Nutrigenomics. Sara Artigas Jerónimo Advanced Genetics,

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1 Nutrigenomics Sara Artigas Jerónimo Advanced Genetics,

2 Contents Introduction. Nutritional Genomics. Nutrigenetics and associated examples Nutrigenomics and liked diseases Nutritional Epigenomics Conclusions Future perspectives

3 Introduction Nutritional Genomics: Nutrient-gene interaction. Interactions among genes and factors in the environment and how these interactions affect the survival and reproduction of species.

4 Introduction Nutrigenetics: response to dietary components regarding to the genetics differences of the individual. Nutrigenomics: study of the influence of dietary components on the genome. Table. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4

5 Nutrigenetics It points to understanding how the genetic background of an individual impact to the diet. Interaction between SNPs in various genes and the metabolic response to the diet. SNPs can alter the bioactivity of important metabolic pathways and mediators and influence the ability of nutrients to interact with them

6 Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene (LPH) polymorphisms show how SNPs alter gene expression. This polymorphism is in the upstream of the LPH gene associated with hypolactasia and changes tolerance to dietary lactose and allows different expression of the LPH. Mutations in GALT gene, phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and G6PD gene result in Galactosemia, Phenylketonuria and Fauvism diseases. PPAR-α gene has a polymorphism at codon 162 that has been associated with changes in total cholesterol and Apo B concentrations.

7 Nutrigenomics Explores how the interactions between genes and food components impact human health. Bioactive components can be nutritive or not nutritive, inherent part of food or intentionally added to food. Dietary compounds can effect gene expression directly or indirectly. -As ligands for TF receptors -Be metabolized by primary or secondary metabolized pathway, altering concentrations of substrates or intermediates 40 micronutrients are needed in the human diet. Table 1. M. Müller, S. Kersten (2003) Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nature Reviews. Genetics. Volume 4, April.

8 DNA damage Chromosome breaks due to incorporation of uracil in DNA Table2. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4

Caffeinated-Coffee increases the risk of heart attack among individuals who carry a version of a gene that makes them slow caffeine metabolizers, but has no effect among individuals who are fast

9 Caffeinated-Coffee increases the risk of heart attack among individuals who carry a version of a gene that makes them slow caffeine metabolizers, but has no effect among individuals who are fast caffeine metabolizers. Dietary chemicals indirectly regulate some of TFs. SREBPs are activated by protease cleavage, an event regulated by low levels of foxy sterols and changes in insulin/glucose and PUFAS PUFA intake can modulate the gene expression of several enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary chemicals can directly affect signal transduction pathways. Green tea contains polyphenol EGCG that inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of Her-2/neu receptor and EGFR that reduces signaling via the PI3-Akt kinase-nf-kb pathway. L-tryptophan as a powerful inducer of collagenase gene expression at a transcriptional level.

10 Folate deficiency increases genome damage, as telomeres degeneration Increases risk of childhood leukemia in children with mother who did not intake enough folic acid supplementation during pregnancy Table 3. S B. Pajovic (2008). Nutrigenomics. Genetic, Vol. 40, No.1, 67-74

11 Nutritional Epigenomics Epigenetic events can also be modified by bioactive food components. Table 4 and 5. DD Farhud, M Zarif Yeganeh (2010) Nutrogenomics and Nutrigenetics. Iranian J Publ Health, Vol39, No.4

Conclusions Under certain circumstances and in some individuals, diet can be a serious risk factor for a number of diseases Common dietary components can act on the human genome, either directly or

12 Conclusions Under certain circumstances and in some individuals, diet can be a serious risk factor for a number of diseases Common dietary components can act on the human genome, either directly or indirectly, to alter gene expression or structure The degree to which diet influences the balance between healthy and disease states may depend on an individual s genetics background Some diet-regulated genes are likely to play a role in the onset, indigence, progression, and/or severity of chronic diseases Dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status and genotype can be used to prevent, mitigate or cure chronic diseases

13 References DD Farhud, MZ Yeganeh (2010) Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics Iranian J Publ Health, Vol 39, No4, 2010, pp.1-14 A. El-Sohemy (2008) The science of nutrigenomics. Health Law Review-16:3 R. DeBusk (2015) The role of nutritional genomics in developing an optimal diet for humans. Nutrition in clinical practice, Vol 25, No 6, S. B. Pajovic (2008) Nutrigenomics. Genetic, Vol. 40, No M. Muller, S. Kersten (2003) Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nature Reviews. Genetics, Vol. 4, Y. L. Low, E. Shyong Tai (2007) Understanding diet-gene interactions: lesson from studying nutrigenomics and cardiovascular disease. Mutation research 622, 7-13

Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are they the keys for healthy nutrition?

Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are they the keys for healthy nutrition? Maria Koziołkiewicz Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Basic definitions Nutrigenomics