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12 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. (esp. the reasoning behind all of Mendel s experiments and the extension of Mendelian genetics by more recent experiments) Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From molecules to ecosystems, interactions are important in biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. The core theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. crosses, such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, test crosses, etc., and their expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios) Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints. 12

13 Mendelian Genetics (vocabulary) 1. character (flower color) versus trait (purple-flowered) 2. true-breeding versus non-true-breeding 3. hybridization; monohybrid versus dihybrid 4. P generation versus F 1 generation versus F 2 generation 5. dominant versus recessive gene versus allele 7. homozygous versus heterozygous 8. genotype versus phenotype 9. blending theory versus particulate theory 13

14 Table

15 15 Fig and 14.2

16 Fig

17 Fig

18 Fig

19 Fig

20 Monohybrid cross: Fig

21 Monohybrid cross: Fig

22 Table

23 Fig

24 Test cross: Fig

25 Dihybrid cross: Fig

26 Dihybrid cross: Fig

27 Mendel s Laws: Law of Equal Segregation Law of Independent Assortment When are these laws realized during meiosis? Which of these laws do you need to explain the outcome of a monohybrid cross? A dihybrid cross? 27

28 Fig

29 Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene: complete dominance incomplete dominance codominance multiple alleles pleiotrophy 29

30 Incomplete dominance: Fig

31 Incomplete dominance: Fig

32 Incomplete dominance: Fig

33 Incomplete dominance 33

34 Multiple alleles Complete dominance Codominance Fig

35 Not from our text 35

36 Not from our text 36

37 Antigens in the blood plasma Type B & O Type A & O Red blood cells from an individual with Not from our text Universal donor? Type 0 - Universal recipient? Type AB + 37

38 Chapter summary, p

39 Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes: epistasis polygenic inheritance environmental impact 39

40 Epistasis: Fig

41 08_at_ _PM.png/revision/latest?cb=

42 Polygenic and Environmental Impact: Fig

43 Environmental impact in Hydrangea: Fig Increasing acidity 43

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45 Chapter summary, p

46 Human Traits Pedigree analysis Recessively inherited disorders Dominantly inherited disorders Multifactorial disorders Genetic testing and counseling 46

47 Pedigree analysis Fig

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54 Recessively inherited disorder: cystic fibrosis 54

55 Recessively inherited disorder: sickle-cell disease 55

56 Fig

57 Recessively inherited disorder: albinism 57

58 Fig

59 Dominantly inherited disorder: achondroplasia 59

60 Dominantly inherited disorder: achondroplasia Fig

61 Dominantly inherited disorder: Huntington s disease 61

62 Fig

63 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. (esp. the reasoning behind all of Mendel s experiments and the extension of Mendelian genetics by more recent experiments) Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From molecules to ecosystems, interactions are important in biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. The core theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. crosses, such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, test crosses, etc., and their expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios) Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints. 63