BIODEGRADATION KINETICS OF BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOCOMPOSITES
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1 BIODEGRADATION KINETICS OF BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOCOMPOSITES N.Pons, J.C.Benezet, L.Ferry, A.Bergeret Ecole des Mines d Alès 6, Avenue de Clavières, 3319 ALES, France Nicolas.Pons@ema.fr SUMMARY This study focuses on the biodegradation of biocomposites made by a natural biodegradable polymer (PLA, PolyLactic Acid) and innovative glass fibers. Evolution of PLA biodegradation kinetic was observed and degradation phenomena have been determined. Differences in biodegradation kinetic were attributed to the fiber nature. Keywords: Biocomposites, Biological Oxygen Demand, Poly(lactic acid). INTRODUCTION The materials end of life is an aim with an interest in development. Two intensively studied ways are identified: the recycling and the biodegradation. For the second option, biocomposites based on a biopolymer matrix are currently developed. However blending a matrix with filler can change drastically the biodegradation kinetic. For our study, a water alterable glass fiber has been used. This alterability could modify the PLA biodegradation mechanisms. Polymer materials are now starting to face different problems. First, the oil price isn t stable and varies significantly. It s problematic from a business point of view. Second, the oil availability predictions say there is enough oil for until 25. Finally, polymers need long times biodegradation (between four and five hundred years). Today, the bio-based polymers begin to appear in the everyday life as supermarket bags, for short duration uses or medicinal application... This polymer family represents a great interest because it s based on a renewable carbon source and the biodegradation kinetic is fast. To improve the mechanical properties of biopolymers, a new generation of biocomposites is currently developed. These materials are generally based on a biopolymer matrix reinforced by natural fibers. These have the same benefits as biopolymers: they are renewable and biodegradable. Moreover, they are cheap and have a low density. Unfortunately, their mechanical properties are generally lower and vary depending on the production location and the harvest condition. Our project aims to develop a biocomposite poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix whose fibers are mineral instead of vegetal. These alterable glass fibers (agf) have been used with the aim to obtain reinforcements available to be degradable by water and mineralized by microorganisms. This alterability combined to a good reproducibility of glass properties compared to vegetable fibers makes this fiber an interesting reinforcement system with
2 an important potential of development [1, 2]. Alterable phosphates glasses were already used as reinforcement for medical application. In this study, ageing of biocomposites PLA/aGF was analyzed and ageing phenomena were determined. Indeed, as the glass fibers are alterable, ageing of biocomposite depend on the fibers degradation kinetic. A hygrothermal ageing test was performed to accelerate the biocomposites degradation. Mechanical tests, weight measurement, thermal analysis and SEM observations were carried out to characterize ageing phenomena. Materials MATERIALS AND METHODS Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the form of small-size granules was commercially available from Nature Works LLC (Blair, USA) under the trade name PLA 7D. Three different glass fibers (1 µm diameter) were provided by OCV Reinforcement (Chambéry, France). E-glass is a typically non alterable commercial glass fiber with a coating containing a film former agent able to create good interactions with polyester resins. X (X1, X2, X3) glass are alterable glass fibers developed by OCV. These fibers were coated with the different sizing formulations. Different sizes, coupling agents and sticking agents was selected. Biocomposites were prepared by extrusion/injection molding with 3% in weight of fibers. Methods Biocomposite elaboration Biocomposites (7% PLA/3% fiber in weight) were prepared by extrusion/injection molding. For each composite, 1 specimens according to ISO type 1A standard were produced. According to NatureWorks PLA 7D data sheet, pellets were dried for 12h at 5 C under vacuum before they were extruded and injection molded. A co-rotative twin-screw extruder (Clextral BC21) was used to perform compounding. A uniform temperature (17 C) and a constant screw rotation speed of 25tr/min were used. The polymer matrix was fed at 2.8kg/h with a K-Tron feeder and the fiber was fed manually at 1.2kg/h. After extrusion, the material is cooled in a water bath and cut to form pellets. A machine by the company Sandretto (type 95 tons) was used for injection molding. The temperatures in the screw and in the injector were set to 17 C; the temperature in the mold was 4 C. The main parameters are given in Table 1 (cf publi EAC).
3 Biodegradation characterization Two tests were used and compared. The biodegradability of the biocomposite was performed by BOD 28 (Biological Oxygen Demand). According to the standard ISO 14851, the biodegradation test lasts 28 days at 23 C (climate room). Micro-organisms oxygen consumption is identified each day. Inoculum is based on horse manure and pine bark (5%-5% in weight) activated at 37 C for 1 hour. Solution is prepared according to the normal solution proposed by the standard. Tests were performed in an OxiTop IS system (WTW, Germany), with 3 bottles used for the reference and 3 bottles for each composite. The reference corresponds to the oxygen consumption of the microorganisms without carbon source. A second biodegradation test has been specially developed to evaluate the biodegradability kinetic of the biocomposites in an enzymatic medium. It consists in the detection of the first monomers (lactic acid) involved during the biodegradation of the polymer (PLA). A combination of various accurate enzymes used as inoculums at 37 C. The monomer formation is detected by a luminescence technique and is measured each hour during 6h. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Influence of glass nature BOD results showed that the PLA biodegradation kinetic is improved for X-glass reinforced PLA because of the increase of the specific surface in contact with the inoculums solution. This increase is due to the solubilisation of the fiber allowing the microorganisms to attack the matrix. The biodegradation kinetic remains equivalent for unreinforced PLA and E-glass reinforced composite. In all cases at 28 days, the biodegradation of biocomposites is greater than for the matrix alone. The presence of an interface between fibre and matrix may be responsible for this behaviour. 25 PLA-X PLA-E PLA 15 mg/ml Days Figure 1: Biological Oxygen Demand of PLA and Biocomposites The nature of the glass (X or E) related to the different ions in the formulation to obtain glasses more or less soluble. The preferential dissolution of glass can be followed by the
4 appearance of silicate ions in the initial solution, because in all cases, glasses are silica glass. 4 [silicate] (ppm) E X3 X3' hours Figure 2: Kinetics of soluble fibre glass (ph 7.4, 37 C) The nature of the glass fibres composition contains in composites is a great importance. Indeed, Figure 2 shows clearly that the glass composition is responsible of the dissolutio kinetics depending on the nature of ions (trainers, modifiers or intermediate). Glass commercial non-soluble (E) has the lowest dissolution kinetics. All other glass fibres developed to be soluble have a greater solubility. [Silicate] mg/l ,87 8, [lactate] mg/l Figure 3: Solubility of glass fibres X3 in the presence of lactate (12 hours, 45 C) These glasses are designed to reinforce polymer matrix to enhance mechanical properties and develop biocomposites. In this perspective, the dissolution of glasses in the presence of entities lactate was followed. Indeed, the dissolution of the glass has been previously measured in a controlled environment (ph 7.4 and 37 C) but the degradation of the polymer matrix can affect the kinetics of degradation of lenses released basic entities (Figure 3). Figure 3 clearly shows that the concentration of lactate entities affects the degradation of the glass (silicate solubilised rate). As a first step, to 87 mg / l, the presence of lactate is unfavorable to the reaction of dissolution of soluble glasses. Then for large concentrations of lactate, more than 1g / l, the dissolution
5 becomes more important. This phenomenon can be explained by precipitation of a portion of lactate to the highest concentrations. Influence of fibre surface treatment For a glass of the same nature, the influence of surface treatment is presented in Figure 4. Except for the surface treatment numbered 4, other treatments have a similar effect on the degradation of composites. Treatments numbered 4, 5 or 952 all lead to biodegradation than for treatment numbered 4. In this case, the chemical composition of the surface treatment is responsible for these differences in the nature of compounds involved and the quality of the fibre-matrix adherence. 25 PLA-C3-4 PLA-C3-5 PLA-C3-6 PLA-C Figure 4: Biodegradation of composites containing the same fibre with different surface treatments The type of glass and type of surface treatment is involved in the rate of degradation of composites. The E-type glasses are much less soluble than glass-type X. This comes from the glass composition between these two different glasses, which remains secret (IP). On the dissolution pure glasses, the influence of the nature of the glass composition is more important than the influence of surface treatment (Figure 5).
6 25 [silicate] mg/kg/h E-2 E-3 C3-1 C3- C3-2 4 Sam ple C3-5 C3-6 C3-952 Figure 5: Dissolving glass depending on the nature of glass and surface treatment (24 hours, 37 C CONCLUSION The study of (bio) degradation (bio) composites has revealed a number of points. In the case of biocomposites developed: the matrix (PLA) and glass (X) are degraded by the conventional protocols for monitoring the biodégradtion (BOD). The interface matrix / fiber seems to be largely responsible for the significant dégradtion biocomposites. The quality of this interface can act as a regulator of degradation of composites. Degradation of glass developed in this study is strongly influenced by the presence of residues of degradation of the matrix (lactate). In conclusion, a competition will take place in the composite during its degradation, the degradation between the glass and the matrix. The degradation products of glass that can slow down the kinetics of degradation of the matrix and vice versa. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors want to acknowledge ADEME (French Agency of Environment and Waste Management) and ANR (National French Agency of Research) for their financial supports. The authors are also gratefully embedded with YELEN Co. (Marseille, France) for having developed the enzymatic test and procedure, and OCV Reinforcement International Co. (Chambery, France) for the glass fiber development. References 1. V.A. Alvarez, R.A. Ruseckaite, A. Vásquez, Degradation of sisal fibre Mater- Bi-Y biocomposites buried in soil, Polymer Degradation and Stability 91 (6), R. Iovino, R. Zullo, M.A. Rao, L. Cassar, L. Gianfreda, Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)/starch/coir biocomposites under controlled composting conditions, Polymer Degradation and Stability 93 (8),
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