Co-composting of Petroleum Refinery Waste Sludge With Manures

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1 Co-composting of Petroleum Refinery Waste Sludge With Manures Presented at The US Composting Council (USCC) 17 th Annual Conference & Tradeshow Westin Galleria, Houston, Texas January 26-29, 2009 By Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana PhD Institute for Science & Technology Education University of South Africa, Pretoria South Africa

2 Introduction Petroleum refinery waste sludge Generated in large amounts in refineries Viscous substance containing large amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons: Large amounts of alkanes of C 1-40 Fewer amounts of cycloalkanes and Aromatic compounds Including: Tar, asphaltene, resins, phenols and polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). o Many of these are carcinogenic or mutagenic. The sludge is thus potentially hazardous to human and animal health.

3 Disposal of refinery sludge Different methods are employed in the disposal refinery oil sludge. These methods have a number of drawbacks, including: Landfill: availability of site for landfills, Cost of development of landfills, leaching problems, emissions and interferences by animals. Incineration: toxic fumes and chemical residues. Landfarming: large surface area required, slow rates of breakdown and expensive earth moving equipment.

4 Compost bioremediation High available/degradable organic matter content High microbial load Elevated temperatures Simple operation Affordable costs

5 Aims of the study To study the effects of co-composting petroleum refinery sludge with organic manures on: Reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and selected PAHs in the oil sludge in a laboratory compost systems. Changes in the temperature regimes operative in the compost systems. Changes in nutrient composition. Changes in moisture content.

6 Significance of the study The determination of the requirements of the compost type and its practical application for large-scale treatment of oil sludge. It will be useful for the disposal of oil sludge in the oil refining industry.

7 The composition of the oil sludge Hydrocarbons 33% Solids 38% Water 29% The oil fraction: Saturated hydrocarbons 32% Aromatic hydrocarbons 30% Resins 15% Asphaltenes 8%

8 Characteristics of oil sludge Total petroleum Hydrocarbons > mg kg -1 Phenols 563 mg kg -1 Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Phenanthrene 255 mg kg -1 Pyrene 130 mg kg -1 Chrysene 145 mg kg -1 Benzo(a) pyrene 217 mg kg -1 Heavy metals Pb mg kg -1 Ni mg kg -1 Zn mg kg -1 Cu mg kg -1 Cr mg kg -1

9 Soil characteristics Mispah (FAO: Lithosol) ph 6.5 Total organic carbon 5.3% Total nitrogen 0.08% Extractable phosphorus 4.8% Total exchangeable cations 4.61 cmol /L Exchange acidity 0.19 cmol/l Acid saturation 12.5% Clay 18.75% Fine silt 18.75% Sand 62.50% Total heterotrophic microorganisms 2.18 x 10 6 cfu g -1

10 Materials and methods Compost mixture: Soil : Oil sludge1:2 (v/v). Soil + oil sludge : Woodchips mixture 1:1 (v/w). Soil+ oil sludge + woodchips : manure 4:1 (v/v). Two kilograms (2kg) each of the mixtures containing the different manures were separately placed in glass troughs (50x30x15) and covered with hay for insulation. A control was set up without manure. The experiments were set up in triplicate and incubated for 90 days and turned every two weeks for aeration. Temperatures were measured by glass mercury thermometers inserted in the middle of the compost and read weekly. ph was measured weekly using Crison Micro ph 2000 About 250ml of distilled water was added weekly to maintain the moisture content at about 60% water holding capacity.

11 Analysis Water holding capacity: Modified from the method described by Foster (1995) % water holding capacity = [ (100-Wp) +Wi] /dwt X 100 Wp = mass of the percolated water, Wi = initial mass of water in the sample dwt = the compost dry mass Microbial activity: Soil respiration experiments using the closed jar method. µg CO 2 - C/ g/ day = V blank -V sample x 2.2 x 0.27/ dw x day x 1000 V blank = vol. HCl (blank), V sample = vol. HCl (sample), 2.2 is the conversion factor (1 ml 0.1 M NaOH = 2.2 mg CO 2 ); 0.27 is mg CO 2 -C and dw is dry mass. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH): Infrared spectroscopy (EPA Method 8440, 1996) Concentrations of selected PAHs: GC/MS Identification of bacterial and fungal species: By 16S rdna sequencing

12 Results and discussion Table 1. C:N ratios of compost materials before mixture. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Deviation Compost materials C:N ratio Oil sludge + soil + bulking 318:1 Poultry manure 12:1 Cow manure 25:1 Garden refuse 30:1

13 Results and discussion Table 2. Changes in C:N ratios of compost mixture during incubation. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Deviation Compost-soil mixture 0 days 30 days 60 days 90 days Sludge + soil + bulking (control) Poultry manure + sludge + soil +bulking Cattle manure + sludge + soil +bulking Garden refuse+ sludge + soil +bulking 217:1 189:1 163:1 134:1 5:1 4:1 3:1 3:1 8:1 6:1 6:1 5:1 10:1 12:1 8:1 6:1

14 Figure 1. Changes in the ph of compost during composting. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Error ph of compost weeks Control Poultry Cattle Garden refuse

15 Figure 2. Changes in temperature of compost during composting. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard error Temperature Weeks Control Poultry manure Cattle manure Garden refuse

16 Figure 3. Changes in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) during composting. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard error Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) g kg Days Control Poultry manure cattle manure Garden refuse

17 Figure 4. Changes in concentration of phenanthrene. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Error Concentration mg kg Days Control Poultry manure Cattle manure Garden refuse

18 Figure 5. Changes in concentrations of pyrene. Values are means of three replicates ± 1Standard Error Concentration mg kg Days Control Poultry manure Cattle manure Garden refuse

19 Figure 6. Changes in the concentrations of phenols in the the control experiment. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Error Concentration mg kg Days Control Poultry Cattle manure Garden refuse

20 Figure 6. Changes in concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene. Values are means of three replicates ± 1 Standard Error Concentration mg kg Days Control Poultry manure Cattle manure Garden refuse

21 Microorganisms present in the compost Bacteria Fungi Bacillus sp. Enterobacter sp. Mycobacterium sp. Pseudomonas sp. Rhizopus Fusarium Penicillium

22 Conclusions The results in the present study shows that under controlled conditions co-composting of oil sludge with manures can enhance the degradation of oil sludge.

23 Thank you.

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