1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.

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1 Biology 1 of Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1

2 The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. 4 of 31 To determine if the segregation of one pair of alleles affects the segregation of another pair of alleles, Mendel performed a two-factor cross. 5 of 31 The Two-Factor Cross: F 1 Mendel crossed true-breeding plants that produced round yellow peas (genotype RRYY) with true-breeding plants that produced wrinkled green peas (genotype rryy). All of the F 1 offspring produced round yellow peas (RrYy). 6 of 31 2

3 The alleles for round (R) and yellow (Y) are dominant over the alleles for wrinkled (r) and green (y). Page 270 Must be in your notes for credit. 7 of 31 The Two-Factor Cross: F 2 Mendel crossed the heterozygous F 1 plants (RrYy) with each other to determine if the alleles would segregate from each other in the F 2 generation. RrYy RrYy 8 of 31 The Punnett square predicts a 9 : 3 : 3 :1 ratio in the F 2 generation. Page 271 Round Yellow 9 Round green 3 wrinkled Yellow 3 wrinkled green 1 9 of 31 3

4 The alleles for seed shape segregated independently of those for seed color. This principle is known as independent assortment. The point? Genes that segregate independently do not influence each other's inheritance. (In the previous example, it means that the genes for seed color did not affect the genes for seed shape.) 10 of 31 A Summary of Mendel's Principles A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. If two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive. 11 of 31 A Summary of Mendel's Principles In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another. 12 of 31 4

5 What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance? Incomplete dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenic inheritance 13 of 31 Incomplete Dominance When one allele is not completely dominant over another it is called incomplete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is between the two homozygous phenotypes. (A blending of traits) ex: red flowers + white flowers = pink flowers 14 of 31 Codominance In codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype. (both are expressed, not blended) Ex: In certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. So, you get chickens with both white and black feathers. 15 of 31 5

6 Multiple Alleles Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles are said to have multiple alleles. An individual can t have more than two alleles. However, more than two possible alleles can exist in a population. A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles. 16 of 31 Different combinations of alleles result in the colors shown here. KEY C = full color; dominant to all other alleles c ch = chinchilla; partial defect in pigmentation; dominant to c h and c alleles c h = Himalayan; color in certain parts of the body; dominant to c allele Full Chinchilla: Himalayan: AIbino: color: cc CC, cc chh c, h Cc, cor ch, c Cc hch c, h or, or c ch Ccc c = albino; no color; recessive to all other alleles 17 of 31 Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. Skin color in humans is a polygenic trait controlled by more than four different genes. 18 of 31 6

7 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 19 of 31 In a cross involving two pea plant traits, observation of a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio in the F 2 generation is evidence for a. the two traits being inherited together. b. an outcome that depends on the sex of the parent plants. c. the two traits being inherited independently of each other. d. multiple genes being responsible for each trait. 20 of 31 Traits controlled by two or more genes are called a. multiple-allele traits. b. polygenic traits. c. codominant traits. d. hybrid traits. 21 of 31 7

8 In four o'clock flowers, the alleles for red flowers and white flowers show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous four o'clock plants have a. pink flowers. b. white flowers. c. half white flowers and half red flowers. d. red flowers. 22 of 31 A white male horse and a tan female horse produce an offspring that has large areas of white coat and large areas of tan coat. This is an example of a. incomplete dominance. b. multiple alleles. c. codominance. d. a polygenic trait. 23 of 31 Mendel's principles apply to a. pea plants only. b. fruit flies only. c. all organisms. d. only plants and animals. 24 of 31 8

9 END OF SECTION 9

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