What is a mutation? What causes mutations?

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "What is a mutation? What causes mutations?"

Transcription

1

2 What is a mutation? What causes mutations?

3 Mutations A mutation is a change in the structure or amount of an organism s genetic material. When a change in genotype produces a change in phenotype, the individual affected is called a mutant

4 How frequently does a mutation occur? Spontaneous Random Rarely Mutations are the only source of new alleles.

5 Mutagenic Agents These increase the chance of a mutation. Factors such as: Chemicals: Mustard gas Radiation: Gamma rays, X rays and UV light

6 radiation gamma rays, X-rays and UV light Fallujah, Iraq - Depleted uranium weapons? Chernobyl

7 Chernobyl Birth Defects

8 Chemicals Colchicine, mustard gas, benzene and agent orange. Benzene Agent orange (Dioxin)

9 If mutations occur during the copying of normal body cells for growth or repair this may cause cancer. If mutations occur during the formation of sex cells the mutation may be passed on to all of the cells in resulting offspring.

10 Mutations may be: Neutral have no effect Advantageous benefit the organism (colour change to camouflage) Disadvantageous harmful to organism (Down s syndrome, skin cancer)

11 Over time advantageous mutations result in variation within a population. This means mutation is the only new source of alleles (different versions of a gene). Why do you think this happens?

12 Lesson starter What is a mutation? A mutation is a change in the structure or amount of an organism s genetic material. Name 2 mutagenic agents and give examples Chemicals: Mustard gas Radiation: Gamma rays, X rays and UV light

13 Disadvantageous Mutations Most mutations are unfortunately harmful as they disrupt the proper working of cells. An example of the effects of a mutation in humans is Down s Syndrome. Down s Syndrome is a syndrome that causes slowed growth, abnormal facial features, and mental retardation. It is caused by an extra chromosome 21. Incidence of Down syndrome is estimated at 1 per 660 births, making it the most common chromosomal abnormality. The incidence of Down s Syndrome increases with the age of the mother.

14 Adavantageous Mutations Very few mutations are beneficial and improve survival chances. Without these mutations species would just stay the same. There would be no survival of the fittest and no evolution! (More of this next lesson.)

15 Polyploidy Complete extra sets of chromosomes (DNA) occurring in fruit such as strawberries and in cereal crops can lead to increased fruit size and increased yield. Such plants are called polyploids. Why would this be advantageous?

16 Neutral mutations A mutation can be as slight as a change to one base in the whole strand of DNA. This may produce a chemically similar protein and the mutant may be unaffected. Such a mutation is described as neutral. Watch the youtube video Mutations- Science of Survival

17 MUTATION IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF NEW VARIATION

18 National 5 Biology

19 Lesson starter - mutations 1. Define the word mutation 2. Give an example of a disadvantageous mutation 3. What three words can describe the occurrence of mutations? 4. Give an example of an advantageous mutation 5. Give two examples of mutagenic agents 6. What is polyploidy? 7. What do quadrats sample? 8. What is one source of error and one way of minimising error with quadrats?

20 Why is variation important? To allow a population to evolve over time in response to changing environmental conditions. Mutation = only new source of variation

21 REMEMBER! Mutation is the only source of new variation within a population

22 Evolution When organisms are ideally suited to the environment in which they live, as they have evolved adaptations to help them survive.

23 What are adaptations? Inherited characteristics that help organisms to be well suited to their environment and increase their chances of survival and reproduction.

24 THREE types of adaptation Structural Physiological Behavioural

25 Think, pair, share An animal you know about and how it is adapted to it s environment?

26 What are adaptations for?

27 The importance of adaptation An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that makes an organism well suited to its environment The better adapted an organism is to its habitat, the more successful it will be when competing for resources such as food and mates. This increases the organism s chance of survival and so increases its chance of reproducing and passing on its genes.

28 Glow videos

29 National 5 Biology

30 Natural Selection games-and-interactives/charlesdarwin-game.htm Natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution. 1.There is variation in the population. e.g. some beetles are green and some are brown.

31 2. The environment cannot support an unlimited population, so the individuals who are less well adapted die out and do not reproduce. E.g. green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than brown beetles do.

32 3. The surviving (best adapted) individuals reproduce producing individuals with similar genetic traits. Survival of the fittest e.g. more brown survive than green

33 4. The most advantageous traits (which allow certain individuals to have more offspring) become more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be similar and possess the advantageous traits. e.g. only brown beetles survive and green beetles die out

34 Key notes Mutation is the only source of new alleles which cause variation New alleles from mutation can make the plants and animals better adapted Survival of the fittest occurs due to selection pressures New alleles increase in frequency within the population

35 Lesson starter Word Bioaccumulation Biological control Intensive farming Monoculture Leaching Eutrophication Mutation definition Antibiotic resistance Variation Adaptation Evolution Natural selection Species Speciation

36 Word Mutation definition Variation Adaptation Evolution Natural selection Selection pressure Species Speciation

37 Lesson starter 3 Marks

38 Answers 1 2 3

39 Speciation

40 A species is a group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile young. X Labrador Collie Fertile Although there are many varieties of dogs, they all belong to the same species. X Lion Tiger Infertile Liger Lions and tigers do not belong to the same species X Horse Donkey Infertile Mule Horses and donkeys do not belong to the same species

41 Speciation Speciation is the production of two or more separate species. The branching points on this partial Drosophila phylogeny represent long past speciation events.

42 The scene A population of wild fruit flies on several bunches of rotting bananas, laying their eggs in the mushy fruit

43 At this point, speciation has not occurred any fruit flies that got back to the mainland could mate and produce healthy offspring with the mainland flies. Disaster strikes A hurricane washes the bananas and the immature fruit flies they contain out to sea. They eventually wash up on an island off the coast of the mainland. The fruit flies mature and emerge onto the island. The two portions of the population, mainland and island, are now too far apart for gene flow to unite them.

44 The populations diverge Ecological conditions are slightly different on the island, and the island population evolves under different selective pressures and experiences different random events than the mainland population does. Food preferences and courtship displays change over the course of many generations of natural selection.

45 So we meet again When another storm reintroduces the island flies to the mainland, they will not readily mate with the mainland flies since they've evolved different courtship behaviours. The few that do mate with the mainland flies, produce inviable eggs because of other genetic differences between the two populations. The lineage has split now that genes cannot flow between the populations.

46 Speciation 1. The population is separated/isolated due to one of the following barriers: Geographical- River, desert, a sea or a mountain range Ecological- differences in temperature, humidity or ph Reproductive can no longer reproduce

47 Speciation 2. Mutations occur in both populations and natural selection occurs under different selection pressures. 3. Over a long period of time, the two populations can no longer produce viable offspring and are different species.

48 Lesson starter

49 Answers

REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:

REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: Period Date REVIEW 5: EVOLUTION UNIT A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Darwin s Principle of Natural Selection a. Variation individuals within a population possess

More information

Summary Genes and Variation Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date

Summary Genes and Variation Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by

More information

3. A student performed a gel electrophoresis experiment. The results are represented in the diagram below.

3. A student performed a gel electrophoresis experiment. The results are represented in the diagram below. Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the statement below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists have found a gene in the DNA of a certain plant that could be the key to increasing the amount

More information

Chapter 14: Genes in Action

Chapter 14: Genes in Action Chapter 14: Genes in Action Section 1: Mutation and Genetic Change Mutation: Nondisjuction: a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate

More information

Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab

Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab Overview In this laboratory you will demonstrate the process of evolution by natural selection by carrying out a predator/prey simulation. Through this exercise you will observe

More information

Biology 40S: Course Outline Monday-Friday Slot 1, 8:45 AM 9:45 AM Room 311 Teacher: John Howden Phone:

Biology 40S: Course Outline Monday-Friday Slot 1, 8:45 AM 9:45 AM Room 311 Teacher: John Howden   Phone: The course is designed to help students develop and demonstrate an understanding of the biological concepts of genetics and biodiversity through scientific inquiry, problem solving, personal reflection

More information

The Modern Synthesis. Causes of microevolution. The Modern Synthesis. Microevolution. Genetic Drift. Genetic drift example

The Modern Synthesis. Causes of microevolution. The Modern Synthesis. Microevolution. Genetic Drift. Genetic drift example The Modern Synthesis Populations are the units of evolution Natural selection plays an important role in evolution, but is not the only factor Speciation is at the boundary between microevolution and macroevolution

More information

11.1. A population shares a common gene pool. The Evolution of Populations CHAPTER 11. Fill in the concept map below.

11.1. A population shares a common gene pool. The Evolution of Populations CHAPTER 11. Fill in the concept map below. SECTION 11.1 GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. VOCABULARY gene pool allele frequency MAIN IDEA: Genetic variation in a population increases

More information

Cell Growth and Reproduction

Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Growth and Reproduction Robert Hooke was the first person to describe cells, in the year 1665. He was looking through his microscope at a piece of cork when he noticed a lot of repeating honeycomb

More information

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION A common misconception is that individuals evolve. While individuals may have favorable and heritable traits that are advantageous for survival

More information

GENETICS HOW HUMANS MANIPULATE GENES FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT

GENETICS HOW HUMANS MANIPULATE GENES FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT GENETICS HOW HUMANS MANIPULATE GENES FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT SELECTIVE BREEDING &HYBRIDIZATION CHOOSING ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES WITH THE BEST TRAITS TO MATE TOGETHER Examples: Purebred dogs, horses,

More information

Draw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection on the board. Explain disruptive selection using an example. What effects speciation most?

Draw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection on the board. Explain disruptive selection using an example. What effects speciation most? Draw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection on the board. disruptive selection using an Disruptive selection is when the average physical characteristic of a population is not beneficial. Example:

More information

Gene Regulation & Mutation 8.6,8.7

Gene Regulation & Mutation 8.6,8.7 Gene Regulation & Mutation 8.6,8.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Transcription factors: ensure proteins are made at right time and in right amounts. One type forms complexes that guide & stabilize binding

More information

Population and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Population and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.

More information

Heredity and DNA Assignment 1

Heredity and DNA Assignment 1 Heredity and DNA Assignment 1 Name 1. Which sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and the traits of an organism? A B C D 2. In some people, the lack of a particular causes a disease. Scientists

More information

AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab

AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab In 1908 G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggested a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes in the frequency of alleles in a population

More information

wheat yield (tonnes ha 1 ) year Key: total yield contribution to yield made by selective breeding Fig. 4.1

wheat yield (tonnes ha 1 ) year Key: total yield contribution to yield made by selective breeding Fig. 4.1 1 Wheat is an important food crop in many European countries. Developments in farming allowed the yield of wheat produced by farms in the UK to increase rapidly in the second half of the 20th century.

More information

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation Allele and phenotype frequencies in rock pocket mouse populations Name: Per. Introduction The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about

More information

LAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017

LAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017 OVERVIEW In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency by using your class to represent

More information

AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide

AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html Introduction The Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium provides a

More information

The Evolution of Populations

The Evolution of Populations Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

Michelle Wang Department of Biology, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario Biology 206 (2008)

Michelle Wang Department of Biology, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario Biology 206 (2008) An investigation of the fitness and strength of selection on the white-eye mutation of Drosophila melanogaster in two population sizes under light and dark treatments over three generations Image Source:

More information

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation ALLELE AND PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN ROCK POCKET MOUSE POPULATIONS INTRODUCTION The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about as much as a handful of paper clips. A typical rock pocket mouse is

More information

AGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1

AGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1 AGRO/ANSC/BIO/GENE/HORT 305 Fall, 2016 Overview of Genetics Lecture outline (Chpt 1, Genetics by Brooker) #1 - Genetics: Progress from Mendel to DNA: Gregor Mendel, in the mid 19 th century provided the

More information

Laboratory. Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics

Laboratory. Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Laboratory 10 Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Biology 171L SP18 Lab 10: Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Student Learning Outcomes 1. Calculate allele and genotype frequencies 2. Use phenotypes to

More information

DNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology

DNA Structure and Replication. Higher Human Biology DNA Structure and Replication Higher Human Biology Learning Intention Describe the structure of DNA Explain the base pairing rule using adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine 1 Division and differentiation

More information

Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth

Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth SENIOR 4 BIOLOGY 40S Student Specific Learning Outcomes DRAFT / Unedited Version April 2005 Demonstrating Understanding Cluster 0: Biology Skills and Attitudes

More information

Gen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce

Gen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency

More information

can be found from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man),

can be found from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), Lectures 4 & 5 Wednesday, October 5, 2011 & Friday, October 7, 2011 Forces causing gene frequency change Mutation Random mating does not cause allele frequencies to change, but other forces do. Mutation

More information

Genes and human health - the science and ethics

Genes and human health - the science and ethics Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - why is it so important? Genes and human health - the science and ethics DNA is essential to all living organisms, from bacteria to man, as it contains a code which specifies

More information

We can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.

We can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation. AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,

More information

What is DNA??? DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid IT is a molecule that contains the code for an organism s growth and function

What is DNA??? DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid IT is a molecule that contains the code for an organism s growth and function Review DNA and RNA 1) DNA and RNA are important organic compounds found in cells, called nucleic acids 2) Both DNA and RNA molecules contain the following chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

More information

Population Genetics (Learning Objectives)

Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Define the terms population, species, allelic and genotypic frequencies, gene pool, and fixed allele, genetic drift, bottle-neck effect, founder effect. Explain

More information

Regents Biology REVIEW 5: GENETICS

Regents Biology REVIEW 5: GENETICS Period Date REVIEW 5: GENETICS 1. Chromosomes: a. Humans have chromosomes, or homologous pairs. Homologous: b. Chromosome pairs carry genes for the same traits. Most organisms have two copies of the gene

More information

Chapter 8. An Introduction to Population Genetics

Chapter 8. An Introduction to Population Genetics Chapter 8 An Introduction to Population Genetics Matthew E. Andersen Department of Biological Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004 Matthew Andersen received his B.A. in

More information

17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST

17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Topic 17 INHERITANCE 17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SUFEATIN SURHAN BIOLOGY MSPSBS 2010 SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Candidates should

More information

Teacher Resource CD: A Closer Look at Plants. Students know that as multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate.

Teacher Resource CD: A Closer Look at Plants. Students know that as multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate. Inquiry Investigations Kingdoms of Life MODULE 1294372 Grades: 7-10 Frey Scientific 80 Northwest Boulevard Nashua, NH 03063-4067 1-800-225-3739 www.freyscientific.com www.freyscientific.com/inquiryinvestigations

More information

They are similar to one another but different from other species: They are capable of breeding: Artificial classification: Natural classification:

They are similar to one another but different from other species: They are capable of breeding: Artificial classification: Natural classification: Classification Scientists estimate that the numbers of species on Earth are from 10 million to 100 million. Classification is the organisation of living organisms into groups. This process is based on

More information

Introduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster

Introduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster Chromosomes and Inheritance 1 4 Fig. 12-10, p. 244 Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. Independently, Karl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries

More information

LACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION

LACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION LACTASE PERSISTENCE: EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION OVERVIEW This activity focuses on the genetic changes that gave rise to lactase persistence an example of recent human evolution. Students explore the evidence

More information

Genetics and Gene Therapy

Genetics and Gene Therapy Genetics and Gene Therapy Optional Homework Instructions: Print and read this article. Answer the questions at the end to the best of your ability. Extra credit will be given based on quality of responses.

More information

The Mosaic Nature of Genomes

The Mosaic Nature of Genomes The Mosaic Nature of Genomes n DNA sequence is not static Mutations of single bases Large deletions Large insertions of sequence n Transferred from other species n New functions useful in particular situations

More information

Section DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

Section DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Ch 11: DNA and Genes - DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Inside This Section... What is DNA? The Structure of DNA DNA Replication What is DNA? Acid DNA is the blueprint of all living organisms. It controls

More information

GENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a

GENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a GENETICS I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide 1. 2. 3. chains wrap around each other to form a Chains run in opposite direction known as Type of bond between the

More information

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans

The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection in Humans OVERVIEW POPULATION GENETICS, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION This hands-on activity, used in conjunction with the short film The Making of the Fittest: (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-humans),

More information

Genetics - Problem Drill 19: Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis of Model Organisms

Genetics - Problem Drill 19: Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis of Model Organisms Genetics - Problem Drill 19: Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis of Model Organisms No. 1 of 10 1. The mouse gene knockout is based on. (A) Homologous recombination (B) Site-specific recombination

More information

--maternal age effect: older mothers produce more aneuploid (Down's, etc.) babies than younger mothers. No effect of father's age.

--maternal age effect: older mothers produce more aneuploid (Down's, etc.) babies than younger mothers. No effect of father's age. Chromosomes --each gene makes a protein. A gene is just a region of the DNA on the chromosome, not different from any other part of the chromosome. Humans have about 30,000 genes. The location of a gene

More information

Genetic variation, genetic drift (summary of topics)

Genetic variation, genetic drift (summary of topics) Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2007 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #11 -- Hardy Weinberg departures: genetic variation

More information

Biol Lecture Notes

Biol Lecture Notes Biol 303 1 Evolutionary Forces: Generation X Simulation To launch the GenX software: 1. Right-click My Computer. 2. Click Map Network Drive 3. Don t worry about what drive letter is assigned in the upper

More information

LS50B Problem Set #7

LS50B Problem Set #7 LS50B Problem Set #7 Due Friday, March 25, 2016 at 5 PM Problem 1: Genetics warm up Answer the following questions about core concepts that will appear in more detail on the rest of the Pset. 1. For a

More information

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight?

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight? Name Date Class CHAPTER 8 DIRECTED READING Mendel and Heredity Section 8-1: The Origins of Genetics Mendel and Others Studied Garden-Pea Traits 1. What did T. A. Knight discover? 2. How did Mendel s scientific

More information

Intelligent Techniques Lesson 4 (Examples about Genetic Algorithm)

Intelligent Techniques Lesson 4 (Examples about Genetic Algorithm) Intelligent Techniques Lesson 4 (Examples about Genetic Algorithm) Numerical Example A simple example will help us to understand how a GA works. Let us find the maximum value of the function (15x - x 2

More information

Biology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005

Biology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005 Biology 3201 Grading Standards June 2005 Pre-Marking Appraisal The June 2005 biology exam was considered a fair exam, well designed, and of reasonable length and difficulty For item #4, both (B) and (C)

More information

1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.

1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology. Biology 1 of 31 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1 The principle of independent assortment states that genes

More information

Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart

Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart Student s Name Date Class Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart Topic: K W L What do you Know? What do you Want to know? What did you Learn? Lesson 1 / Pre-Assessment: Genes and Molecular Machines Student s Name

More information

Introduction to Basic Human Genetics. Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland

Introduction to Basic Human Genetics. Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Introduction to Basic Human Genetics Professor Hanan Hamamy Department of Genetic Medicine and Development Geneva University Switzerland Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva

More information

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity DNA: The Molecule of Heredity STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - a nucleic acid o C, H, O, N, P o Made of nucleotides = smaller subunits o Components of nucleotides: Deoxyribose (simple sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogen

More information

Workshop #2: Evolution

Workshop #2: Evolution The DNA Files: Workshops and Activities The DNA Files workshops are an outreach component of The DNA Files public radio documentary series produced by SoundVision Productions with funding from the National

More information

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET. Black Death the Plague. B.C. A.D. Figure 1-1. Industrial

DO NOT POST TO INTERNET. Black Death the Plague. B.C. A.D. Figure 1-1. Industrial 2-5 million years Hunting and gathering Black Death the Plague DO NOT POST TO INTERNET 0 8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100 Time B.C. A.D. Figure 1-1 Agricultural revolution Industrial Page 2 revolution Slide

More information

Table of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology

Table of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel Section 3: Biotechnology 1 Genetics Inheriting Traits Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are

More information

Trasposable elements: Uses of P elements Problem set B at the end

Trasposable elements: Uses of P elements Problem set B at the end Trasposable elements: Uses of P elements Problem set B at the end P-elements have revolutionized the way Drosophila geneticists conduct their research. Here, we will discuss just a few of the approaches

More information

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition

More information

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission BIOLOGY ORDINARY LEVEL

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission BIOLOGY ORDINARY LEVEL 2013. M43 Write your Examination Number here Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2013 BIOLOGY ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 11 JUNE AFTERNOON, 2.00 5.00

More information

Bean Bunny Evolution Modeling Gene Frequency Change (Evolution) in a Population by Natural Selection

Bean Bunny Evolution Modeling Gene Frequency Change (Evolution) in a Population by Natural Selection Modeling Gene Frequency Change (Evolution) in a Population by Natural Selection In this activity, you will examine natural selection in a small population of wild rabbits. Evolution, on a genetic level,

More information

-Genes on the same chromosome are called linked. Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed.

-Genes on the same chromosome are called linked. Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed. Linkage -Genes on the same chromosome are called linked Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed. - average of 1,500 genes/chromosome Following Meiosis Parental chromosomal types

More information

LAB-AIDS CORRELATIONS to Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Science Life Science

LAB-AIDS CORRELATIONS to Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Science Life Science LAB-AIDS CORRELATIONS to Next Generation Sunshine State Standards 1 008 Science 9-1 Life Science The purpose of this draft document is to provide an overview of support for the high school science standards

More information

Genes and Proteins in Health. and Disease

Genes and Proteins in Health. and Disease Genes and Health and I can describe the structure of proteins All proteins contain the chemical elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Some also contain sulphur. Proteins are built from subunits

More information

Population genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why?

Population genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why? Population genetics 1.Definition of microevolution 2.Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3.Hardy-Weinberg equation where it comes from and what it means 4.The five conditions for equilibrium in more

More information

Figure 1: Testing the CIT: T.H. Morgan s Fruit Fly Mating Experiments

Figure 1: Testing the CIT: T.H. Morgan s Fruit Fly Mating Experiments I. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance As early cytologists worked out the mechanism of cell division in the late 1800 s, they began to notice similarities in the behavior of BOTH chromosomes & Mendel s

More information

Random Allelic Variation

Random Allelic Variation Random Allelic Variation AKA Genetic Drift Genetic Drift a non-adaptive mechanism of evolution (therefore, a theory of evolution) that sometimes operates simultaneously with others, such as natural selection

More information

POPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4

POPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding

More information

Mendel and the Gene Idea

Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan

More information

GENETIC ALGORITHMS. Narra Priyanka. K.Naga Sowjanya. Vasavi College of Engineering. Ibrahimbahg,Hyderabad.

GENETIC ALGORITHMS. Narra Priyanka. K.Naga Sowjanya. Vasavi College of Engineering. Ibrahimbahg,Hyderabad. GENETIC ALGORITHMS Narra Priyanka K.Naga Sowjanya Vasavi College of Engineering. Ibrahimbahg,Hyderabad mynameissowji@yahoo.com priyankanarra@yahoo.com Abstract Genetic algorithms are a part of evolutionary

More information

UNIT ONE Performance Objective Critical Attributes Benchmarks/Assessment

UNIT ONE Performance Objective Critical Attributes Benchmarks/Assessment Curriculum Standard: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the ways biology affects their lives and the industry of agriculture. The student will use the scientific method and research techniques

More information

Name Date Class CHAPTER 13. DNA Fingerprinting

Name Date Class CHAPTER 13. DNA Fingerprinting Real-World Biology: Analysis DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Prints Help Solve Mystery of Girls Switched at Birth. Murder Conviction Overturned by DNA Testing: Prisoner Released. Headlines such as these have

More information

EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 8A Chapter 23 Activity Lab #11 A POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 8A Chapter 23 Activity Lab #11 A POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit Part 8A Chapter Activity Lab # A NAME DATE PERIOD POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution

More information

Georgia Performance Standards Correlations

Georgia Performance Standards Correlations Georgia Performance Standards Correlations Twinkling isn t just for stars. From glowing mushrooms and insect larvae to vampire squid and fluorescent corals, Earth is full of fascinating organisms that

More information

POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY # NAME DATE HOUR POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes

More information

EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics

EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics The student will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of genetics. Langham Creek High School 2012-2013 By PresenterMedia.com TEK 6A Identify

More information

Lesson 1.3 Interactions in Ecosystems

Lesson 1.3 Interactions in Ecosystems Lesson 1.3 Interactions in Ecosystems Thursday May 8, 2014. Examine this energy pyramid. Match each tier with one of the following organisms and trophic levels from a given ecosystem. Organisms: rabbits,

More information

Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in

Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in Genetics Grade 7 1 Heredity: The process in which characteristics or traits pass from parents to offspring. Think, Pair, Share some characteristics that you have in common with either parent 2 Tracking

More information

Cells Reproduction and Inheritance

Cells Reproduction and Inheritance S2 Biology 3 Cells Reproduction and Inheritance Cells Cells are the tiny building blocks that make up all living things. Living things can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular = organism made of

More information

Page # Effect of high adult mortality on amount of early reproduction: Effect of high adult mortality on larval development time:

Page # Effect of high adult mortality on amount of early reproduction: Effect of high adult mortality on larval development time: FROM Wednesday - end of lecture on comparative life histories: A laboratory evolution experiment - effects of different rates of adult mortality on life history traits in Drosophila (fruit flies) Question:

More information

NES: Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology

NES: Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NES: Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology Presented by: Alissa Keil February 8, 2012 Ultraviolet Radiation and Yeast: Radiation Biology Alissa Keil

More information

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity 1 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Is a type of nucleic acid What chromosomes (and genes) are made of Made up of repeating nucleotide subunits 1 nucleotide looks like: Phosphate

More information

Review. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above?

Review. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? Review 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance 0 Rr 0 RR 0 rr 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? 2 Vocab to Remember! 0 Allele 0 Gene 0 Trait

More information

3. The arrows in the diagram below indicate the movement materials into and out of a single-celled organism.

3. The arrows in the diagram below indicate the movement materials into and out of a single-celled organism. Part A Questions 1. In 1910, Thomas Morgan discovered a certain pattern of inheritance in fruit flies known as sex linkage. This discovery extended the ideas of inheritance that Gregor Mendel had discovered

More information

DNA: The Hereditary Molecule

DNA: The Hereditary Molecule 1 CHAPTER DNA: The Hereditary Molecule Chapter 1 Modern Genetics for All Students S 1 CHAPTER 1 DNA: The Hereditary Molecule SECTION A What is DNA?..............................................S5 1. An

More information

9.4. Genetic Engineering. Entire organisms can be cloned. Web

9.4. Genetic Engineering. Entire organisms can be cloned. Web 9.4 Genetic Engineering VOCABULARY clone genetic engineering recombinant DNA plasmid transgenic gene knockout 3D, 3D evaluate the impact of scientific research on society and the environment and 6H describe

More information

HARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY

HARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY 1 HARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY DR. KOFI OWUSU-DAAKU POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LECTURE V Hardy- Weinberg Law The Hardy-Weinberg Law is a basic concept in the population genetics developed

More information

Chapter 20 Biotechnology and Animal Breeding

Chapter 20 Biotechnology and Animal Breeding Source: NILGS (Japan) I. Reproductive Technologies II. Molecular Technologies Learning Objective: To learn about recent biotechnologies that are currently available and are likely to affect animal breeding.

More information

DNA/Genetics Test 2016

DNA/Genetics Test 2016 N/Genetics Test 2016 Name: ate: 1. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?. N Protein RN. Protein RN N. RN Protein N. N RN Protein

More information

GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) J250/02 Paper 2, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5)

GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) J250/02 Paper 2, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) Oxford Cambridge and RSA GCSE (9 1) Combined Science (Biology) A (Gateway Science) Paper 2, B4 B6 and CS7 (PAGs B1 B5) (Foundation Tier) F Year 11 Test Time allowed: 1 hour 10 minutes You must have: a

More information

8/21/2014. From Gene to Protein

8/21/2014. From Gene to Protein From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 Objectives Describe the contributions made by Garrod, Beadle, and Tatum to our understanding of the relationship between genes and enzymes Briefly explain how information

More information

Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster. By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno

Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster. By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno Bilology 332 Section 2 December 5, 2012 Abstract The code of the unknown

More information

Caenorhabditis elegans: The Heavyweight Champ of Gene Knockout Technology

Caenorhabditis elegans: The Heavyweight Champ of Gene Knockout Technology Caenorhabditis elegans: The Heavyweight Champ of Gene Knockout Technology Rachel Pan The nematode (worm) Caenorhabditis elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome, or complete DNA

More information