopus gastrulation. Dorsal-Ventral Patterning - The Spemann Organizer. Two mesoderm inducing signals
Dorsal- atterning - The Spemann Organizer Two mesoderm inducing signals late-blastula early-gastrula nimal Blood Mesothelium Not Vegetal NC Endoderm Hans Spemann (1869-1941) Hilde Mangold (1898-1924) Dr
More informationMesoderm Formation. Fate map of early gastrula. Only two types of mesoderm are induced. Mesoderm induction by the vegetal hemisphere
Fate map of early gastrula Mesoderm Formation Animal hemisphere forms ectoderm (lacks ) Sperm Entry Point dbl dbl brachyury Vegetal hemisphere forms endoderm (requires ) dbl goosecoid Marginal zone forms
More informationFertilization. Animal hemisphere. Sperm entry point
Fertilization Animal hemisphere Sperm entry point Establishes the dorsal/ventral axis Ventral side sperm entry Dorsal side gray crescent Organized by sperm centriole Cleavage Unequal radial holoblastic
More informationLecture III. Nervous System Embryology
Bio 3411 Wednesday Reading NEUROSCIENCE: 5 th ed, pp. 477-506 NEUROSCIENCE: 4 th ed, pp. 545-575 2 1 Summary from Lecture II Biology Understanding the brain is THE major question in biology and science.
More informationWe are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo.
We are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo. Hans Spemann, 1943 Reading from Chapter 3 - types of cell
More informationReading. Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology. Biology. Brain Diseases. September 5, Bio 3411 Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology
Reading NEUROSCIENCE: 5 th ed, pp. 477-506 NEUROSCIENCE: 4 th ed, pp. 545-575 Bio 3411 Wednesday 2 Summary from Lecture II Biology Understanding the brain is THE major question in biology and science.
More informationWhy Study Developmental Neurobiology? Terrific scientific challenge.
Developmental Neurobiology Textbook Readings: ( Neuroscience, 3rd Edition, Purves, et al.) Chapter 1 Studying Nervous Systems 7 Intracellular Signal Transduction 21 Early Brain Development 22 Construction
More informationWe are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo.
We are walking and standing with parts of our bodies which could have been used for thinking had they developed in another part of the embryo. Hans Spemann, 1943 Reading from Chapter 3 - types of cell
More informationLecture 3 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT
Lecture 3 E. M. De Robertis, M.D., Ph.D. August 16, 2016 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT GROWTH FACTOR SIGNALING, HOX GENES, AND THE BODY PLAN Two questions: 1) How is dorsal-ventral (D-V) cell differentiation
More informationPatterning of the Brain
Patterning of the Brain Clemens.Kiecker@kcl.ac.uk IoPPN 27 Oct 2015 Hundreds of billions of cells, hundreds of cell types Egg = single cell, some 20,000 genes Egg = single cell, some 20,000 genes How is
More informationNeural induction. Noggin Chordin Follistatin (Xnr3)
a bird s eye view Since the discovery of the phenomenon of neural induction by Spemann and Mangold in 94, considerable effort has been invested in identifying the signals produced by the organizer that
More informationEarly Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians
Biology 4361 Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians October 25, 2006 Overview Cortical rotation Cleavage Gastrulation Determination the Organizer mesoderm induction Setting up the axes: dorsal/ventral
More informationActivity 47.1 What common events occur in the early development of animals? 1. What key events occur at each stage of development?
Notes to Instructors Chapter 47 Animal Development What is the focus of this activity? Chapter 21 provided a review of how genes act to control development. Chapter 47 reviews some of the major morphological
More information+ + Development and Evolution Dorsoventral axis. Developmental Readout. Foundations. Stem cells. Organ formation.
Development and Evolution 7.72 9.11.06 Dorsoventral axis Human issues Organ formation Stem cells Developmental Readout Axes Growth control Axon guidance 3D structure Analysis Model + + organisms Foundations
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPEMANN S ORGANIZER AND NEURAL INDUCTION - Lecture 5
Eddy De Robertis Page 1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SPEMANN S ORGANIZER AND NEURAL INDUCTION - Lecture 5 Having discussed the early events in mesoderm induction, we now turn to signaling events that take place
More informationConcentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer Smad1
Development 124, 3177-3184 (1997) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 DEV1180 3177 Concentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer
More informationDevelopmental Zoology (ZOO ) Gatrulation
Developmental Zoology (ZOO 228.1.0) Gatrulation 1 Developmental Stages Ø Early Development Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Neurulation Ø Later Development Organogenesis Larval molts Metamorphosis Aging
More informationLIFE Formation III. Morphogenesis: building 3D structures START FUTURE. How-to 2 PROBLEMS FORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS.
7.013 4.6.07 Formation III Morphogenesis: building 3D structures VIRUSES CANCER HUMAN DISEASE START SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PROBLEMS FUTURE LIFE IMMUNE NERVOUS SYSTEMS How-to 1 FOUNDATIONS How-to 2 REC. DNA BIOCHEM
More informationRegulating Bone Growth and Development with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Regulating Bone Growth and Development with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins PHOEBE S. LEBOY Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030,
More informationDeciphering Complexity in Biology: Induction of Embryonic Cell Differentiation by Morphogen Gradients
Complexity and Analogy in Science Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Acta 22, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/acta22/acta22-derobertis.pdf Deciphering Complexity in Biology: Induction
More informationXenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs
Development 126, 3347-3357 (1999) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV3918 3347 Xenopus GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs Chenbei Chang and Ali Hemmati-Brivanlou*
More informationRNAs were transcribed from described expression conhibit a similar capacity to synergize with neural-inducing
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 172, 337 342 (1995) RAPID COMMUNICATION Specification of the Anteroposterior Neural Axis through Synergistic Interaction of the Wnt Signaling Cascade with noggin and follistatin L.
More informationNeural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model
Development 125, 2403-2414 (1998) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 DEV4980 2403 Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model Carole LaBonne* and Marianne
More informationCulture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Hong-Lin Su Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University
Culture and differentiation of embryonic stem cells Hong-Lin Su Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University Topics-ES cell maintenance Establishment Culture condition, including the serum,
More informationThe competence of Xenopus blastomeres to produce neural and retinal progeny is repressed by two endo-mesoderm promoting pathways
Developmental Biology 305 (2007) 103 119 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio The competence of Xenopus blastomeres to produce neural and retinal progeny is repressed by two endo-mesoderm promoting pathways Bo
More informationLater Development. Caenorhabditis elegans. Later Processes 10/06/12. Cytoplasmic Determinants Fate Mapping & Cell Fate Limb Development
Later Development Cytoplasmic Determinants Fate Mapping & Cell Fate Limb Development Caenorhabditis elegans Nematoda 10,000 worms/petri dish in cultivation short life cycle (~ 3 days egg to egg) wild-type
More informationReproductive Biology and Endocrinology BioMed Central Review Smad signalling in the ovary Noora Kaivo-oja, Luke A Jeffery, Olli Ritvos and David G Mot
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology BioMed Central Review Smad signalling in the ovary Noora Kaivo-oja, Luke A Jeffery, Olli Ritvos and David G Mottershead* Open Access Address: Programme for Developmental
More informationInduction and patterning of the telencephalon in Xenopus laevis
Development 129, 5421-5436 (2002) 2002 The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/dev.00095 5421 Induction and patterning of the telencephalon in Xenopus laevis Giuseppe Lupo 1,2, William A. Harris 2, Giuseppina
More informationKEY Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning
1. (20 pts) Define Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning. Make sure your descriptions clearly distinguish the critical differences between them. Describe an example of each. Reproductive cloning refers
More informationCode No. : 8421 Sub. Code : HZOM 13
(6 pages) Reg. No. :... Sub. Code : HZOM 13 M.Sc. (CBCS) DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL 2014. First Semester Zoology DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (For those who joined in July 2012 onwards) Time : Three hours Maximum
More informationXenopus Zic-related-1 and Sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have
Development 125, 579-587 (1998) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 DEV6311 579 Xenopus Zic-related-1 and Sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have distinct activities in
More informationDorsoventral Patterning in Xenopus: Inhibition of Ventral Signals by Direct Binding of Chordin to BMP-4
Cell, Vol. 86, 589 598, August 23, 1996, Copyright 1996 by Cell Press Dorsoventral Patterning in Xenopus: Inhibition of Ventral Signals by Direct Binding of Chordin to BMP-4 Stefano Piccolo, Yoshiki Sasai,*
More informationHemidesmosome. Focal adhesion
BIOLOGY 52 - - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY - - FALL 2002 Third Examination - - November, 2002 -------------------------------------------------- Put your name at the top of each page. Please read each
More information7.22 Example Problems for Exam 1 The exam will be of this format. It will consist of 2-3 sets scenarios.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology 7.22, Fall 2005 - Developmental Biology Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Martha Constantine-Paton 1 of 10 7.22 Fall 2005 sample exam
More informationLecture 20: Drosophila embryogenesis
Lecture 20: Drosophila embryogenesis Mitotic recombination/clonal analyses Embrygenesis Four classes of genes: Maternal genes Gap genes Pair-rule genes Segment polarity genes Homeotic genes Read 140-141;
More informationMutant Vg1 ligands disrupt endoderm and mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos
Development 125, 2677-2685 (1998) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 DEV3749 2677 Mutant Vg1 ligands disrupt endoderm and mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos Elaine M. Joseph
More informationThe homeobox gene Siamois is a target of the Wnt dorsalisation pathway and triggers organiser activity in the absence of mesoderm
Development 122, 3055-3065 (1996) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 DEV1088 3055 The homeobox gene Siamois is a target of the Wnt dorsalisation pathway and triggers organiser
More informationRAPID COMMUNICATION A Novel TGF-b-like Gene, fugacin, Specifically Expressed in the Spemann Organizer of Xenopus
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 172, 699 703 (1995) RAPID COMMUNICATION A Novel TGF-b-like Gene, fugacin, Specifically Expressed in the Spemann Organizer of Xenopus V. Ecochard,* C. Cayrol,*,1 F. Foulquier,* A.
More informationThe Competence of Marginal Zone Cells to Become Spemann s Organizer Is Controlled by Xcad2
Developmental Biology 248, 40 51 (2002) doi:10.1006/dbio.2002.0705 The Competence of Marginal Zone Cells to Become Spemann s Organizer Is Controlled by Xcad2 Vered Levy, Karen Marom, Sharon Zins, Natalia
More informationProcessing of the Drosophila Sog protein creates a novel BMP inhibitory activity
Development 127, 2143-2154 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV9708 2143 Processing of the Drosophila Sog protein creates a novel BMP inhibitory activity Kweon Yu
More informationANAT2341 Embryology Introduction: Steve Palmer
ANAT2341 Embryology Introduction: Steve Palmer Course overview Course lecturers specializations and roles Steve Palmer 9385 2957 Course overview Summary, aims and expected outcomes Course overview Graduate
More informationScaling of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning by Embryo Size-Dependent Degradation of Spemann s Organizer Signals
Scaling of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning by Embryo Size-Dependent Degradation of Spemann s Organizer Signals Hidehiko Inomata, 1,3, * Tatsuo Shibata, 2 Tomoko Haraguchi, 1 and Yoshiki Sasai 1, * 1 Organogenesis
More informationBlastula: An early staged embryo that is made up of sphere shaped cells that surround an inner fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel.
1) Define the following terms: cleavage, blastomere, blastula, blastulation, microlecithal, mesolecithal, megalecithal, centrolecithal, isolecithal, telolecithal, holoblastic cleavage, meroblastic cleavage,
More information7.22 Final Exam points
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology 7.22, Fall 2005 - Developmental Biology Instructors: Professor Hazel Sive, Professor Martha Constantine-Paton 1 of 11 7.22 2004 FINAL FOR STUDY
More informationBMP-2 and BMP-4 signalling in the developing spinal cord of human and rat embryos
O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Folia Morphol. Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 359 364 DOI: 10.5603/FM.2015.0054 Copyright 2015 Via Medica ISSN 0015 5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl BMP-2 and BMP-4 signalling in the developing
More informationStatement of Research E. M. De Robertis. From the renewal of an HHMI Investigatorship (October 2009) Molecular Mechanisms of Embryonic Self-regulation
Statement of Research E. M. De Robertis From the renewal of an HHMI Investigatorship (October 2009) Molecular Mechanisms of Embryonic Self-regulation During the period under review, we discovered a biochemical
More informationNeural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt-β-catenin signaling
Developmental Biology 298 (2006) 71 86 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio Neural induction in Xenopus requires inhibition of Wnt-β-catenin signaling Elizabeth Heeg-Truesdell a, Carole LaBonne a,b, a Department
More informationInduction of the primary dorsalizing center in Xenopus by the Wnt/GSK/βcatenin signaling pathway, but not by Vg1, Activin or Noggin
Development 124, 453-46 (1997) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 DEV9489 453 Induction of the primary dorsalizing center in Xenopus by the Wnt/GSK/βcatenin signaling pathway,
More informationContinuity And Change: Paradigm Shifts In Neural Induction
Swarthmore College Works Biology Faculty Works Biology 2001 Continuity And Change: Paradigm Shifts In Neural Induction Scott F. Gilbert Swarthmore College, sgilber1@swarthmore.edu Let us know how access
More informationNeural Induction in the Absence of Mesoderm: -Catenin-Dependent Expression of Secreted BMP Antagonists at the Blastula Stage in Xenopus
Developmental Biology 234, 161 173 (2001) doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0258, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Neural Induction in the Absence of Mesoderm: -Catenin-Dependent Expression of Secreted
More informationFoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula
RESEARCH ARTICLE 779 Development 134, 779-788 (27) doi:1.1242/dev.2768 FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula Adnan Mir 1,2, Matt Kofron 1, Aaron M. Zorn
More informationLecture 20: Drosophila melanogaster
Lecture 20: Drosophila melanogaster Model organisms Polytene chromosome Life cycle P elements and transformation Embryogenesis Read textbook: 732-744; Fig. 20.4; 20.10; 20.15-26 www.mhhe.com/hartwell3
More informationSupplementary Figure 1.
Supplementary Figure 1. Quantification of western blot analysis of fibroblasts (related to Figure 1) (A-F) Quantification of western blot analysis for control and IR-Mut fibroblasts. Data are expressed
More informationExpression of Siamois and Twin in the blastula Chordin/Noggin signaling center is required for brain formation in Xenopus laevis embryos
MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT 125 (2008) 58 66 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/modo Expression of Siamois and Twin in the blastula Chordin/Noggin signaling center
More informationExam 1 ID#: October 1, 2006
Biology 4361 Name: Exam 1 ID#: October 1, 2006 Multiple choice (one point each) 1. The formation of new structures in chick embryogenesis is an example of a. teratology. b. epigenesis. c. hybridization.
More informationWhat s the most complex problem in biology?
Chapter 47. Development What s the most complex problem in biology? 1 The most complex problem How to get from here to there Development: cellular level Cell division Differentiation cells become specialized
More informationChapter 47. Development
Chapter 47. Development What s the most complex problem in biology? The most complex problem How to get from here to there Development: cellular level Cell division Differentiation cells become specialized
More informationCytochalasin B inhibits morphogenetic movement and muscle differentiation of activin-treated ectoderm in Xenopus
Develop. Growth Differ. (1999) 41, 41 49 Cytochalasin B inhibits morphogenetic movement and muscle differentiation of activin-treated ectoderm in Xenopus Keiko Tamai, 1 Chika Yokota, 2 Takashi Ariizumi
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Lu et al. 10.1073/pnas.1106801108 Fig. S1. Analysis of spatial localization of mrnas coding for 23 zebrafish Wnt genes by whole mount in situ hybridization to identify those present
More informationSolution Key Problem Set
Solution Key- 7.013 Problem Set 5-2013 Question 1 During a summer hike you suddenly spot a huge grizzly bear. This emergency situation triggers a fight or flight response through a signaling pathway as
More informationanchor cell gonad Normal hypoderm = skin Normal hypoderm = skin Make vulva
BIOLOGY 52 - - CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY - - FALL 2002 Fourth Examination - - December 2002 Answer each question, noting carefully the instructions for each. Repeat- Please read the instructions for
More informationEMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Regulation of Neural Specification from Human Embryonic Stem Cells by BMP and FGF TIMOTHY M. LAVAUTE, a,b YOUNG DONG YOO, b MATTHEW T. PANKRATZ, a,b
More informationSingle cells can sense their position in a morphogen gradient
Development 6, 509-57 (999) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 999 DEV6 509 Single cells can sense their position in a morphogen gradient J. B. Gurdon*, H. Standley, S. Dyson, K.
More informationxcited2 Induces Neural Genes in Animal Cap Explants of Xenopus Embryos
Exp Neurobiol. 2011 Sep;20(3):123-129. pissn 1226-2560 eissn 2093-8144 Original Article xcited2 Induces Neural Genes in Animal Cap Explants of Xenopus Embryos Jaeho Yoon 1,#, Jung-Ho Kim 1,#, Ok-Joo Lee
More informationConservation and evolutionary divergence in the activity of receptor-regulated smads. Sorrentino et al.
Conservation and evolutionary divergence in the activity of receptor-regulated smads Sorrentino et al. Sorrentino et al. EvoDevo 2012, 3:22 Sorrentino et al. EvoDevo 2012, 3:22 RESEARCH Open Access Conservation
More informationNotch Signaling Pathway Notch CSL Reporter HEK293 Cell line Catalog #: 60652
Notch Signaling Pathway Notch CSL Reporter HEK293 Cell line Catalog #: 60652 Background The Notch signaling pathway controls cell fate decisions in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. Notch signaling
More informationGSI Bovine TGF-β3 ELISA Kit-2 Plates DataSheet
Transforming growth factor, beta 3 (TGF-β3) belongs to a large family of cytokines called the Transforming growth factor beta super family (1, 2), which includes the TGF-β family, bone morphogenetic proteins
More informationRequirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm
Development 127, 791-800 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV6425 791 Requirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm Masashi
More informationTime of Exposure to BMP Signals Plays a Key Role in the Specification of the Olfactory and Lens Placodes Ex Vivo
Short Article Time of Exposure to BMP Signals Plays a Key Role in the Specification of the Olfactory and Lens Placodes Ex Vivo My Sjödal, 1 Thomas Edlund, 1 and Lena Gunhaga 1, * 1 Umeå Center for Molecular
More informationDorsal-Ventral Patterning and Gene Regulation in the Early Embryo of Drosophila melanogaster
Dorsal-Ventral Patterning and Gene Regulation in the Early Embryo of Drosophila melanogaster Thesis by Mayra Garcia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy California
More informationCOURSES IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Undergraduate Courses Postgraduate Courses
COURSES IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Undergraduate Courses Postgraduate Courses Undergraduate Courses: BISC 001 Appreciation of Biological Sciences [3-0-0:3] Diversity of life forms; origin of life; chemical
More informationREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Each cell of a living organism contains thousands of genes. But all genes do not function at a time. Genes function according to requirements of the cell. Genes control the
More informationgoosecoid and the organizer
Development 1992 Supplement, 167-171 (1992) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1992 167 goosecoid and the organizer EDDY M. DE ROBERTIS, MARTIN BLUM, CHRISTOF NIEHRS and HERBERT
More informationIsolation of Early Neurogenesis Genes with Xenopus cdna Microarray
Lab. Anim. Res. 2010: 26(1), 109-115 Isolation of Early Neurogenesis Genes with Xenopus cdna Microarray Saet-Byeol Yu 1, Ok-Joo Lee 1, Young-Ju Park 1, Sung-Young Lee 1, Seung-Hwan Lee 1, Jaeho Yoon 1,
More informationGENE EXPRESSSION. Promoter sequence where RNA polymerase binds. Operator sequence that acts as a switch (yellow) OPERON
GENE EXPRESSSION 1 GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES Bacteria can turn genes on or off depending on their environment Prokaryotes have operons clusters of related genes and regulatory sequences Promoter sequence
More informationXenopus axis formation: induction of goosecoid by injected Xwnt-8 and activin mrnas
Development 118, 499-507 (1993) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 499 Xenopus axis formation: induction of goosecoid by injected Xwnt-8 and activin mrnas Herbert Steinbeisser
More informationAnimal Development Regulation of gene expression
Animal Development Regulation of gene expression Prof. Ilan Davis, Department of Biochemistry. Wellcome Trust Research Senior Fellow Senior Research Fellow, Jesus College ilan.davis@bioch.ox.ac.uk http://www.ilandavis.com
More informationPatterning of the neural ectoderm of Xenopus laevis by the amino-terminal product of hedgehog autoproteolytic cleavage
Development 121, 2349-2360 (1995) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 2349 Patterning of the neural ectoderm of Xenopus laevis by the amino-terminal product of hedgehog autoproteolytic
More informationPregnenolone Stabilizes Microtubules and Promotes Zebrafish Embryonic Cell Movement
Pregnenolone Stabilizes Microtubules and Promotes Zebrafish Embryonic Cell Movement Hwei-Jan Hsu 1,2, Ming-Ren Liang 3, Chao-Tsen Chen 3, and Bon-Chu Chung 1 * Abstract Embryonic cell movement is essential
More informationThe Role of Pitx Proteins in Early Xenopus Development
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Graduate Center 9-2017 The Role of Pitx Proteins in Early Xenopus Development Ye Jin The Graduate Center,
More informationThe secreted EGF-Discoidin factor xdel1 is essential for dorsal development of the Xenopus embryo
Developmental Biology 306 (2007) 160 169 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio The secreted EGF-Discoidin factor xdel1 is essential for dorsal development of the Xenopus embryo Akiko Arakawa a,c,1, Mami Matsuo-Takasaki
More informationScreening and characterization of novel genes involved in the embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis
Screening and characterization of novel genes involved in the embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr.rer.nat. des Fachbereiches Bio- und Geowissenschaften,
More informationThe Effect of Chloroacetophenone on the Inducing Capacity of Hensen's Node
The Effect of Chloroacetophenone on the Inducing Capacity of Hensen's Node by M. S. LAKSHMI 1 From the Department of Zoology, University ofpoona RODUCTION IN a previous paper (Lakshmi, 1962) the effects
More informationDifferentiation. Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz MD, PhD Associate Prof. Of Molecular Medicine NewGiza University (NGU)
Differentiation Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz MD, PhD Associate Prof. Of Molecular Medicine NewGiza University (NGU) 1 Developmental Genetics Objectives: Explain how a differentiated cell achieves and maintains
More informationCharles Shuler, Ph.D. University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited
AD Award Number: DAMD17-01-1-0100 TITLE: Smad-Mediated Signaling During Prostate Growth and Development PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Charles Shuler, Ph.D. CONTRACTING ORGANIZATION: University of Southern California
More informationXSIP1 is essential for early neural gene expression and neural differentiation by suppression of BMP signaling
Developmental Biology 275 (2004) 258 267 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio XSIP1 is essential for early neural gene expression and neural differentiation by suppression of BMP signaling Kazuhiro R. Nitta a,
More informationREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Each cell of a living organism contains thousands of genes. But all genes do not function at a time. Genes function according to requirements of the cell. Genes control the
More informationReview Article On becoming neural: what the embryo can tell us about differentiating neural stem cells
Am J Stem Cells 2013;2(2):74-94 www.ajsc.us /ISSN:2160-4150/AJSC1303003 Review Article : what the embryo can tell us about differentiating neural stem cells Sally A Moody 1,3, Steven L Klein 1, Beverley
More informationHD1 - Introduction to Human Development
Human Development Ed Laufer, PhD Course Director elaufer@columbia.edu Ping Feng Course Administrator pf2013@columbia.edu Michael Shen, PhD Patricia Ducy, PhD Michael Gershon, MD Cathy Mendelsohn, PhD Richard
More informationSupporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5753/1487/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Stem Cell Self-Renewal Controlled by Chromatin Remodeling Factors Rongwen Xi and Ting Xie* *To whom correspondence should
More informationREVIEWS CUTTING, PASTING AND PAINTING: EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY AND NEURAL DEVELOPMENT. Gary C. Schoenwolf
CUTTING, PASTING AND PAINTING: XPRIMNTAL MBRYOLOGY AND NURAL DVLOPMNT Gary C. Schoenwolf The goal of experimental embryology seems rather simple: to manipulate embryos in systematic ways to elucidate mechanisms
More informationEngineered In vitro models of post-implantation human development to elucidate mechanisms of self-organized fate specification during embryogenesis
Engineered In vitro models of post-implantation human development to elucidate mechanisms of self-organized fate specification during embryogenesis by Mukul Tewary A thesis submitted in conformity with
More informationDistinct expression and shared activities of members of the hedgehog gene family of Xenopus laevis
Development 121, 2337-2347 (1995) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 2337 Distinct expression and shared activities of members of the hedgehog gene family of Xenopus laevis
More informationRNAi minilecture and Using Genetics to Explore Complex Biological Processes
RNAi minilecture and Using Genetics to Explore Complex Biological Processes 2 American Worm People Win Nobel for RNA Work New York Times Oct. 2, 2006 The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was
More informationSTEM CELLS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Molecular and Functional Characterization of Gastrula Organizer Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Nadav Sharon 1, Ishay Mor 1,
More informationExpression Pattern of Xtshz1 and Xtshz3 During Xenopus Early Eye Formation
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Digital Commons @ ESF Honors Theses 5-2012 Expression Pattern of Xtshz1 and Xtshz3 During Xenopus Early Eye Formation Katherine L. McKissick Follow this
More informationHensen's node induces neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Implications for the action of the organizer in neural induction
Development 113, 1495-1505 (1991) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 1495 Hensen's node induces neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Implications for the action of the organizer
More information