|
|
- Karin Murphy
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The replication of DNA Kornberg 1957 Meselson and Stahl 1958 Cairns 1963 Okazaki 1968
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 DNA Replication The driving force for DNA synthesis. The addition of a nucleotide to a growing polynucleotide chain by a phosphodiester bonds release one molecule of pyrophosphate. The free energy release from this reaction is rather small. Additional free energy is provided by the rapid hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate into two phosphate groups by an enzyme know as pyrophosphatase. DNA synthesis reaction is essentially irreversible.
18 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase DNA polymerase uses a single active site to catalyze the addition of any of the four dntps. DNA polymerase monitors the ability of the incoming nucleotide to form an A:T or G:C base pair; incorrect base pairing leads to drammatically lower rates of nucleotide addition.
19 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase. DNA polymerases show an impressive ability to distinguish between rntps and dntps. This discrimination is mediated by the steric exclusion of rntps from the active site; the nucleotide binding pocket is to small to allow the presence of a 2 -OH on the incoming nucleotide. This space is occupied by two discriminator amino acids that make van der Waals contact with the sugar ring.
20 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase Three dimensional structure of DNA polymerase resemble a right hand and the three domains are called the thumb, fingers and palm.
21 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE PALM DOMAIN The palm domain contain the primary elements of the catalytic site. This region binds two divalent metal ions (Mg 2+ or Zn 2+ ).
22 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE PALM DOMAIN One metal ion (A) reduce the affinity of the 3 -OH for its hydrogen. This generate a 3 O - ready for the nucleophilic attack of the α-phosphate of the incoming dntps. The second metal ion (B) coordinates the negative charges of the β- and γ- phosphate of the dntp and stabilizes the pyrophosphate produced.
23 THE FINGERS DOMAIN The fingers domain are also important for catalysis. Once a correct base pair is formed between the incoming dntp and the template, the fingers domain moves to enclose the dntp. DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase
24 THE FINGERS DOMAIN The mechanism of DNA polymerase The primary change is a 40 rotation of the O- helix in the finger domain. A tyrosine (aromatic amino acid) makes stacking interactions with the base of the dntp and two positively charged residues, lysine and arginine, stabilize the pyrophosphate. DNA Replication
25 The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE FINGERS DOMAIN also associates with the template region, leading to a nearly 90 turn of the phosphodiester backbone between the first and the second base of the template. DNA Replication This bend serves to expose only the first template base after the primer at the catalytic site and avoids any confusion.
26 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE THUMB DOMAIN is not intimately involved in catalysis. It interacts with DNA that has been mostly recently synthesized. This serve two purpose: It maintains the correct position of the primer and the active site helps to maintain a strong association between the DNA polymerase and its substrate. It binds a primer-template junction.
27 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE PROOFREADING EXONUCLEASE The palm domain also monitors the base pairing of the most recently added nucleotide. If the recently added nucleotide are correctly base-paired, the palm domain makes extensive hydrogen bond contact with base pairs in the minor groove of the newly synthesized DNA. Mismatched DNA in this region interferes with the minor groove contacts and dramatically slows catalysis.
28 DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE PROOFREADING EXONUCLEASE Proofreading of DNA synthesis is mediated by exonucleases present in the palm domain of the DNA polymerase. These exonucleases are capable of degrading DNA starting from a 3 DNA end. When an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated, the rate of DNA synthesis is reduced because of the incorrect positioning of the 3 -OH
29 The mechanism of DNA polymerase THE PROOFREADING EXONUCLEASE DNA Replication In the presence of a mismatch 3 -end, the last 3-4 nucleotide became single stranded. The exonuclease active site has a ten fold higher affinity for single stranded 3 ends respect to the active site. Once bound, the mismatched nucleotide is removed and a properly base paired is reformed in the active site. Proofreading exonuclease activity reduces the error rate from 10-7 to 10-8 errors per base pair.
30 PROCESSIVITY DNA Replication The mechanism of DNA polymerase The degree of processivity of DNA polymerases is defined as the average number of nucleotides added each time the enzyme binds a primer-template junction. Each DNA polymerase has a characteristic processivity that can range from only a few nucleotide to more than bases added per binding event. Once bound addition of nucleotides is very fast. The fastest DNA polymerases are capable of adding as many as 1000 nucleotides per second to a primer strand. Increased processivity is facilitated by the ability of DNA polymerases to slide along DNA template. Each time a nucleotide is added the DNA partially release from the polymerase (H-bond with the minor groove are broken, but the electrostatic interaction with the thumb are maintained). The DNA rapidly rebinds to the polymerase in a position that is shifted by 1 bp.
31 Sliding DNA clamps are proteins composed of multiple identical subunits that encircle the DNA double helix and also bind tightly to DNA polymerases at replication forks. DNA Replication Sliding DNA clamps In absence of the sliding clamp, DNA polymerase dissociates from the template DNA on average once every bp synthesized.
32 DNA Replication Sliding DNA clamps In the presence of the sliding clamp, the DNA polymerase still disengages its active site from the 3 -OH frequently, but the association with the sliding clamps prevents polymerase from diffusing away from DNA. Thus, sliding clamp increase the processivity of the DNA polymerase. These proteins are present from bacteria to human.
33 Sliding clamp loaders are proteins that catalyze the opening and placement of sliding camp on DNA. These enzyme couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to the placement of sliding clamp around primer template junction, every time that this junction is present in the cell. The clamp loaders also remove the slide clamp from DNA once all of the enzymes that interact with them have completed their function. DNA Replication Sliding DNA clamps loaders
34 DNA Replication In general, DNA is replicated by: uncoiling of the helix strand separation by breaking of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands synthesis of two new strands by complementary base pairing Replication begins at a specific site in the DNA called the origin of replication (ori)
35 DNA Replication Semidiscontinuous DNA replication Problem DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides from 5 3 but, the two strands of the double helix are antiparallel. Solution The major form of replication that occurs in nuclear DNA (eukaryotes), some viruses (e.g. the papovavirus SV40), and bacteria is called semidiscontinuous DNA replication.
36 DNA Replication Semidiscontinuous DNA replication Two strands in the double helix separate at an origin of replication, exposing bases to form a replication bubble that contains two replication fork in opposite direction. One strand is synthesized continuously from start to finish and the other strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous fragments.
37 DNA Replication Semidiscontinuous DNA replication Once primed, continuous replication is possible on the 3 5 template strand (leading strand). Leading strand synthesis occurs in the same direction as movement of the replication fork.
38 DNA Replication Semidiscontinuous DNA replication Discontinuous replication occurs on the 5 3 template strand (lagging strand). DNA is copied in short segments called Okazaki fragments moving in the opposite direction to the replication fork. The lagging strand requires the repetition of primer synthesis, elongation, primer removal with gap filling and joining of Okazaki fragments.
39 DNA Replication Semidiscontinuous DNA replication Despite this extra steps synthesis of both strands occurs concurrently Nucleotides are added to the leading and lagging strands at the same time and rate by two DNA polymerases, one for each strand. Fundamental features of DNA replication are conserved from E. coli to humans.
40 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA replication is bidirectional from the origin of replication DNA replication occurs in both directions from the origin of replication in the circular DNA found in most bacteria.
41 DNA Replication in Bacteria Initiation of replication An origin of replication is a site on chromosomal DNA where a bidirectional replication fork initiates or fires. Most bacteria have a single, well-defined origin (e.g. oric in E. coli) Usually A-T rich.
42 DNA Replication in Bacteria Initiation of replication In E. coli the initiator protein DnaA binds to oric and recruits a complex of two protein; the DNA helicase (DnaB) and helicase loader (DnaC). Three A-T rich repeated elements that are the site of initial DNA unwinding. Five DnaA-binding sites The combination of all the protein that function at the replication fork is referred to as the REPLISOME
43 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA polymerases in bacteria E. coli has at least 5 DNA polymerases that are distinguished by their enzymatic properties, subunits composition and abundance. DNA Pol III is the primary enzyme involved in the replication of the chromosome. One subunits called Klenow fragment has 5-3 polymerase activity; the other has a proofreading exonuclease activity 3-5 DNA Pol I is specialized for the removal of the RNA primer and also has a proofreading exonuclease. The remaining three DNA Pol are specialized for DNA repair and lack proofreading activities.
44 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA polymerases in bacteria In E. coli, the coordinate action of these polymerases is facilitated by physically linking them together in a large multiprotein complex called the DNA Pol III holoenzyme that confers very high processivity. The DNA pol III holoenzyme includes two copies of the core DNA Pol III and one copy of the five protein γ complex (the E. coli sliding camp loader). The γ complex includes two copies of the τ protein
45 DNA Replication in Bacteria Initiation of replication To begin DNA replication, unwinding enzymes called DNA helicases cause the two parent DNA strands to unwind and separate from one another at the origin of replication to form two "Y"-shaped replication forks. These replication forks are the actual site of DNA copying
46 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA helicases, catalyze the separation of the two strand of the double helix breaking only the H-bonds that hold the two strands together. DNA helicases are hexameric proteins that assume the shape of a ring. DNA helicases use the energy coming from the ATP hydrolysis to encircle one of the two single strands at the replication fork. DNA HELICASES
47 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA HELICASES Each subunit has a hairpin protein loop that binds a phosphate of the DNA backbone and its two adjacent deoxyribose components. The coordinated movement of these protein hairpins can pull the ssdna through the central pore of the helicase.
48 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA HELICASES There are specialized mechanisms that open the DNA helicase ring and place it around the DNA before forming the ring (initiation of replication). Each DNA helicases moves along ssdna in a defined direction (POLARITY).This direction is define according to the strand of DNA bound. In case of a DNA helicases that functions on the lagging strand the polarity is 5 -> 3 ; On the leading strand 3 -> 5.
49 DNA Replication in Bacteria ssdna-binding protein (SSB) Helix destabilizing proteins bind to the single-stranded regions so the two strands do not rejoin Active E. coli SSB is composed of four identical 19 kda subunits.
50 DNA Replication in Bacteria Single stranded binding proteins prevent premature annealing, to protect the single-stranded DNA from being digested by nucleases, and to remove secondary structure from the DNA to allow other enzymes to function effectively upon it. ssdna-binding protein (SSB)
51 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA primase is a type of RNA polymerase which creates a RNA primer Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA segment complementary to a ssdna template. DNA polymerases can not initiate the synthesis of a DNA strand without an initial RNA or DNA primer (for temporary DNA elongation). PRIMASE
52 DNA Replication in Bacteria In bacteria, primase binds to the DNA helicase forming a complex called the primosome. Primase is activated by DNA helicase where it then synthesizes a short RNA primer approximately 11 ±1 nucleotides long, to which new nucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase. PRIMASE
53 DNA Replication in Bacteria The τ proteins interact with DNA helicase and also bind to both DNA polymerase. One DNA Pol III core replicates the leading strand and the other the lagging strand. SSB coats the ssdna regions.
54 DNA Replication in Bacteria Periodically DNA primase will associate with the DNA helicase and synthetize a new primer on the lagging strand template. Lagging strand Pol complete the previous Okazaki fragment.
55 DNA Replication in Bacteria When the lagging strand DNA Pol completes an Okazaki fragment, it is released from the sliding clamp and the DNA.
56 DNA Replication in Bacteria The recently primed lagging strand is then a target of the clamp loader, which assembles a new sliding clamp at the primertemplate junction
57 DNA Replication in Bacteria DNA Pol binds the sliding clamp and begin to synthesize a new Okazaki fragment This process continues around the circular genome until the replication forks meet each other at the terminus to generate two daughter molecules
58 DNA Replication in Bacteria 1. Unwinding The enzyme helicase separates and unwinds the DNA double helix. The separated strands are held apart by single-strand binding proteins, forming a replication fork
59 DNA Replication in Bacteria 2. Priming the Leading Strand Starting from a short RNA primer, DNA polymerase III assembles a new complementary strand on each parental (template) strand. The two strands are replicated in opposite directions, always 5' -> 3'.
60 DNA Replication in Bacteria 3. Building the Leading Strand The strand that is polymerized toward the replication fork is called the leading strand. DNA polymerase III replicates the leading strand as a continuous strand moving into (5' -> 3') the replication fork. The RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase I.
61 DNA Replication in Bacteria 4. Priming and Building the Lagging Strand The lagging strand is synthesized in short pieces called Okazaki fragments, each with an RNAprimer. These fragments are joined together by DNA ligase, after DNA polymerase I has removed the RNA primers.
DNA Replication I Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm January 24, 2005
DNA Replication I Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm January 24, 2005 Watson Crick prediction: Each stand of parent DNA serves as a template for synthesis of a new complementary daughter strand Fig. 4.12 Proof
More informationThe replication forks Summarising what we know:
When does replication occur? MBLG1001 lecture 10 Replication the once in a lifetime event! Full blown replication only occurs once, just before cell division BUT the DNA template is constantly being repaired.
More informationQuestions from chapters in the textbook that are relevant for the final exam
Questions from chapters in the textbook that are relevant for the final exam Chapter 9 Replication of DNA Question 1. Name the two substrates for DNA synthesis. Explain why each is necessary for DNA synthesis.
More informationReplication. Obaidur Rahman
Replication Obaidur Rahman DIRCTION OF DNA SYNTHESIS How many reactions can a DNA polymerase catalyze? So how many reactions can it catalyze? So 4 is one answer, right, 1 for each nucleotide. But what
More informationChapter 11 DNA Replication and Recombination
Chapter 11 DNA Replication and Recombination Copyright Copyright 2009 Pearson 2009 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 11.1 DNA is reproduced by Semiconservative Replication The complementarity of
More informationThe Size and Packaging of Genomes
DNA Replication The Size and Packaging of Genomes Vary greatly in size Ø Smallest viruses- 4 or 5 genes Ø Escherichia coli- 4,288 genes Ø Human cell- 20,000 to 25,000 genes E. coli 4 million base pairs
More informationGenetic Information: DNA replication
Genetic Information: DNA replication Umut Fahrioglu, PhD MSc DNA Replication Replication of DNA is vital to the transmission of genomes and the genes they contain from one cell generation to the other.
More informationMolecular Biology: General Theory
Molecular Biology: General Theory Author: Dr Darshana Morar Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. DNA REPLICATION DNA replication is the process of duplicating the DNA sequence in the
More informationMolecular Biology: General Theory
Molecular Biology: General Theory Author: Dr Darshana Morar Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. DNA REPLICATION DNA replication is the process of duplicating the DNA sequence in the
More informationDNA Replication II Biochemistry 302. January 25, 2006
DNA Replication II Biochemistry 302 January 25, 2006 Following in Dad s footsteps Original A. Kornberg E. coli DNA Pol I is a lousy replicative enzyme. 400 molecules/cell but ~2 replication forks/cell
More informationDNA REPLICATION. Third Stage. Lec. 12 DNA Replication. Lecture No.: 12. A. Watson & Crick (1952) C. Cairns (1963) autoradiographic experiment
Lec. 12 DNA Replication A. Watson & Crick (1952) Proposed a model where hydrogen bonds break, the two strands separate, and DNA synthesis occurs semi-conservatively in the same net direction. While a straightforward
More informationThe flow of Genetic information
The flow of Genetic information http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation dna_replication quiz_1_.html 1 DNA Replication DNA is a double-helical molecule Watson and
More informationWelcome to Class 18! Lecture 18: Outline and Objectives. Replication is semiconservative! Replication: DNA DNA! Introductory Biochemistry!
Lecture 18: Outline and Objectives Welcome to Class 18! Introductory Biochemistry! l DNA Replication! l DNA polymerase! l the enzymatic reaction! l proofreading and accuracy! l DNA synthesis! l origins
More informationDNA Replication II Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm January 28, 2004
DNA Replication II Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm January 28, 2004 Conceptual model for proofreading based on kinetic considerations Fig. 24.44 stalling transient melting exonuclease site occupancy Following
More information1. True or False? At the DNA level, recombination is initiated by a single stranded break in a DNA molecule.
1. True or False? At the DNA level, recombination is initiated by a single stranded break in a DNA molecule. 2. True or False? Dideoxy sequencing is a chain initiation method of DNA sequencing. 3. True
More informationMolecular Biology (2)
Molecular Biology (2) DNA replication Mamoun Ahram, PhD Second semester, 2018-2019 Resources This lecture Cooper, pp. 191-207 2 Some basic information The entire DNA content of the cell is known as genome.
More information3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication
3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication Each DNA polymer is made of Nucleotides (monomer) which are made of: a) Phosphate group: Negatively charged and polar b) Sugar: deoxyribose- a 5 carbon sugar
More informationFidelity of DNA polymerase
Fidelity of DNA polymerase Shape selectivity: DNA polymerase's conformational change for determination of fidelity for each nucleotide Induced fit: Structure determines function Matched nucleotide Fidelity
More informationDNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA
DNA Replication DNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA molecule can assume different structures
More informationARUNAI ACADEMY FOR PG TRB-BOTANY DHARMAPURI REPLICATION - ENZYMES.
ARUNAI ACADEMY FOR PG TRB-BOTANY DHARMAPURI.9500244679 REPLICATION - ENZYMES DNA HELICASE Sparation of two strands- DNA helicase enzyme functions Unwinds DNA. DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen
More informationGene Expression- Protein Synthesis
Gene Expression- Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is the key to expression of biological information - Structural Protein: bones, cartilage - Contractile Proteins: myosin, actin - Enzymes - Transport
More informationProposed Models of DNA Replication. Conservative Model. Semi-Conservative Model. Dispersive model
5.2 DNA Replication Cell Cycle Life cycle of a cell Cells can reproduce Daughter cells receive an exact copy of DNA from parent cell DNA replication happens during the S phase Proposed Models of DNA Replication
More informationThe Structure of DNA
The Structure of DNA Questions to Ponder 1) How is the genetic info copied? 2) How does DNA store the genetic information? 3) How is the genetic info passed from generation to generation? The Structure
More informationDNA Replication and Repair
DN Replication and Repair http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/cendog.gif DN Replication genetic information is passed on to the next generation semi-conservative Parent molecule with
More informationDNA Replication II Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm January 26, 2005
DNA Replication II Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm January 26, 2005 Following in Dad s footsteps Original A. Kornberg E. coli DNA Pol I is a lousy replicative enzyme. 400 molecules/cell but ~2 replication forks/cell
More informationDNA Replication semiconservative replication conservative replication dispersive replication DNA polymerase
DNA Replication DNA Strands are templates for DNA synthesis: Watson and Crick suggested that the existing strands of DNA served as a template for the producing of new strands, with bases being added to
More informationBiochemistry. DNA Polymerase. Structure and Function of Biomolecules II. Principal Investigator
Paper : 03 Module: 14 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Dr. Sunil Kumar Khare, Professor, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Delhi Dr. Sunil Kumar Khare, Professor, Department of Chemistry,
More informationBCMB Chapters 34 & 35 DNA Replication and Repair
BCMB 3100 - Chapters 34 & 35 DNA Replication and Repair Semi-conservative DNA replication DNA polymerase DNA replication Replication fork; Okazaki fragments Sanger method for DNA sequencing DNA repair
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW. Overview of Biomolecules. Chapter 11 DNA Replication
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 11 DNA Replication 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Are You Getting It?? Which characteristics will be part of semi-conservative replication? (multiple answers) a) The
More informationBCMB Chapters 34 & 35 DNA Replication and Repair
BCMB 3100 - Chapters 34 & 35 DNA Replication and Repair Semi-conservative DNA replication DNA polymerase DNA replication Replication fork; Okazaki fragments Sanger method for DNA sequencing DNA repair
More informationDNA: Structure & Replication
DNA Form & Function DNA: Structure & Replication Understanding DNA replication and the resulting transmission of genetic information from cell to cell, and generation to generation lays the groundwork
More informationDNA REPLICATION & REPAIR
DNA REPLICATION & REPAIR Table of contents 1. DNA Replication Model 2. DNA Replication Mechanism 3. DNA Repair: Proofreading 1. DNA Replication Model Replication in the cell cycle 3 models of DNA replication
More informationFig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm
Fig. 16-7a end Hydrogen bond end 1 nm 3.4 nm 0.34 nm (a) Key features of DNA structure end (b) Partial chemical structure end Fig. 16-8 Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Concept 16.2: Many
More information4) separates the DNA strands during replication a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E. 5) covalently connects segments of DNA a. A b. B c. C d. D e.
1) Chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was significant because he was able to show that a. the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs from species to species. b.
More informationDNA Structure. DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 14 DNA Structure DNA is a nucleic acid. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, each composed of: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group (PO 4 ) a nitrogenous
More informationZoo-342 Molecular biology Lecture 2. DNA replication
Zoo-342 Molecular biology Lecture 2 DNA replication DNA replication DNA replication is the process in which one doubled-stranded DNA molecule is used to create two double-stranded molecules with identical
More informationIII. Detailed Examination of the Mechanism of Replication A. Initiation B. Priming C. Elongation D. Proofreading and Termination
Outline for Replication I. General Features of Replication A. Semi-Conservative B. Starts at Origin C. Bidirectional D. Semi-Discontinuous II. Proteins and Enzymes of Replication III. Detailed Examination
More informationAll This For Four Letters!?! DNA and Its Role in Heredity
All This For Four Letters!?! DNA and Its Role in Heredity What Is the Evidence that the Gene Is DNA? By the 1920s, it was known that chromosomes consisted of DNA and proteins. A new dye stained DNA and
More informationTutorial Week #9 Page 1 of 11
Tutorial Week #9 Page 1 of 11 Tutorial Week #9 DNA Replication Before the tutorial: Read ECB Chapter 6 p195-207, and review your lecture notes Read this tutorial and create a table of definitions and functions
More informationDNA replication. DNA replication. replication model. replication fork. chapter 6
DN chapter 6 DN two complementary s bases joined by hydrogen bonds separation of s each - template determines order of nucleotides in duplicate parent DN s separate two identical daughter s model dispersive
More informationRequirements for the Genetic Material
Requirements for the Genetic Material 1. Replication Reproduced and transmitted faithfully from cell to cell-generation to generation. 2. Information Storage Biologically useful information in a stable
More informationCovalently bonded sugar-phosphate backbone with relatively strong bonds keeps the nucleotides in the backbone connected in the correct sequence.
Unit 14: DNA Replication Study Guide U7.1.1: DNA structure suggested a mechanism for DNA replication (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 347). 1. Outline the features of DNA structure that suggested
More informationEnzymes used in DNA Replication
Enzymes used in DNA Replication This document holds the enzymes used in DNA replication, their pictorial representation and functioning. DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase is the chief enzyme of DNA replication.
More informationCH 4 - DNA. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary substance that is found in the nucleus of cells
CH 4 - DNA DNA is the hereditary substance that is found in the nucleus of cells DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid» its structure was determined in the 1950 s (not too long ago).» scientists were already investigating
More informationNUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses)
NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic material of all known organisms DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses) Consist of chemically linked sequences of nucleotides Nitrogenous base Pentose-
More informationChapter 12. DNA Replication and Recombination
Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Recombination I. DNA replication Three possible modes of replication A. Conservative entire original molecule maintained B. Semiconservative one strand is template for new
More informationGenetic material must be able to:
Genetic material must be able to: Contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism Pass from parent to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division Be accurately copied Account
More informationDNA replication. DNA replication. replication model. replication fork. chapter 6
DN chapter 6 DN two complementary s bases joined by hydrogen bonds separation of s each - template determines order of nucleotides in duplicate parent DN s separate two identical daughter s model dispersive
More informationDNA Model Building and Replica3on
DNA Model Building and Replica3on DNA Replication S phase Origins of replication in E. coli and eukaryotes (a) Origin of replication in an E. coli cell Origin of replication Bacterial chromosome Doublestranded
More informationRNA Expression of the information in a gene generally involves production of an RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template. RNA differs from DNA
RNA Expression of the information in a gene generally involves production of an RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template. RNA differs from DNA that it has a hydroxyl group at the 2 position of the
More informationDNA replication. - proteins for initiation of replication; - proteins for polymerization of nucleotides.
DNA replication Replication represents the duplication of the genetic information encoded in DNA that is the crucial step in the reproduction of living organisms and the growth of multicellular organisms.
More informationThe structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes:
DNA Basics The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes: They are found in the nucleus of a cell. These chromosomes are composed of DNA, the acronym for deoxyribonucleic
More informationStorage and Expression of Genetic Information
Storage and Expression of Genetic Information 29. DNA structure, Replication and Repair ->Ch 25. DNA metabolism 30. RNA Structure, Synthesis and Processing ->Ch 26. RNA metabolism 31. Protein Synthesis
More informationFundamental Process. Unit Map. Unit
Unit 3 Unit Map 3.A DNA replication, repair and recombination 120 3.B RNA synthesis and processing 137 3.C Protein synthesis and processing 151 3.D Control of gene expression at transcription and translation
More informationLecture 1 Sunday, 4 March :24 pm
Lecture 1 Sunday, 4 March 2018 10:24 pm Amino acid side chains can be Hydrophobic, hydrophilic Positive, negatively charged Movement of information OH removed from 2' carbon to make the end more stable
More informationChapter 30. Replication. Meselson Stahl Experiment. BCH 4054 Chapter 30 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2 Conceptual Mechanism of.
BCH 4054 Chapter 30 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 30 DNA Replication and Repair 2 Conceptual Mechanism of Replication Strand separation, with copying of each strand by Watson-Crick base pairing Fig 30.2 Three
More informationCHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
CHAPTER 16 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE DNA as genetic material? Deducted that DNA is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths
More informationChapter Twelve: DNA Replication and Recombination
This is a document I found online that is based off of the fourth version of your book. Not everything will apply to the upcoming exam so you ll have to pick out what you thing is important and applicable.
More informationThe Genetic Material. The Genetic Material. The Genetic Material. DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: Chapter 14 Frederick Griffith, 1928 studied Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia there are 2 strains of Streptococcus: - S strain is virulent - R strain is nonvirulent
More informationSpring 2006 Biochemistry 302 Exam 1
1 Name Spring 2006 Biochemistry 302 Exam 1 Directions: This exam has 36 questions/problems totaling 90 points. Check to make sure you have all six pages. Some questions have multiple parts so read each
More informationChapter 3: Duplicating the DNA- Replication
3. Basic Genetics Plant Molecular Biology Chapter 3: Duplicating the DNA- Replication Double helix separation New strand synthesis Plant Biotechnology Lecture 2 1 I've missed more than 9000 shots in my
More informationDNA Metabolism. I. DNA Replication. A. Template concept: 1. How can you make a copy of a molecule? 2. Complementary Hydrogen bonding
DNA Metabolism I. DNA Replication A. Template concept: 1. How can you make a copy of a molecule? 2. Complementary Hydrogen bonding B. DNA replication follows a set of fundamental rules 1. Semiconservative
More informationFeedback D. Incorrect! No, although this is a correct characteristic of RNA, this is not the best response to the questions.
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 23: RNA No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements best describes the structural highlights of RNA? (A) RNA can be single or double stranded. (B) G-C pairs have 3 hydrogen
More informationDNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 14 The Genetic Material Frederick Griffith, 1928 studied Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium causing pneumonia there are 2 strains of Streptococcus: - S strain
More informationBS GENOMES. DNA replication and repair
BS2009 - GENOMES DNA replication and repair REPLICATION GENERAL PRINCIPLES START Must be ready Must know where to start FINISH Must all finish Must ensure that each piece of DNA is replicated only once
More informationMOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE C H A P T E R 1 6 as genetic material? Deducted that is the genetic material Initially worked by studying bacteria & the viruses that infected them 1928 Frederick Griffiths
More informationBIO 311C Spring Lecture 34 Friday 23 Apr.
BIO 311C Spring 2010 1 Lecture 34 Friday 23 Apr. Summary of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes origin of replication initial double helix origin of replication new growing polynucleotide chains Circular molecule
More informationDNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
DNA DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells DNA Structure
More informationIDTutorial: DNA Replication
IDTutorial: DNA Replication Introduction In their report announcing the structure of the DNA molecule, Watson and Crick (Nature, 171: 737-738, 1953) observe, It has not escaped our notice that the specific
More informationNucleic Acid Structure:
Nucleic Acid Structure: Purine and Pyrimidine nucleotides can be combined to form nucleic acids: 1. Deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) is composed of deoxyribonucleosides of! Adenine! Guanine! Cytosine! Thymine
More informationDNA. Discovery of the DNA double helix
DNA Replication DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix A. 1950 s B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin s X-ray. What is DNA? Question:
More informationCSIR UGC NET, GATE (ENGINEERING), GATE (Science), IIT-JAM, UGC NET, TIFR, IISc, NIMCET, JEST etc. JNU CEEB SAMPLE THEORY
JNU CEEB SAMPLE THEORY REPLICATION TYPE OF DNA REPLICATION REPLICATION IN PROKARYOTES REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES For IIT-JAM, JNU, GATE, NET, NIMCET and Other Entrance Exams 1-C-8, Sheela Chowdhary Road,
More informationDNA Replication. Back ground.. Single celled zygote goes from being single celled to 100 trillion more cells in over 240 days in humans! Wow!
DNA Replication Back ground.. Single celled zygote goes from being single celled to 100 trillion more cells in over 240 days in humans! Wow! Must be fast! six billion base pairs in a single human cell
More informationSyllabus for GUTS Lecture on DNA and Nucleotides
Syllabus for GUTS Lecture on DNA and Nucleotides I. Introduction. DNA is the instruction manual for how to build a living organism here on earth. The instructions in DNA are propagated to future generations
More informationPlant Molecular and Cellular Biology Lecture 4: E. coli DNA Replicase Structure & Function. Gary Peter
Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Lecture 4: E. coli DNA Replicase Structure & Function Gary Peter Learning Objectives 1. List and explain the mechanisms by which E. coli DNA is replicated 2. Describe
More informationChapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chromosomes and DNA Morgan s experiments with Drosophila were able to link hereditary factors to specific locations on chromosomes. The double-helical model
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Watson and Crick 1953 1953 article in Nature Directionality of DNA You need to number the carbons! u it matters! u 3 refers to the 3 carbon on the sugar u 5 refers to the 5 carbon
More informationThe Molecul Chapter ar Basis 16: The M of olecular Inheritance Basis of Inheritance Fig. 16-1
he Chapter Molecular 16: he Basis Molecular of Inheritance Basis of Inheritance Fig. 16-1 dditional Evidence hat DN Is the Genetic Material It was known that DN is a polymer of nucleotides, each consisting
More informationDNA REPLICATION. Anna Onofri Liceo «I.Versari»
DNA REPLICATION Anna Onofri Liceo «I.Versari» Learning objectives 1. Understand the basic rules governing DNA replication 2. Understand the function of key proteins involved in a generalised replication
More informationCELL BIOLOGY: DNA. Generalized nucleotide structure: NUCLEOTIDES: Each nucleotide monomer is made up of three linked molecules:
BIOLOGY 12 CELL BIOLOGY: DNA NAME: IMPORTANT FACTS: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in all living cells and viruses. Two classes of nucleic acids: 1. DNA = ; found in the nucleus only. 2. RNA
More informationDelve AP Biology Lecture 7: 10/30/11 Melissa Ko and Anne Huang
Today s Agenda: I. DNA Structure II. DNA Replication III. DNA Proofreading and Repair IV. The Central Dogma V. Transcription VI. Post-transcriptional Modifications Delve AP Biology Lecture 7: 10/30/11
More informationDNA Replication. Packet #17 Chapter #16
DNA Replication Packet #17 Chapter #16 1 HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT DNA 2 Historical DNA Discoveries 1928 Frederick Griffith finds a substance in heat-killed bacteria that transforms living bacteria 1944 Oswald
More informationSTRUCTURE OF RNA. Long unbranched,single stranded polymer of ribonucleotide units. A ribonucleotide unit has: 5-Carbon ribose sugar.
STRUCTURE OF RNA & REPLICATION BY:HIMANSHU LATAWA BIOLOGY LECTURER G.G.S.S.SIRHIND MANDI anshu223@gmail.com 9815543311 STRUCTURE OF RNA Long unbranched,single stranded polymer of ribonucleotide units.
More informationDNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 1. Overall mechanism 2. Roles of Polymerases & other proteins 3. More mechanism: Initiation and Termination 4. Mitochondrial DNA replication DNA replication
More informationDNA REPLICATION. DNA structure. Semiconservative replication. DNA structure. Origin of replication. Replication bubbles and forks.
DNA REPLICATION 5 4 Phosphate 3 DNA structure Nitrogenous base 1 Deoxyribose 2 Nucleotide DNA strand = DNA polynucleotide 2004 Biology Olympiad Preparation Program 2 2004 Biology Olympiad Preparation Program
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible
More informationDNA REPLICATION NOTES
DNA REPLICATION NOTES The Central Dogma Replication Facts DNA has to be copied before a cell divides DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase New cells will need identical DNA strands
More informationDNA and Replication 1
DNA and Replication 1 History of DNA 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino
More informationDNA, RNA, Replication and Transcription
Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College DNA, RNA, Replication and Transcription The metabolic processes described earlier (glycolysis, cellular respiration, photophosphorylation,
More informationName: - Bio A.P. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis
Name: - Bio A.P. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis 1 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE Big Idea 3: Living Systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information critical to living systems Enduring Understanding:
More informationSCBC203 Cell Division & DNA Synthesis. Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318
SCBC203 Cell Division & DNA Synthesis Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318 Rutaiwan.toh@mahidol.ac.th 1 Objectives 1. Explain the biological roles & significance
More informationDNA replication: Enzymes link the aligned nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds to form a continuous strand.
DNA replication: Copying genetic information for transmission to the next generation Occurs in S phase of cell cycle Process of DNA duplicating itself Begins with the unwinding of the double helix to expose
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.
More informationcopyright cmassengale 2
1 copyright cmassengale 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino acids in long
More informationDNA. Chapter 1. Molecular Diagnostics Fundamentals, Methods and Clinical Applications Second Edition 1/29/2013. Copyright 2012 F.A.
DNA Chapter 1 1 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a genetic information storage system. A T G C T A C G DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. Nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides. DNA Nucleosides comprise
More informationSTRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE Consists of three parts: Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Adenine (purine), Cytosine, Guanine (purine), Thymine Purine: 2 carbon rings of nitrogen-containing
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Life s Operating Instructions
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Life s Operating Instructions Life s Operating Instructions CONCEPTS: 16.1 DNA is the genetic material 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA
More informationProkaryotic cells divide by pinching in two. Fig. 10-CO, p.240
Prokaryotic cells divide by pinching in two Fig. 10-CO, p.240 Learning Objectives 1. What Is the Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell? 2. What Are the General Considerations in the Replication of DNA?
More informationExpression of the genome. Books: 1. Molecular biology of the gene: Watson et al 2. Genetics: Peter J. Russell
Expression of the genome Books: 1. Molecular biology of the gene: Watson et al 2. Genetics: Peter J. Russell 1 Transcription 1. Francis Crick (1956) named the flow of information from DNA RNA protein the
More informationThe Molecular Basis of Inheritance
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter 16 Objectives Describe the contributions of the following people: Griffith; Avery, McCary, and MacLeod; Hershey and Chase; Chargaff; Watson and Crick; Franklin;
More information