DNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology
|
|
- Theodore Todd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DNA Structure and Replication Higher Human Biology
2 Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine
3 1 Division and differentiation in human cells What is the name of the process by which a cell develops more specialised functions by expressing the genes characteristic for that type of cell. Cellular differentiation What name is given to cells which are relatively unspecialised cells that can continue to divide and can differentiate into specialised cells of one or more types. Stem cells Why are stem cells capable of becoming many cell types? Most of their genes are still active During embryological development the unspecialised cells of the early embryo change into cells with specialised functions. What term is used for this? differentiation
4 Describe what happens to genes as cells specialise. Most genes are switched off with only essential genes and specialised genes still active Tissue (adult) stem cells have two functions. What are they? replenish differentiated cells that need to be replaced give rise to a more limited range of cell types. What are somatic cells? Cells with diploid set of chromosomes Somatic cells divide by what process to form more somatic cells? mitosis Somatic cells differentiate to form different body tissue types: - Can you name them? epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
5 What are germline cells and where are they found? Cells which give rise to sex cell in testes and ovaries Germline cells divide to produce more germline cells or to produce haploid gametes. What two types of cell division are involved? mitosis and meiosis Are mutations in germline cells are passed or somatic cells passed to offspring? Germline only Give an example of a tissue which can be repaired using stem cells Cornea Give an example of an organ which can be repaired using stem cells. Heart, Brain
6 secondary tumours Give one example of a therapeutic use for stem cells Reverse the effects of damage caused by heart attack, stroke or MS Give one other use of stem cell by drug companies in the lab. Stem cells can be used as model cells to study how diseases develop or for drug testing. Give one example of an ethical issue resulting from use of of stem cell use. Embryonic stem cells involve the destruction of cells which have the potential to give rise to a new life Give two features of cancer cells Cancer cells divide excessively to produce a mass of abnormal cells (a tumour) that do not respond to regulatory signal Cancer cells may fail to attach to each other. If the cancer cells fail to attach to each other they can spread through the body to form what?
7 Lesson starter 1. Give two features of cancer cells Cancer cells divide excessively to produce a mass of abnormal cells (a tumour) that do not respond to regulatory signal Cancer cells may fail to attach to each other. 2. If the cancer cells fail to attach to each other they can spread through the body to form what? secondary tumours 3. What is the difference between pluripotent and multipotent and give the name of associated stem cell 4. What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
8 Today we are moving onto look at DNA Write down everything you remember about DNA! You have 5 minutes
9 DNA Structure DNA consists of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of 3 parts:
10 Deoxyribose Sugar The deoxyribose consists of 5 carbon atoms:
11 Nucleotides There are 4 different types of nucleotide, depending on the base that they have:
12 Base Pairing Certain bases are complementary to each other, this is called the base pairing rule. A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. Bases in adjacent strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
13 DNA Strand An individual strand of DNA is held together by a strong peptide bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the carbon 3 of the sugar on another nucleotide. Strong chemical bond
14 DNA Molecule When a DNA strand is held together by this chemical bond, and then joined to a second strand by hydrogen bonds between the bases, this makes it coil into a double helix structure. glow clip
15 Antiparallel Strands A DNA strand s 3 end has a deoxyribose sugar and the 5 end has a phosphate. Nucleotides can only be added to the 3 end. The 2 DNA strands have their sugar-phosphate backbones running in opposite directions. 3" 5" explained
16 Anti-Parallel The double helix is described as having two anti-parallel chains of nucleotides because one side goes from 5 to 3 and the opposite side goes from 3 to 5.
17 Learning Intentions Explain the importance of DNA as a unit of inheritance Describe chromosome structure
18 Inheritance DNA is important because it is how all cells store genetic information. The base sequence of DNA determines genotype. DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell.
19 Chromosomes DNA is arranged in tightly coiled chromosomes. The DNA is packaged with proteins.
20 Learning Intention Outline the stages of DNA replication, including the role of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
21 Lesson starter 1. What does DNA stand for? 2. What is DNA? 3. Where is it found specifically in the body? 4. How do we describe the structure of DNA? 5. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? 6. What does the D in DNA stand for? Why? 7. Name the 4 bases and state the rule! 8. What is a chromosome and name 3 parts 9. DNA codes for what?
22 LESSON STARTER 1. What is the difference between cell reproduction and cell differentiation? Cells reproduce themselves by repeated mitosis whilst remaining undifferentiated Cells differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cells when required to by the organism that possesses them. E.g. unspecialised specialised 2. What are somatic cells? Give an example Somatic cells - Somatic cells are the differentiated cells that form the different types of body tissue that exist (divide by mitosis). Muscle cells form muscle tissue 3. What are germline cells and what can they become? Germline cells - Germline cells include the sex cells or gametes and the cells that produce the gametes called gamete mother cells
23 Starter Draw and label a DNA nucleotide (including numbering the carbons). Copy the DNA strand below and draw its complementary strand: A A T G G C T A C G T A C T A C A
24 What s the Question? 1. The 5 end 2. The 3 end 3. Hydrogen bond 4. Protein
25 Give an account of cell differentiation under the following headings. (i) Stem cells (4) (ii) Somatic cells (4) (iii) Germline cells (2)
26 DNA Replication DNA replication occurs in the nucleus and involves a DNA molecule unwinding. Once the DNA has unwound, it then unzips to expose its bases. These bases then act as a template for a new DNA strand to be made.
27 DNA Replication Once the nucleotides are exposed, free floating nucleotides in the nucleus join on to their complementary bases. Y-SHAPED REPLICATION FORK This happens continuously along the DNA strand.
28 DNA Replication Once the nucleotides are lined up, they join to their partner by hydrogen bonds. The DNA strand then forms a sugar phospate backbone.
29 DNA Replication The DNA strands then wind back up to form 2 identical double helix. Each double helix contains one original strand and one new strand.
30 Semi-conservative replication Replication results in two new DNA molecules. It is said to be SEMI- CONSERVATIVE because each new DNA molecules receives one strand of the original parent molecule.
31 A T C G T A G C C G A T A C T G C A T G A C G T
32 A T A T C G C G T A T A G C G C C G A T T C G A C A T G
33 A T A T C G C G T A T A G C G C C G C G A T A T
34 5. Sugarphosphate bonds form 6. Daughter DNA molecules form 4. Weak hydrogen bonds form between bases 3.. Free nucleotides from nucleoplasm find complementary bases 2. Hydrogen bonds break and DNA unzips 1. Parent DNA unwinds Warning this gives the stages but not the correct orientation for both strands as it is too difficult to do just now.
35 Copied DNA 2 Daughter DNA strands Original DNA
36 This process can only take place if the nucleus contains: DNA (acts as template for new molecule) Supply of DNA nucleotides Appropriate enzymes DNA Polymerase & Ligase Supply of ATP Primer
37 Enzyme Control of Replication DNA polymerase is an enzyme that controls the sugar-phospate bonding of the nucleotides into the DNA strand. This enzyme can also add nucleotides to the strand, but only add nucleotides to a pre-exsisting chain so for it to work, a primer must be present. A primer is a short sequence of nucleotides at the 3 end.
38 Lesson starter 1. List 3 things required for DNA Replication 2. What happens after DNA has unzipped? 3. What is a primer? 4. What is the role of DNA polymerase?
39 The DNA template strand that has the 5 end has to be replicated in fragments, each starting at the 3 end of a primer Primer **DNA IS ALWAYS BUILT FROM THE 5 END 3 END tch?v=vnxfk_d6y80 m/watch?v=cdwjtlng Eyw Primer
40 Enzyme control DNA is a complex process that involves many enzymes The section of DNA that is to be replicated unwinds and unzips creating a y-shaped replication fork (helicase). The important thing to learn is that DNA can only build in the direction 5 3. This means that nucleotides can only be added to the 3 end by an enzyme polymerase
41 5 This is the parent opening like a zip 3 UNZIP PING POINT HERE This can build continuously in the correct direction 5 3 TOWARDS the point where the unzipping point This 5 3 Can only be built 5 3 AWAY from the unzipping point so must be built in sections which are glued together
42 5 This is the parent opening like a zip 3 UNZIP PING POINT HERE This can build continuously in the correct direction 5 3 TOWARDS the point where the unzipping point This 5 3 Can only be built 5 3 AWAY from the unzipping point so must be
43 On the leading strand The enzyme DNA polymerase controls the sugar-phosphate bonding between nucleotides on the new DNA strand. This will only work if it has two nucleotides to join. Therefore a primer is needed to initiate DNA replication. A primer is a short strand of complementary nucleotides formed at the 3 end of the parental DNA strand. DNA replication on this strand is continuous
44 On the lagging strand DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3 end of a growing strand. Therefore the DNA on the parental strand that has the 5 end exposed is replicated in fragments starting at the 3 end of a primer. As the replicated strand is discontinuous, the enzyme LIGASE joins the fragments together
45
46 DNA and the bigger picture Once the two identical daughter DNA strands form, they coil up and become IDENTICAL CHROMATIDS (held together by a centromere). Following DNA replication (and before cell division) the cells DNA content is at its maximum. DNA replication ensures that an exact copy of a species genetic information is passed on. If DNA failed to replicate itself, mitosis and meiosis would be unable to take place. DNA is essential for life to exist.
47 5 end of DNA strand DNA polymerase enzyme Leading strand of replicated DNA 3 end of DNA strand Primer Start of complementary strand of replicated DNA Replication of the leading strand of DNA
48 Replication of the lagging strand of DNA 3 end of DNA strand Primer DNA polymerase Ligase 5 end of DNA strand
49 Ligase Once the DNA fragments are all in place, the enzyme ligase joins the fragments together. dna replication rap
50 When copying a long chromosome many replication forks operate simultaneously to speed up the replication process.
51 Requirements for Replication For DNA replication to occur, the nucleus must contain: DNA (Template) Primers Supply of 4 types of nucleotide Enzymes (ligase and DNA polymerase) ATP
52 Video Summary Summary (includes structure of RNA) Video Skip from 5:40 to 9:10
2. Structure and Replication of DNA. Higher Human Biology
2. Structure and Replication of DNA Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine Today we are moving
More informationHigher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes
Higher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells Pupils Learning Outcomes 1.1 Division and Differentiation in Human Cells I can state that cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell develops more
More informationThe structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes:
DNA Basics The structure, type and functions of a cell are all determined by chromosomes: They are found in the nucleus of a cell. These chromosomes are composed of DNA, the acronym for deoxyribonucleic
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.
More informationReplication Transcription Translation
Replication Transcription Translation A Gene is a Segment of DNA When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins. Genotype and Phenotype Genotype
More information3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication
3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication Each DNA polymer is made of Nucleotides (monomer) which are made of: a) Phosphate group: Negatively charged and polar b) Sugar: deoxyribose- a 5 carbon sugar
More informationStructure and Replication
Structure and Replication 6.A: Students will identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying traits of an organism is carried in the DNA 6.B: Students will recognize that components
More informationWatson & Crick. DNA Replication. Directionality of DNA. Double helix structure of DNA. The DNA backbone. Anti-parallel strands
Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature Replication 2007-2008 Double helix structure of Directionality of You need to number the carbons! it matters! P 4 nucleotide N base This will be IMPRTANT!! 4 ribose
More informationCH 4 - DNA. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary substance that is found in the nucleus of cells
CH 4 - DNA DNA is the hereditary substance that is found in the nucleus of cells DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid» its structure was determined in the 1950 s (not too long ago).» scientists were already investigating
More informationDNA. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Biomolecules Remember 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic acids hold genetic information; code for proteins 4. Proteins History of DNA Who Discovered DNA Rosalind Franklin
More informationOutline. Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage
Genetics Outline Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage Chromosomes are composed of chromatin, which is DNA and associated
More informationDouble helix structure of DNA
Replication Double helix structure of It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. Watson & Crick
More informationUnit 1. DNA and the Genome
Unit 1 DNA and the Genome National 5 Knowledge Learners should have a clear understanding of the following areas of content from their previous learning: *Cell division (mitosis) and chromosomes *Base
More informationChapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? Answer: Molecule that carries the blueprint of life General Features: DNA is packages in chromosomes (DNA + Proteins) Gene = Functional segment of
More informationDNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid.
1 DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. DNA controls the kind of cell which is formed (i.e. muscle, blood, nerve). DNA controls the type of organism which is produced (i.e. buttercup, giraffe, herring,
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Watson and Crick 1953 article in Nature Double helix structure of DNA It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible
More informationUNIT 3: CELL REPRODUCTION
UNIT 3: CELL REPRODUCTION What are Chromosomes? Cell structures that contain genetic material. Where are they found? Found inside a cell, inside the nucleus. VOCABULARY Somatic cells (body cells) Sex cells
More informationDNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA
DNA Replication DNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA molecule can assume different structures
More informationChapter 10. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10.1 What Is The Structure Of DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
More informationDNA Replication AP Biology
DNA Replication 2007-2008 Watson and Crick 1953 1953 article in Nature Directionality of DNA You need to number the carbons! u it matters! u 3 refers to the 3 carbon on the sugar u 5 refers to the 5 carbon
More informationUnit 2: Biological basis of life, heredity, and genetics
Unit 2: Biological basis of life, heredity, and genetics 1 Issues with Darwin's Evolutionary Theory??? 2 Cells - General Composition Organelles - substructures in the cell which do different things involved
More informationPurines vs. Pyrimidines
Introduction to Genetics/DNA Replication The DNA molecule is found in the nucleus and is composed of nucleotides The DNA Molecule Composed of 2 polymers of nucleotides Polymers are oriented in antiparallel
More information1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.
Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 1 1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies
More informationDNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted
DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines
More informationUnit 1 Human cells. 1. Division and differentiation in human cells
Unit 1 Human cells 1. Division and differentiation in human cells Stem cells Describe the process of differentiation. Explain how differentiation is brought about with reference to genes. Name the two
More informationLesson Overview DNA Replication
12.3 THINK ABOUT IT Before a cell divides, its DNA must first be copied. How might the double-helix structure of DNA make that possible? Copying the Code What role does DNA polymerase play in copying DNA?
More informationDNA and Replication 1
DNA and Replication 1 History of DNA 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino
More informationAS Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level. DNA Replication
AS 91156 Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level. DNA Replication (2017:3) Mitosis The table below shows how mitosis occurs at different rates in different types of human cells.
More informationDNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
DNA DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells DNA Structure
More informationEssential Question. What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance?
DNA Dr. Bertolotti Essential Question What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance? What is the role of DNA in hereditary? Transformation Transformation is the process
More informationCELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION. Unit 5
CELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION Unit 5 Cell Cycle Chromosomes and their make up Crossover Cytokines Diploid (haploid diploid and karyotypes) Mitosis Meiosis What is Cancer? Somatic Cells THE CELL CYCLE
More informationWhat can you tell me about DNA? copyright cmassengale 1
What can you tell me about DNA? copyright cmassengale 1 DNA and Replication copyright cmassengale 2 Credit for discovery of DNA is given to Watson & Crick 1 DNA DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
More informationCELL BIOLOGY: DNA. Generalized nucleotide structure: NUCLEOTIDES: Each nucleotide monomer is made up of three linked molecules:
BIOLOGY 12 CELL BIOLOGY: DNA NAME: IMPORTANT FACTS: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in all living cells and viruses. Two classes of nucleic acids: 1. DNA = ; found in the nucleus only. 2. RNA
More informationII. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus of the cell Codes for your genes Frank Griffith- discovered DNA in 1928
HEREDITY = passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring I. DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin, and Genes DNA = blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) Chromatin= uncoiled DNA
More informationcopyright cmassengale 2
1 copyright cmassengale 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino acids in long
More informationBellringer: UNIT 7: DNA Structure & Replication DAYSHEET 79: Introduction to DNA Structure. 1. Get out your technology and go to
UNIT 7: DNA Structure & Replication DAYSHEET 79: Introduction to DNA Structure Name: Biology I Date: Bellringer: 1. Get out your technology and go to www.biomonsters.com 2. Click the Biomonsters Cinema
More informationBiology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis nucleus chromosomes Genes DNA
Biology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis Every cell has a nucleus and every nucleus has chromosomes. The number of chromosomes depends on the species. o Examples: Chicken 78 Chimpanzee 48 Potato 48
More informationREVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013
REVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise The structure and functions of DNA The structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis The process of cell division
More informationDNA is the genetic material found in cells Stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is made up of repeating nucleic acids It s the Unit of Heredity
What is DNA? DNA is the genetic material found in cells Stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is made up of repeating nucleic acids It s the Unit of Heredity DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and
More informationDNA STRUCTURE & REPLICATION
DNA STRUCTURE & REPLICATION A MODEL OF DNA In 1953, two scientists named Watson & Crick built a model of DNA that demonstrates its exact structure and function. They called this model a double helix, which
More informationChapter 9 WHAT IS DNA?
Notes DNA Chapter 9 WHAT IS DNA? DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA s job is to hold the entire genetic code for the organism. Human, tree, bacteria, mushroom, paramecium, etc! ALL HAVE DNA! DNA is held on
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More informationDNA. Discovery of the DNA double helix
DNA Replication DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix A. 1950 s B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin s X-ray. What is DNA? Question:
More informationTHE COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF DNA
THE COMPONENTS & STRUCTURE OF DNA - How do genes work? - What are they made of, and how do they determine the characteristics of organisms? - Are genes single molecules, or are they longer structures made
More informationThe Structure of DNA
The Structure of DNA Questions to Ponder 1) How is the genetic info copied? 2) How does DNA store the genetic information? 3) How is the genetic info passed from generation to generation? The Structure
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More informationBrief History. Many people contributed to our understanding of DNA
DNA (Ch. 16) Brief History Many people contributed to our understanding of DNA T.H. Morgan (1908) Frederick Griffith (1928) Avery, McCarty & MacLeod (1944) Erwin Chargaff (1947) Hershey & Chase (1952)
More informationFig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm
Fig. 16-7a end Hydrogen bond end 1 nm 3.4 nm 0.34 nm (a) Key features of DNA structure end (b) Partial chemical structure end Fig. 16-8 Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Concept 16.2: Many
More informationGenetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1. Questions & Answers
Genetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions Questions & Answers Question 1.1 In a DNA double helix each type of base forms a stable base pair with only one type of base. When
More informationA. Incorrect! This feature does help with it suitability as genetic material.
College Biology - Problem Drill 08: Gene Structures and Functions No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the statements below is NOT true in explaining why DNA is a suitable genetic material? #01 (A) Its double helix
More informationProposed Models of DNA Replication. Conservative Model. Semi-Conservative Model. Dispersive model
5.2 DNA Replication Cell Cycle Life cycle of a cell Cells can reproduce Daughter cells receive an exact copy of DNA from parent cell DNA replication happens during the S phase Proposed Models of DNA Replication
More informationDNA Structure. DNA: The Genetic Material. Chapter 14
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter 14 DNA Structure DNA is a nucleic acid. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, each composed of: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group (PO 4 ) a nitrogenous
More informationDNA Replication. Packet #17 Chapter #16
DNA Replication Packet #17 Chapter #16 1 HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT DNA 2 Historical DNA Discoveries 1928 Frederick Griffith finds a substance in heat-killed bacteria that transforms living bacteria 1944 Oswald
More informationSemester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics
Semester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics Information Overload : Cells store information in DNA. Information is used to build molecules needed for cell growth. As cell size increases, the demands on that
More informationDNA & RNA. Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One
DNA & RNA Chapter Twelve and Thirteen Biology One I. DNA Structure A. DNA monomers = nucleotides *1. sugar bonded to PO4 & one of four possible nitrogen bases 2. bases = Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
More informationForensic Science Bell-Ringer
Forensic Science Bell-Ringer A women attending her mother s funeral notices a man. The women was very interested in the man, but did not get his name or number before he left the funeral. The women goes
More informationMolecular Genetics I DNA
Molecular Genetics I DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that encodes the characteristics of living things. It is the molecule that is passed from a mother cell to daughter cells, and the molecule
More informationWorksheet Structure of DNA and Replication
Eastern Intermediate High School Honors Biology Name: Period: Date: Worksheet Structure of DN and Replication Directions: Label the diagram below with the following choices: Nucleotide Deoxyribose Phosphate
More informationGenetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Questions
Genetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Questions Multiple Choice Questions Question 1.1 In a DNA double helix each type of base forms a stable base pair with only one type of base. When bases on an
More informationSTRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE Consists of three parts: Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Adenine (purine), Cytosine, Guanine (purine), Thymine Purine: 2 carbon rings of nitrogen-containing
More informationDNA Structure and Replication
Name: DNA Structure and Replication 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. Credit for discovery is given to Watson & Crick b. DNA stands for c. This chemical substance is present in the of all cells in all living
More informationBIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 13
BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 13 General topics for week 7 Session 13: Types of nucleic acids, DNA replication Useful links: 1. Visit this website and use its menu to locate information and practice
More informationDNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall:
Recall: The Organization of DNA DNA Replication Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes. folded back upon itself (chromosomes) coiled around itself (chromatin) wrapped around
More informationDNA Replication: Paper Clip Activity
DNA Replication: Paper Clip Activity Name Hour: Date: Quick Review: Each DNA molecule has a unique structure that makes it different from other DNA molecules (Remember A chromosome is condensed DNA and
More informationDNA Structure and Replication
Name: DNA Structure and Replication 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. Credit for discovery is given to Watson & Crick b. DNA stands for c. This chemical substance is present in the of all cells in all living
More informationThe Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA are POLYMERS of Each nucleotide is composed of:
DA and rotein Synthesis - Life is a Three Letter Word! - CATER TES What is DA? DA is the control molecule of life. DA has three major functions: 1. DA CTRLS CELLULAR ACTIVITIES including reproduction.
More informationDNA Replication * OpenStax
OpenStax-CNX module: m45475 1 DNA Replication * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 By the end of this section, you will be able
More information2015 Biology Unit 4 PRACTICE TEST DNA, Structure, Function, Replication Week of December
Name: Class: Date: 2015 Biology Unit 4 PRACTICE TEST DNA, Structure, Function, Replication Week of 14-18 December 1. Which scientists figured out the three-dimensional structure of DNA by using a model
More informationDNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test
DNA is the genetic material Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test Dr. Amy Rogers Bio 139 General Microbiology Hereditary information is carried by DNA Griffith/Avery
More informationtranslation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links
The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? translation The building blocks of proteins are? Complementary base pairing links Define and name the Purines amino acids nitrogen
More informationReview? - What are the four macromolecules?
Review? - What are the four macromolecules? Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Nucleic Acids What is the monomer of nucleic acids and what do nucleic acids make up? Nucleotides; DNA and RNA 12-1 DNA DNA Stands
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only)
Human Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only) I. Protein Synthesis: creation of new proteins a. Much of the cellular machinery is devoted to synthesizing
More informationDNA Structure and Function. Chapter 13
DNA Structure and Function Chapter 13 Impacts, Issues Here Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty Clones made from adult cells have problems; the cell s DNA must be reprogrammed to function like the DNA of
More informationWhat is DNA? DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA What is DNA? DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID What does DNA do? STORES AND PASSES ON GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER. Scientists Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA carries genetic information.
More informationDNA Structure and Replication 1
Name: # Date: Per: Why? DNA Structure and Replication How is genetic information stored and copied? Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life.
More informationUnit 4: Cell Development and Replication, Part I: The Cell Cycle
Name: Block: PACKET #9 Reading: Unit 4: Cell Development and Replication, Part I: The Cell Cycle Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit you will be able to: Date: Introduction to the cell cycle 1.
More informationDNA Replication * Robert Bear David Rintoul. Based on DNA Replication by OpenStax
OpenStax-CNX module: m47204 1 DNA Replication * Robert Bear David Rintoul Based on DNA Replication by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution
More informationDNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?
2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine
More informationPage 1. C) DNA molecules, only D) both DNA and RNA molecules. C) nitrogenous bases D) amino acids. C) starch and glycogen D) fats and oils
Name: 1) Which molecules are composed of units known as nucleotides? A) messenger RNA molecules, only B) transfer RNA molecules, only 2) The individuality of an organism is determined by the organism's
More informationLesson Overview DNA Replication
12.3 THINK ABOUT IT Before a cell divides, its DNA must first be copied. How might the double-helix structure of DNA make that possible? Review Question! At what stage of the cell cycle do cells duplicate
More informationChapter 9. Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination
Chapter 9 Topics - Genetics - Flow of Genetics - Regulation - Mutation - Recombination 1 Genetics Genome Chromosome Gene Protein Genotype Phenotype 2 Terms and concepts gene Fundamental unit of heredity
More informationDNA and Biotechnology
DNA and Biotechnology What makes us human? Our DNA! It codes for our genes. (Gene = a piece of DNA that codes for a protein) What is DNA and why is it so important? DNA is the blueprint for an organism.
More informationFriday, April 17 th. Crash Course: DNA, Transcription and Translation. AP Biology
Friday, April 17 th Crash Course: DNA, Transcription and Translation Today I will 1. Review the component parts of a DNA molecule. 2. Describe the process of transformation. 3. Explain what is meant by
More informationChapter 16. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance. Biology Kevin Dees
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA Life s instructions!!!! Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nucleic acid polymer from nucleotide monomers Unique in that it can: Self replicate Carry information History
More informationTHE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA 1. DNA is our genetic code!!! It is passed from generation to generation. It carries information that controls the functions of our cells. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic
More informationUNIT MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Standard B-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. B-4.1-4,8,9 Effective June 2008 All Indicators in Standard B-4
More informationDNA: Structure and Replication - 1
DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 We have briefly discussed that DNA is the genetic molecule of life. In eukaryotic organisms DNA (along with its histone proteins) is found in chromosomes. All cell activities
More informationActive Learning Exercise 9. The Hereditary Material: DNA
Name Biol 211 - Group Number Active Learning Exercise 9. The Hereditary Material: DNA Reference: Chapter 16 (Biology by Campbell/Reece, 8 th ed.) 1. a.) What is a nucleotide? b.) What is a nitrogen base?
More informationC A T T A G C nitrogenous complimentary G T A A T C G to each other
Name DNA RNA Review Worksheet Date 1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid 2. What is DNA s primary function? - Provides a pattern for protein manufacture - Provides a pattern for replication
More information3.1.5 Nucleic Acids Structure of DNA and RNA
alevelbiology.co.uk 3.1.5 Nucleic Acids 3.1.5.1 Structure of DNA and RNA SPECIFICATION Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are important information-carrying molecules. In all living
More informationDNA Structure & Replication How is the genetic information stored and copied?
DNA Structure & Replication How is the genetic information stored and copied? Why? DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged
More informationNucleic acids and protein synthesis
THE FUNCTIONS OF DNA Nucleic acids and protein synthesis The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Every nucleotide has the same sugar molecule and phosphate group, but each nucleotide contains one
More informationDNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review
DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks
More informationNucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These
More information1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.
Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 1 1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies
More informationX-Sheet 1 The Nucleus and DNA
X-Sheet 1 The Nucleus and DNA 1 Key Concepts: In this session we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: the Nucleus, genes, nucleic acids, RNA, DNA Terminology & definitions: Chromatin
More informationChapter 2. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
PowerPoint Lectures for Introduction to Biotechnology, Second Edition William J.Thieman and Michael A.Palladino Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes Lectures by Lara Dowland Chapter Contents
More informationDNA: Structure and Replication - 1
DNA: Structure and Replication - 1 We have briefly discussed that DNA is the genetic molecule of life. In eukaryotic organisms DNA (along with its histone proteins) is found in chromosomes. We have also
More information