Chapter 3. DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle
|
|
- Clifton Cross
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 3 DNA Replication & The Cell Cycle
2 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle Before cells divide, they must duplicate their DNA // the genetic material DNA is organized into strands called chromosomes // humans have 46 of these strands Original cell must keep one set of chromosomes and give a complete second copy of its chromosomes to the new daughter cell // process known as mitosis since DNA controls all cellular function, this replication process must be very exact Two Laws govern cell division:
3 Principles that Allow for Accurate DNA Replication Law of Complementary Base Pairing we can predict the base sequence of one DNA strand if we know the sequence of the other enables a cell to reproduce one strand based on the information in another Law of Semi-Conservative Replication New cell will contain DNA molecule with one side new nucleotides and the other side of the DNA molecule will have half of the original DNA molecule
4
5 DNA Replication Incoming nucleotides Old strand New strand Daughter DNA (e) Parental DNA (b) Replication fork DNA polymerase (a) Key DNA helicase A C T G (c) Gap in replication (d) DNA ligase
6
7
8 Steps of DNA Replication 1. Double helix unwinds from histones 2. enzyme DNA helicase opens one short segment of helix at a time // exposing its nitrogen bases 3. replication fork the point where the DNA is opened up (like two separated halves of a zipper) 4. DNA polymerase molecules move along each strand -read the exposed bases -matches complementary free nucleotides 5. the two separated strands of DNA are copied by separate polymerase molecules proceeding in opposite directions -the polymerase molecule moving toward the replication fork makes a long, continuous, new strand of DNA -the polymerase molecule moving away from the replication fork makes short segments of DNA at a time DNA ligase joins them together
9 Steps of DNA Replication 6. from the one old parental DNA molecule, two new daughter DNA molecules are made 7. semiconservative replication - each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA 8. new histones are synthesized in cytoplasm -millions of histones are transported into the nucleus within a few minutes after DNA replication -each new DNA helix wraps around them to make a new nucleosome 9. each DNA polymerase works at a rate of 100 base pairs per second -would take weeks for one polymerase to replicate one chromosome -thousands of polymerase molecules work simultaneously on each DNA molecule 10. all 46 chromosomes are replicated in 6-8 hours
10 Errors and Mutations DNA polymerase does make mistakes multiple modes for correction of replication errors double checks the new base pair and tend to replace incorrect, biochemically unstable pairs with more stable correct pairs result is only 1 error per 1 billion bases replicated Mutations changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors (radiation, viruses, chemicals) some mutations cause no ill effects. others kill the cell, turn it cancerous or cause genetic defects in future generations.
11 Cell Cycle the cell s life cycle that extends from one division to the next Cell Cycle G 1 phase, the first gap phase interval between cell division and DNA replication accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA S phase, synthesis phase duplicates centrioles DNA replication occurs G 2 phase, second gap phase interval between DNA replication andcell division finishes centriole duplication synthesizes enzymes that control cell division repairs DNA replication errors Prophase G 2 Second gap phase Growth and preparation for mitosis Metaphase Anaphase S Synthesis phase DNA replication Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis G 1 First gap phase Growth and normal metabolic roles
12 M phase mitotic phase cell replicates its nucleus pinches in two to form new daughter cells Cell Cycle Interphase collection of G1, S, and G2 phases G 0 (G zero) phase cells that have left the cycle for a rest / temporary pause muscle and nerve cells / always in G zero! Cell cycle duration varies between cell types Prophase G 2 Second gap phase Growth and preparation for mitosis Metaphase Anaphase S Synthesis phase DNA replication Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis G 1 First gap phase Growth and normal metabolic roles
13
14 Mitosis Cell division in all body cells (somatic cells) eggs and sperm / gametes / haploid Functions of mitosis development of the individual from one fertilized egg to some 40 trillion cells growth of all tissues and organs after birth replacement of cells that die repair of damaged tissues Four phases of mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Followed by cytokinesis /
15
16
17
18 1 Prophase Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers grow from centrioles. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell. Mitosis Aster 2 Metaphase Chromosomes lie along midline of cell. Some spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. Fibers of aster attach to plasma membrane. Spindle fibers Centriole 3 Anaphase Centromeres divide in two. Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell. Each pole (future daughter cell) now has an identical set of genes. Chromatids Kinetochore 4 Telophase Chromosomes gather at each pole of cell. Chromatin decondenses. New nuclear envelope appears at each pole. New nucleoli appear in each nucleus. Mitotic spindle vanishes. Cleavage furrow Nuclear envelope re-forming Daughter cells in interphase Chromatin Nucleolus
19 Mitosis: Prophase chromosomes shorten and thicken coiling into compact rods easier to distribute to daughter cells than chromatin 46 chromosomes two chromatids per chromosome // doubled total amount of DNA one molecule of DNA in each chromatid nuclear envelope disintegrates and releases chromosomes into the cytosol
20 Mitosis: Prophase (cont.) centrioles sprout elongated microtubules the spindle fibers push centrioles apart as they grow pair of centrioles lie at each pole of the cell some spindle fibers grow toward chromosomes and attach to the kinetochore on each side of the centromere spindle fibers then tug the chromosomes back and forth until they line up along the midline of the cell
21 Mitosis: Prophase Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Prophase Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers grow from centrioles. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell. 1
22
23 Mitosis: Metaphase Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator oscillating slightly and awaiting signal that stimulates each of them to split Mitotic spindle lemon-shaped array of spindle fibers long spindle fibers (microtubules) attach to chromosomes shorter microtubules (aster fibers) anchor centrioles to plasma membrane at each end of cell
24
25 Mitosis: Anaphase Begins with activation of an enzyme that cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere Daughter chromosomes migrate towards each pole of the cell with centromere leading the way motor proteins in kinetochore crawling along the spindle fiber as the fiber itself is chewed up and disassembled at the chromosomal end Each daughter cell following mitosis are genetically identical
26
27 Mitosis: Telophase chromatids cluster on each side of the cell rough ER produces new nuclear envelope around each cluster chromatids begin to uncoil and form the chromatin remaining mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes each nucleus forms nucleoli this indicating it has already begun making RNA and preparing for protein synthesis
28
29 Cytokinesis the division of cytoplasm into two cells telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis early traces of cytokinesis visible in anaphase achieved by motor protein myosin pulling on microfilaments of actin in the terminal web of cytoskeleton creates the cleavage furrow around the equator of cell cell eventually pinches in two
30 Timing of Cell Division Cells divide when: they have enough cytoplasm for two daughter cells they have replicated their DNA adequate supply of nutrients are stimulated by growth factor chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells, and other sources neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells
31 Timing of Cell Division Cells stop dividing when: when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn snugly contact neighboring cells / no room for new cells contact inhibition the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells
32 Meiosis Haploid cell division Type of cell division seen only in the formation of gametes // in gonads // females = ovaries produce eggs // males = testes produce sperm Reduce chromatin from 46 chromosomes to 23 chromosomes Sperm and egg unite to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes
33
34
35
36
37
38
Human Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only)
Human Anatomy & Physiology I Dr. Sullivan Unit IV Cellular Function Chapter 4, Chapter 27 (meiosis only) I. Protein Synthesis: creation of new proteins a. Much of the cellular machinery is devoted to synthesizing
More information1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.
Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 1 1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies
More information1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle.
Unit 5 Study Guide Cell Cycle pg. 1 1. I can describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase = period in between division G1 = growth phase S = DNA replication G2 = Preparation for division (extra copies
More informationUNIT 3: CELL REPRODUCTION
UNIT 3: CELL REPRODUCTION What are Chromosomes? Cell structures that contain genetic material. Where are they found? Found inside a cell, inside the nucleus. VOCABULARY Somatic cells (body cells) Sex cells
More informationCELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION. Unit 5
CELLULAR PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION Unit 5 Cell Cycle Chromosomes and their make up Crossover Cytokines Diploid (haploid diploid and karyotypes) Mitosis Meiosis What is Cancer? Somatic Cells THE CELL CYCLE
More informationBio Study Guide. What is the structure of a DNA. A nitrogen base (ATCG/AUCG) connected to a sugar and a phosphate. nucleotide?
What are nucleic acids? The largest organic molecules. Master organisms, they are in control of cell functions. They are found in all living organisms, and they are two types of them- DNA and RNA. They
More informationVocab Word 1: Interphase
Vocab Word 1: Interphase Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis. Interphase is
More informationCell Division. embryo: an early stage of development in organisms
Over the past several years, a debate has been brewing over the use of stem cells. Stem cells can be used to treat certain diseases and conditions such as spinal cord injuries, diabetes, arthritis, and
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More informationUnit 4 Information NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA GENES DOUBLE HELIX REPLICATION MITOSIS
Unit 4 Information NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA GENES DOUBLE HELIX REPLICATION MITOSIS 1/2/2018 Bell Work What is a Gene? Genes as Medicine As you watch the film, complete the questions on the film guide. When you
More informationDNA is the genetic material found in cells Stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is made up of repeating nucleic acids It s the Unit of Heredity
What is DNA? DNA is the genetic material found in cells Stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is made up of repeating nucleic acids It s the Unit of Heredity DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and
More information4.1 CELL DIVISION AND GENETIC MATERIAL
4.1 CELL DIVISION AND GENETIC MATERIAL GENETICS Field of biology Study how genetic information is passed from one generation of organism/cells to the next THE CELL THEORY developed in mid-1800s 1. All
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More information1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA. (from readings, class, TV?)
1. What is DNA? 2. List anything you know about DNA (from readings, class, TV?) Before we begin, let s investigate the way DNA molecules are set up! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/builddna/
More informationDNA STRUCTURE. Nucleotides: Nitrogenous Bases (Carry the Genetic Code) Expectation Sheet: DNA & Cell Cycle. I can statements: Basic Information:
Expectation Sheet: DNA & Cell Cycle NAME: Test is 11/8/17 I can statements: I can discuss how DNA is found in all organisms and that the structure is common to all living things. I can diagram and label
More informationGenetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1. Questions & Answers
Genetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions Questions & Answers Question 1.1 In a DNA double helix each type of base forms a stable base pair with only one type of base. When
More informationCell Division. Use Target Reading Skills. This section explains how cells grow and divide.
Name Date Class Cell Processes Guided Reading and Study Cell Division This section explains how cells grow and divide. Use Target Reading Skills As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the events
More informationThese molecules make up the ladder of the DNA Bound by weak hydrogen bonds. 4 Different Types (2 specific matches) look at the
B.A.T. Review DNA & Cell Cycle Test is 11/3/16 NAME: PERIOD DNA STRUCTURE VOCABULARY Mitosis Chromosomes Interphase G1,S,G2,M Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage Furrow Spindle Fibers
More informationDNA Replication. The Organization of DNA. Recall:
Recall: The Organization of DNA DNA Replication Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes. folded back upon itself (chromosomes) coiled around itself (chromatin) wrapped around
More informationDNA and GENETICS UNIT NOTES
DNA and GENETICS UNIT NOTES NAME: DO NOT LOSE! DNA DNA - Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Shape is called double helix DNA has the information for our cells to make proteins. DNA through transcription makes mrna
More informationUnit 5 Part B: Day 1 Cell Growth, Division & Reproduction
Name Test Date Period Unit 5 Part B: Day 1 Cell Growth, Division & Reproduction CELL SIZE LIMITATIONS Cells that are will have diffusing materials through the cell. -,, and must enter cell at an efficient
More information2. Know the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as:
SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions: Biology Mounting medium Telophase Organelle Cell Theory Cell cycle Cytokinesis
More information2. Know the parts of a light microscope and general rules for using and focusing a microscope, such as:
SNC 2DI Exam Review: Biology Unit 1. Understand the meaning of the following terms. Be able to recognize their definitions: Biology Mounting medium Telophase Organelle Cell Theory Cell cycle Cytokinesis
More informationLecture 4 04/12/2018
Lecture 4 04/12/2018 Communicating cells may be close (local) or far (distant) Local signaling: a chemical signal which communicates between 2 nearby cells. Paracrine signaling: a cell secretes the signal
More informationCells and Tissues. Overview CELLS
Cells and Tissues WIll The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell's parts, or organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function.
More informationUnit 4: Cell Development and Replication, Part I: The Cell Cycle
Name: Block: PACKET #9 Reading: Unit 4: Cell Development and Replication, Part I: The Cell Cycle Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit you will be able to: Date: Introduction to the cell cycle 1.
More informationGENETICS. Chapter 1: Cell cycle. Thème 1 : La Terre dans l Univers A. Expression, stabilité et variation du patrimoine génétique.
Introduction: GENETICS 3M = first look at genetics (study of inheritance, discovery of chromosomes, genes, dominant and recessive alleles and the DNA molecule within chromosomes) 2D = not much in fact,
More informationKeeping Cells Identical The instructions for making cell parts are encoded in the DNA, so each new cell must get a complete set of the DNA molecules.
CELLULAR DIVISION Cell Theory Pro/Euk review Cells are the basic unit of life. All living things have cell(s). All cells are formed from existing cells. Keeping Cells Identical The instructions for making
More informationLesson Overview DNA Replication
12.3 THINK ABOUT IT Before a cell divides, its DNA must first be copied. How might the double-helix structure of DNA make that possible? Review Question! At what stage of the cell cycle do cells duplicate
More informationPart2. University of Technology Applied Sciences Department Biotechnology Division. Genetics. 2 nd class. Produced by L. Wasnaa H.
University of Technology Applied Sciences Department Biotechnology Division 2 nd class Produced by L. Wasnaa H. Mohammad Part 2 2013 Cell Division or cell cycle When cells reproduce, the genetic material
More information8.1 Why Do Cells Divide?
8.1 Why Do Cells Divide? Cells reproduce by cell division. One cell gives rise to two or more cells, called daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of heredity information identical
More informationREVIEW SHEET: Units 9 & 10 Cell Cycle, DNA, & Gene Expression
REVIEW SHEET: Units 9 & 10 Cell Cycle, DNA, & Gene Expression HONORS BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Cell Cycle (Ch. 10.1 and 10.2), DNA (Ch. 12), and Gene Expression (Ch. 13) Handouts:! Online Tutorial: Cell
More information1. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held together? 2. Compare and contrast
1. Describe the structure of DNA. Be sure to include what forms the skeleton and how are the strands held together? 2. Compare and contrast chromosomes, chromatids, genes, and alleles. 3. Compare and contrast
More informationCells: The Living Units
Chapter 3 Part D Cells: The Living Units Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College 3.10 Cell Cycle Series of changes a cell
More informationLesson Overview DNA Replication
12.3 THINK ABOUT IT Before a cell divides, its DNA must first be copied. How might the double-helix structure of DNA make that possible? Copying the Code What role does DNA polymerase play in copying DNA?
More information12 2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
DNA Replication 12-2 Chromosomes and 1 of 21 DNA and Chromosomes DNA and Chromosomes In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the cytoplasm. Most prokaryotes have a single DNA molecule containing nearly
More informationBiology Lecture 2 Genes
Genes Definitions o Gene: DNA that codes for a single polypeptide/mrna/rrna/trna o Euchromatin: region of DNA containing genes being actively transcribed o Heterochromatin: region of DNA containing genes
More informationFig. 16-7a. 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end. 1 nm. 3.4 nm nm
Fig. 16-7a end Hydrogen bond end 1 nm 3.4 nm 0.34 nm (a) Key features of DNA structure end (b) Partial chemical structure end Fig. 16-8 Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Concept 16.2: Many
More informationLab 5 Cell Biology II
Lab 5 Cell Biology II Learning Objectives Describe the structures and processes required for protein synthesis. Define a gene. Compare chromosomes and chromatin. Describe the process of DNA replication.
More informationModern Genetics. Mendelian genetics. Cytogenetics. Molecular genetics. Genomic medicine. Gregor Mendel investigates family patterns of inheritance
Modern Genetics Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel investigates family patterns of inheritance ytogenetics uses techniques of cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationships to hereditary
More informationDNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA
DNA Replication DNA vs. RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded) RNA: ribonucleic acid (single stranded) Both found in most bacterial and eukaryotic cells RNA molecule can assume different structures
More informationThe Cell Cycle. Study Guide: Cell Division and DNA Structure
A. Review Materials 1. Text: Chapter 2, section 3. 2. EOS questions: cell division and DNA (online) 3. Any videos linked from the website 4. Labs: review conclusions and notes (DNA Candy, Flipbooks, Scum)
More informationDNA, Cell Cycles and Genetics! Mrs. Stahl Biology
DNA, Cell Cycles and Genetics! Mrs. Stahl Biology Let s Think!!!! What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located in the cell? What is DNA to you? Where do we find DNA? 1928- Fredrick Griffith s Experiment
More informationBIOL 2457 CHAPTER 3 Part 2 SI What is the function of the histone proteins that are part of DNA structure?
BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI 1 1. What is the function of the histone proteins that are part of DN structure? 2. In transcription, acts as a template for synthesis. fter helicase unzips DN, what enzyme adds
More informationEssential Question. What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance?
DNA Dr. Bertolotti Essential Question What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance? What is the role of DNA in hereditary? Transformation Transformation is the process
More informationDNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology
DNA Structure and Replication Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine 1 Division and differentiation
More informationN O T E S STUDENT S NAME: TOPIC: INHERITANCE. BIO - Notes - Inheritance Page 1 of 24
GRADE: 12 TOPIC: INHERITANCE N O T E S SUBJECT: BIOLOGY DATE: STUDENT S NAME: BIO - Notes - Inheritance Page 1 of 24 BIO - Notes - Inheritance Page 2 of 24 Inheritance BIO - Notes - Inheritance Page 3
More informationAS Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level. DNA Replication
AS 91156 Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level. DNA Replication (2017:3) Mitosis The table below shows how mitosis occurs at different rates in different types of human cells.
More informationAdenine % Guanine % Thymine % Cytosine %
1. Explain each of the following statements in terms of your knowledge of the structure and function of DNA. (i) In all living organisms the ratio species to another. A C T G is constant but the ratio
More informationCELL BIOLOGY: DNA. Generalized nucleotide structure: NUCLEOTIDES: Each nucleotide monomer is made up of three linked molecules:
BIOLOGY 12 CELL BIOLOGY: DNA NAME: IMPORTANT FACTS: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in all living cells and viruses. Two classes of nucleic acids: 1. DNA = ; found in the nucleus only. 2. RNA
More information12 2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication Chromosomes and DNA Replication. Slide 1 of 21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12-2 Chromosomes and 1 of 21 DNA and Chromosomes DNA and Chromosomes In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in the cytoplasm. Most prokaryotes have a single DNA molecule containing nearly all of the cell
More informationChapter 9 WHAT IS DNA?
Notes DNA Chapter 9 WHAT IS DNA? DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA s job is to hold the entire genetic code for the organism. Human, tree, bacteria, mushroom, paramecium, etc! ALL HAVE DNA! DNA is held on
More informationOutline. Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage
Genetics Outline Structure of DNA DNA Functions Transcription Translation Mutation Cytogenetics Mendelian Genetics Quantitative Traits Linkage Chromosomes are composed of chromatin, which is DNA and associated
More informationDNA is a functional genetic material as it:
DNA DNA is a functional genetic material as it: varies between species and individuals can store information remains constant within a species Replicates undergoes mutations 1 `It has not escaped our notice
More informationDNA and Replication 1
DNA and Replication 1 History of DNA 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino
More information10-2 Cell Division (Pages )
10-2 Cell Division (Pages 244-245) What do you think would happen if a cell were simply to split into two, without any advance preparation? Would each daughter cell have everything it needed to survive?
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life Chromosomes and Inheritance Learning Outcomes 6.1 Describe the structure of the DNA molecule and how this structure allows for the storage of information,
More informationcopyright cmassengale 2
1 copyright cmassengale 2 History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino acids in long
More informationGeneral Biology 115, Summer 2014 Exam II: Form B June 23, Name Student Number
General Biology 115, Summer 2014 Exam II: Form B June 23, 2014 Name Student Number For questions 1 2, use the following information. A particular plasmid (pbr322) has two unique gene sequences that confer
More informationGeneral Biology 115, Summer 2014 Exam II: Form A June 23, Name Student Number
General Biology 115, Summer 2014 Exam II: Form A June 23, 2014 Name Student Number 1. Of the following, which best describes how the free energy generated during the reactions of Photosystem I is utilized?
More informationChapter 2. An Introduction to Genes and Genomes
PowerPoint Lectures for Introduction to Biotechnology, Second Edition William J.Thieman and Michael A.Palladino Chapter 2 An Introduction to Genes and Genomes Lectures by Lara Dowland Chapter Contents
More informationChapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? Answer: Molecule that carries the blueprint of life General Features: DNA is packages in chromosomes (DNA + Proteins) Gene = Functional segment of
More informationSection 10. Junaid Malek, M.D.
Section 10 Junaid Malek, M.D. Cell Division Make sure you understand: How do cells know when to divide? (What drives the cell cycle? Why is it important to regulate this?) How is DNA replication regulated?
More informationGenetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Questions
Genetics and Genomics in Medicine Chapter 1 Questions Multiple Choice Questions Question 1.1 In a DNA double helix each type of base forms a stable base pair with only one type of base. When bases on an
More informationChapter 10. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10.1 What Is The Structure Of DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
More informationChapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes
Chapter 5 DNA and Chromosomes DNA as the genetic material Heat-killed bacteria can transform living cells S Smooth R Rough Fred Griffith, 1920 DNA is the genetic material Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn
More informationC. Incorrect! Second Law: Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for different traits sort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.
OAT Biology - Problem Drill 20: Chromosomes and Genetic Technology Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3) Pick
More informationSemester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics
Semester 2: Unit 1: Molecular Genetics Information Overload : Cells store information in DNA. Information is used to build molecules needed for cell growth. As cell size increases, the demands on that
More informationDNA REPLICATION NOTES
DNA REPLICATION NOTES The Central Dogma Replication Facts DNA has to be copied before a cell divides DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase New cells will need identical DNA strands
More informationDNA. Discovery of the DNA double helix
DNA Replication DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix A. 1950 s B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin s X-ray. What is DNA? Question:
More information3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication
3.A.1 DNA and RNA: Structure and Replication Each DNA polymer is made of Nucleotides (monomer) which are made of: a) Phosphate group: Negatively charged and polar b) Sugar: deoxyribose- a 5 carbon sugar
More informationGenetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon
Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids Key Concepts: What factors control the inheritance of traits in organisms?
More informationHuman Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Cells. Section 1 Introduction
Human Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Cells Section 1 Introduction A) 1) All organisms are composed of at least one cell. a) Unicellular example: b) Multicellular example(s): 2) All cells are similar in their
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH CELL DIVISION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE There are three classes of cells based on whether they divide CELL TYPE Cells that do not divide Cells that normally do not divide, but can when
More informationDNA and DNA Replication
Name Period PreAP Biology QCA 2 Review Your EOS exam is approximately 70 MC questions. This review, coupled with your QCA 1 review you received in October should lead you back through the important concepts
More informationProblem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.
Problem Set Unit 3 Name 1. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA? A. Ribose B. Uracil C. Phosphate D. Amino acid 2. Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram? A. phosphate, deoxyribose
More informationQ1. Figure 1 shows a pair of chromosomes at the start of meiosis. The letters represent alleles. Figure (1)
Q1. Figure 1 shows a pair of chromosomes at the start of meiosis. The letters represent alleles. Figure 1 (a) What is an allele? (b) Explain the appearance of one of the chromosomes in Figure 1. (c) The
More informationThe Nucleus and DNA Replication
OpenStax-CNX module: m46073 1 The Nucleus and DNA Replication OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationCell cycle. Chen Li. Department of cellular and genetic medicine
Cell cycle Chen Li Department of cellular and genetic medicine 13 223 chenli2008@fudan.edu.cn Outline A. Historical background B. Phases of cell cycle C. DNA replication D. Telomere & telomerase E. DNA
More informationDNA. Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Biomolecules Remember 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic acids hold genetic information; code for proteins 4. Proteins History of DNA Who Discovered DNA Rosalind Franklin
More informationChapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
Chapter 11 Gene Expression and Regulation Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. 11.1 How Is The Information In DNA Used In A Cell? Most genes contain
More informationChapter 4 The Transmission of DNA at Cell Division. DNA Replication Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis
Chapter 4 The Transmission of DNA at Cell Division DNA Replication Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis The faithful transmission of genotype at cell division, illustrated by the behaviour of tumor cells Cell
More informationUnit 2: The Structure and function of Organisms. Section 4: DNA and Cell Cycle
Unit 2: The Structure and function of Organisms Section 4: Cell Cycle Essential Question: Questions: - Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. DNA RNA Mitosis Meiosis Homozygous Heterozygous Gene Chromosome
More informationREVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013
REVISION: DNA, RNA & MEIOSIS 13 MARCH 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise The structure and functions of DNA The structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis The process of cell division
More informationChromosomes. Nucleosome. Chromosome. DNA double helix. Coils. Supercoils. Histones
Chromosomes Chromosome Nucleosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Evidence That DNA Can Transform Bacteria Frederick Griffith s experiment 1928 Griffith called the phenomenon transformation
More informationone band in middle of tube and one higher up; same position as above for third generation (ignore width of band); 2 [5]
1. (a) two marks for named mutagenic agents x-rays, high energy radiation / particles; chemical substances; two marks for examples of mutations deletion; substitution; addition; two marks for idea of incorrect
More informationBiology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis nucleus chromosomes Genes DNA
Biology 30 DNA Review: Importance of Meiosis Every cell has a nucleus and every nucleus has chromosomes. The number of chromosomes depends on the species. o Examples: Chicken 78 Chimpanzee 48 Potato 48
More informationDNA Replication semiconservative replication conservative replication dispersive replication DNA polymerase
DNA Replication DNA Strands are templates for DNA synthesis: Watson and Crick suggested that the existing strands of DNA served as a template for the producing of new strands, with bases being added to
More informationenvironment (diffusion, etc.). High SA:V ratio is favorable. Ex. 6:1 is better than 6:5
Page 21 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review CONCEPT 4 THE CELL CYCLE AND HEREDITY 1. Cell cycle a. Reason for division- as cells increase in volume, the surface area decreases and demand for material resources
More informationChapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chromosomes and DNA Morgan s experiments with Drosophila were able to link hereditary factors to specific locations on chromosomes. The double-helical model
More informationChapter 4 *Lecture PowerPoint
Chapter 4 *Lecture PowerPoint Genetics and Cellular Function *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More informationThe Molecular Basis of Inheritance
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter 16 Objectives Describe the contributions of the following people: Griffith; Avery, McCary, and MacLeod; Hershey and Chase; Chargaff; Watson and Crick; Franklin;
More informationAmerican Society of Cytopathology Core Curriculum in Molecular Biology
American Society of Cytopathology Core Curriculum in Molecular Biology American Society of Cytopathology Core Curriculum in Molecular Biology Chapter 2 Molecular Science Basic Molecular Theory Stephanie
More informationWhat Are the Yeast Cells Doing?
Cell Division Reading Preview Key Concepts What events take place during the three stages of the cell cycle? How does the structure of DNA help account for the way in which DNA copies itself? Key Terms
More informationDNA and Biotechnology Form of DNA Form of DNA Form of DNA Form of DNA Replication of DNA Replication of DNA
21 DNA and Biotechnology DNA and Biotechnology OUTLINE: Replication of DNA Gene Expression Mutations Regulating Gene Activity Genetic Engineering Genomics DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double-stranded molecule
More informationIntroduction to Cells
Introduction to Cells Key terms: Cell Microscopy Nucleus Organelle Micrograph Cytoplasm Define: Cell Microscopy Cell structure Today, all of biology is based on an understanding of what is going on within
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) Which letter indicates a cell structure that directly controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell?
Name: 1) Which letter indicates a cell structure that directly controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell? A) A B) B C) C D) D 2) A single-celled organism is represented in the diagram
More informationCHAPTER 16 THE CYTOSKELETON
CHAPTER 16 THE CYTOSKELETON THE SELF-ASSEMBLY AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURE OF CYTOSKELETAL FILAMENTS HOW CELLS REGULATE THEIR CYTOSKELETAL FILAMENTS MOLECULAR MOTORS THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL BEHAVIOR THE SELF-ASSEMBLY
More informationChapter 3.5. Protein Synthesis
Chapter 3.5 Protein Synthesis Summary of Protein Synthesis How chemical Information is transfer during protein synthesis DNA mrna protein transcription the step from DNA to mrna occurs in the nucleus where
More information