Degenerate Code. Translation. trna. The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Degenerate Code. Translation. trna. The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism"

Transcription

1 Translation The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism Degenerate Code There are 64 possible codon triplets There are 20 naturally-encoding amino acids Several codons specify more than one amino acid Therefore, an amino acid code cannot predict the precise nucleic acid code. The Genetic Code U C A G UUU UCU UAU UGU UUC Phe UCC UAC Tyr Cys UGC U Ala UUA UCA UAA UGA *** UUG Leu UCG UAG *** UGG Trp CUU CCU CAU CGU CUC CCC CAC His CGC C Leu Thr CUA CCA CAA CGA Arg CUG CCG CAG Gln CGG AUU ACU AAU AGU AUC ACC AAC Asn Ser Ile AGC A Pro AUA ACA AAA AGA AUG Met ACG AAG Lys Arg AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU GUC GCC GAC Asp GGC G Val Ser GUA GCA GAA GGA Gly GUG GCG GAG Glu GGG Reading Frame The reading frame of three nucleotides is chosen at initiation. Any polynucleotide contains three reading frames in one direction. A frame-shift mutation is a 1- or 2-base insertion or deletion, affecting reading frame. trna Proposed by Crick Adaptor Hypothesis Small RNA (70-90 nt) Highly modified - unusual nucleotides altered after transcription Characteristic three-dimensional shape 1

2 How does trna work? It has a Structure sufficient to be covalently linked to a specific amino acid; and an Anticodon sequence complementary to at least one codon representing an amino acid in mrna Anticodon RNA-specific pairings Loop contains three nucleotides (often modified by enzymes) that base-pair with codon RNA-RNA base pairing rules allow additional recognition Shape considerations place less stringency on the third (wobble) position 2

3 Charging reaction trna is covalently coupled with an amino acid by a charging reaction Performed by an aminoacyl trna synthetase Synthetase must recognize both specific trnas and amino acids Couples by acylation using ATP Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Charging All trnas end in CCA-OH 3 (added by enzyme without template) Activated aminoacyl bond contains chemical energy for peptide bond synthesis Aminoacyl trna synthetases also deacylate mis-charged trnas, allowing a proofreading function. 3

4 Ribosomes Composed of two large subunits, one 1.4x10 6 (40S) and 2.8x10 6 (60S). Each subunit contains rrna and a large number of proteins 60S contains 28S rrna (4.7 kb), 5.8S (160 nt) and 5S (120 nt); the 40S contains 18S (1.9 kb). Each subunit also contains--- Ribosome Active Sites Two trna binding sites: A and P. Initiation occurs in the P site, and subsequently, incomplete peptides are also bound to the P site. Any amino acyl-trna (except the initiator) can bind the A site. Mechanism of Translation Initiation begins when a complex of 40S subunit, the initiator aminoacyl-trna (mettrna i ), and initiation factors bind to the cap structure of an mrna First, a complex if formed between eif-2 and GTP eif-2 complexes with GTP Next, the eif-2-gtp complex binds the initiator aminoacyltrna: This forms the Ternary Complex 4

5 Finally, the ternary complex is assembled with the 40S ribosomal subunit: mrna is bound by additional initiation factors. First, CBP binds the cap of the mrna, then eif4a unwinds the first 15 nt of RNA structure near the 5' end. This unwinding requires ATP. eif4b also binds and increased the length of unwound RNA. Binding of the 40S-met-tRNA ternary complex with the mrna requires eif-3. Once bound, the 40S subunit migrates to the initator codon, AUG. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The large (60S) subunit is then added, requiring eif5 and releasing eif2 and eif3. We ve now completed initiation, and we re ready for elongation. Elongation involves the binding of a new aminoacyl-trna to the A site on the ribosome, followed by peptide bond formation, loss of the trna from the P site, then translocation of the peptidyltrna from the A to the P sites. Binding aminoacyl-trna to the A site requires eef-1 bound with GTP 5

6 eef-1 When eef-1 is released from the aminoacyl-trna (now bound to the A site), it is complexed with GDP. This eef-1-gdp complex is inactive until it is regenerated to GTP. The peptidyl transferase activity of the Ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation Peptide bond formation proceeds with the amino group attacking the aminoacyl bond, leaving a 3'OH on the free trna in the P site, and the new peptide-trna in the A site. After peptide bond formation, the new peptide-trna (in the A-site) is translocated to the P-site. This requires a factor (eef2) and GTP hydrolysis. Ratchet-like Mechanism Elongation Cycle Ribosomes can only bind either eef-1 or eef-2 at one time, not both. Therefore, placement of an aminoacyltrna in the A site and translocation of peptidyl-trna from the A to P site reactions are exclusive and must be performed in lock-step. 6

7 GTP Cycling of Elongation Factors Termination Occurs when a termination codon enters the A-site and it is recognized directly by a release factor (erf). GTP is required for erf binding to the A site or its release. This causes hydrolysis of the peptide from the trna in the P-site, and release of all the components. Logic of Translation The growing peptide chain always carries with it (at its COOH end) the source of energy needed to form a peptide bond (the aminoacyl-trna linkage). Nucleotide polymerization depends on the 5' triphosphate of each entering nucleotide for energy. 7

1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation

1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation 1. DNA, RNA structure 2. DNA replication 3. Transcription, translation DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous

More information

Biomolecules: lecture 6

Biomolecules: lecture 6 Biomolecules: lecture 6 - to learn the basics on how DNA serves to make RNA = transcription - to learn how the genetic code instructs protein synthesis - to learn the basics on how proteins are synthesized

More information

Protein Synthesis. Application Based Questions

Protein Synthesis. Application Based Questions Protein Synthesis Application Based Questions MRNA Triplet Codons Note: Logic behind the single letter abbreviations can be found at: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/dayhoff.html

More information

Folding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein. yellow = helical turns

Folding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein. yellow = helical turns Folding simulation: self-organization of 4-helix bundle protein yellow = helical turns Protein structure Protein: heteropolymer chain made of amino acid residues R + H 3 N - C - COO - H φ ψ Chain of amino

More information

Just one nucleotide! Exploring the effects of random single nucleotide mutations

Just one nucleotide! Exploring the effects of random single nucleotide mutations Dr. Beatriz Gonzalez In-Class Worksheet Name: Learning Objectives: Just one nucleotide! Exploring the effects of random single nucleotide mutations Given a coding DNA sequence, determine the mrna Based

More information

Codon Bias with PRISM. 2IM24/25, Fall 2007

Codon Bias with PRISM. 2IM24/25, Fall 2007 Codon Bias with PRISM 2IM24/25, Fall 2007 from RNA to protein mrna vs. trna aminoacid trna anticodon mrna codon codon-anticodon matching Watson-Crick base pairing A U and C G binding first two nucleotide

More information

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Review Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Protein synthesis requires two steps: transcription and translation. DNA contains codes Three bases in DNA code

More information

UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR

UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR RNA, as previously mentioned, is an acronym for ribonucleic acid. There are many forms

More information

Honors packet Instructions

Honors packet Instructions Honors packet Instructions The following are guidelines in order for you to receive FULL credit for this bio packet: 1. Read and take notes on the packet in full 2. Answer the multiple choice questions

More information

UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS

UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are extremely large molecules that were first isolated from the nuclei of cells. Two kinds of nucleic acids are found in cells: RNA (ribonucleic

More information

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Study Guide

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Study Guide PART A. Read the following: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Study Guide Protein synthesis is the process used by the body to make proteins. The first step of protein synthesis is called Transcription. It occurs in the

More information

Describe the features of a gene which enable it to code for a particular protein.

Describe the features of a gene which enable it to code for a particular protein. 1. Answers should be written in continuous prose. Credit will be given for biological accuracy, the organisation and presentation of the information and the way in which the answer is expressed. Cancer

More information

Basic Biology. Gina Cannarozzi. 28th October Basic Biology. Gina. Introduction DNA. Proteins. Central Dogma.

Basic Biology. Gina Cannarozzi. 28th October Basic Biology. Gina. Introduction DNA. Proteins. Central Dogma. Cannarozzi 28th October 2005 Class Overview RNA Protein Genomics Transcriptomics Proteomics Genome wide Genome Comparison Microarrays Orthology: Families comparison and Sequencing of Transcription factor

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic

More information

INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE COLOR MUTATIONS IN ROCK POCKET MICE

INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE COLOR MUTATIONS IN ROCK POCKET MICE The Making of the The Fittest: Making of the Fittest Natural Selection Natural and Adaptation Selection and Adaptation Educator Materials TEACHER MATERIALS INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THE

More information

BIOL591: Introduction to Bioinformatics Comparative genomes to look for genes responsible for pathogenesis

BIOL591: Introduction to Bioinformatics Comparative genomes to look for genes responsible for pathogenesis BIOL591: Introduction to Bioinformatics Comparative genomes to look for genes responsible for pathogenesis Reading: (1) Scenario 2: (Course web site) Read this first! (2) Perna, N. T., G. Plunkett, 3rd,

More information

If stretched out, the DNA in chromosome 1 is roughly long.

If stretched out, the DNA in chromosome 1 is roughly long. Introduction to Molecular Genetics (http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/wikitexts/sacramento_city_college/scc%3a_chem_309_(bennett)/chapters/17% 3A_ucleic_Acids) (http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660)

More information

FROM MOLECULES TO LIFE

FROM MOLECULES TO LIFE Chapter 7 (Strickberger) FROM MOLECULES TO LIFE Organisms depended on processes that transformed materials available outside of the cell into metabolic products necessary for cellular life. These processes

More information

Lecture #18 10/17/01 Dr. Wormington

Lecture #18 10/17/01 Dr. Wormington Lecture #18 10/17/01 Dr. Wormington DNA Replication The Story So Far Semiconservative Hydrolysis of 5' dntp 3' HO N 4 pn 3 pn 2 pn 1 p5'... + PP i 2P i Provides Energy for Phosphodiester Bond Formation

More information

DNA Begins the Process

DNA Begins the Process Biology I D N A DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins) Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells DNA Begins the Process

More information

Daily Agenda. Warm Up: Review. Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice. Redos

Daily Agenda. Warm Up: Review. Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice. Redos Daily Agenda Warm Up: Review Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice Redos 1. What is DNA Replication? 2. Where does DNA Replication take place? 3. Replicate this strand of DNA into complimentary

More information

IMAGE HIDING IN DNA SEQUENCE USING ARITHMETIC ENCODING Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay 1* and Mr. Suman Chakraborty

IMAGE HIDING IN DNA SEQUENCE USING ARITHMETIC ENCODING Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay 1* and Mr. Suman Chakraborty Volume 2, No. 4, April 2011 Journal of Global Research in Computer Science RESEARCH PAPER Available Online at www.jgrcs.info IMAGE HIDING IN DNA SEQUENCE USING ARITHMETIC ENCODING Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay

More information

Flow of Genetic Information

Flow of Genetic Information Flow of Genetic Information Transcription and Translation Links to the Next Generation Standards Scientific and Engineering Practices: Asking Questions (for science) and Defining Problems (for engineering)

More information

DNA Base Data Hiding Algorithm Mohammad Reza Abbasy, Pourya Nikfard, Ali Ordi, and Mohammad Reza Najaf Torkaman

DNA Base Data Hiding Algorithm Mohammad Reza Abbasy, Pourya Nikfard, Ali Ordi, and Mohammad Reza Najaf Torkaman DNA Base Data Hiding Algorithm Mohammad Reza Abbasy, Pourya Nikfard, Ali Ordi, and Mohammad Reza Najaf Torkaman Advanced Informatics School (AIS), International Campus, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),

More information

Gene Prediction. Srivani Narra Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Gene Prediction. Srivani Narra Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Gene Prediction Srivani Narra Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Email: srivani@iitk.ac.in Supervisor: Prof. Harish Karnick Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Email: hk@iitk.ac.in Keywords: DNA,

More information

1. Overview of Gene Expression

1. Overview of Gene Expression Chapter 17: From Gene to 1. Overview of Gene Expression 2. Transcription 3. The Genetic Code 4. Translation 5. Mutations 1. Overview of Gene Expression Chapter Reading pp. 334-337 How are Genes related

More information

The Genetic Code Degeneration I: Rules Governing the Code Degeneration and the Spatial Organization of the Codon Informative Properties.

The Genetic Code Degeneration I: Rules Governing the Code Degeneration and the Spatial Organization of the Codon Informative Properties. INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE The Genetic Code Degeneration I: Rules Governing the Code Degeneration and the Spatial Organization of the Codon Informative Properties.

More information

THE GENETIC CODE Figure 1: The genetic code showing the codons and their respective amino acids

THE GENETIC CODE Figure 1: The genetic code showing the codons and their respective amino acids THE GENETIC CODE As DNA is a genetic material, it carries genetic information from cell to cell and from generation to generation. There are only four bases in DNA and twenty amino acids in protein, so

More information

7-9/99 Neuman Chapter 23

7-9/99 Neuman Chapter 23 23: Nucleic Acids Preview 23-3 23.1 Structures of Nucleic Acids 23-3 Nucleotides and Nucleosides (23.1A) 23-3 The Sugar The Heterocyclic Bases The Phosphate Groups Nucleotide and Nucleoside Nomenclature

More information

Worksheet: Mutations Practice

Worksheet: Mutations Practice Worksheet: Mutations Practice There are three ways that DNA can be altered when a mutation (change in DNA sequence) occurs. 1. Substitution one base-pairs is replaced by another: Example: G to C or A to

More information

RNA: Transcription and Triplet Code

RNA: Transcription and Triplet Code RNA: Transcription and Triplet Code There are Five Kinds of RNA, All of Which are Templated from DNA. The first type of RNA is trna. The "t" stands for "transfer". This RNA is the RNA that transfers amino

More information

7.014 Quiz II 3/18/05. Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided.

7.014 Quiz II 3/18/05. Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided. 7.014 Quiz II 3/18/05 Your Name: TA's Name: Write your name on this page and your initials on all the other pages in the space provided. This exam has 10 pages including this coversheet. heck that you

More information

DNA Replication and Repair

DNA Replication and Repair DNA Replication and Repair http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/cendog.gif Overview of DNA Replication SWYK CNs 1, 2, 30 Explain how specific base pairing enables existing DNA strands

More information

Cloning and sequence analysis of cdna for rat angiotensinogen (angiotensin/recombinant DNA/DNA sequence/blood pressure)

Cloning and sequence analysis of cdna for rat angiotensinogen (angiotensin/recombinant DNA/DNA sequence/blood pressure) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 2196-2200, April 1983 Biochemistry Cloning and sequence analysis of cdna for rat angiotensinogen (angiotensin/recombinant DNA/DNA sequence/blood pressure) HIROAKI

More information

AP2013-DNAPacket-II. Use the list of choices below for the following questions:

AP2013-DNAPacket-II. Use the list of choices below for the following questions: Class: Date: AP2013-DNAPacket-II Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Use the list of choices below for the following questions: I. helicase II.

More information

RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Chapter 13

RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Chapter 13 RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 13 DNA Double stranded Thymine Sugar is RNA Single stranded Uracil Sugar is Ribose Deoxyribose Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mrna) Carries copies of instructions from

More information

Disease and selection in the human genome 3

Disease and selection in the human genome 3 Disease and selection in the human genome 3 Ka/Ks revisited Please sit in row K or forward RBFD: human populations, adaptation and immunity Neandertal Museum, Mettman Germany Sequence genome Measure expression

More information

GENETICS and the DNA code NOTES

GENETICS and the DNA code NOTES GENETICS and the DNA code NOTES BACKGROUND DNA is the hereditary material of most organisms. It is an organic compound made of two strands, twisted around one another to form a double helix. Each strand

More information

CS612 - Algorithms in Bioinformatics

CS612 - Algorithms in Bioinformatics Fall 2017 Introduction September 6, 2017 Contact Information Instructor: http://www.cs.umb.edu/~nurith nurith@cs.umb.edu or nurit.haspel@umb.edu Phone 617-287-6414. Office S-3-071 Office hours Mo We 2:30

More information

www.lessonplansinc.com Topic: Gene Mutations WS Summary: Students will learn about frame shift mutations and base substitution mutations. Goals & Objectives: Students will be able to demonstrate how mutations

More information

UNIT 4. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression

UNIT 4. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression UNIT 4 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression DNA STRUCTURE DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms. DNA is the GENETIC MATERIAL Contain

More information

RNA : functional role

RNA : functional role RNA : functional role Hamad Yaseen, PhD MLS Department, FAHS Hamad.ali@hsc.edu.kw RNA mrna rrna trna 1 From DNA to Protein -Outline- From DNA to RNA From RNA to Protein From DNA to RNA Transcription: Copying

More information

Lecture 11: Gene Prediction

Lecture 11: Gene Prediction Lecture 11: Gene Prediction Study Chapter 6.11-6.14 1 Gene: A sequence of nucleotides coding for protein Gene Prediction Problem: Determine the beginning and end positions of genes in a genome Where are

More information

GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Gene expression Gene function at the level of traits Gene function

More information

Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit

Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit Day 2 : Cooperative Lesson Topic: Protein Synthesis Duration: 55 minutes Grade Level: 10 th Grade Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit Purpose: The purpose of this lesson is to review and build upon prior

More information

Universality and Shannon entropy of codon usage

Universality and Shannon entropy of codon usage Universality and Shannon entropy of codon usage L. Frappat, 1, * C. Minichini, 2, A. Sciarrino, 2,3, and P. Sorba 4, 1 Laboratoire d Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Théorique LAPTH, CNRS, UMR 5108 associée

More information

Gene Expression REVIEW Packet

Gene Expression REVIEW Packet Name Pd. # Gene Expression REVIEW Packet 1. Fill-in-the-blank General Summary Transcription & the Big picture Like, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a acid a molecule made of nucleotides linked together. RNA

More information

G+C content. 1 Introduction. 2 Chromosomes Topology & Counts. 3 Genome size. 4 Replichores and gene orientation. 5 Chirochores.

G+C content. 1 Introduction. 2 Chromosomes Topology & Counts. 3 Genome size. 4 Replichores and gene orientation. 5 Chirochores. 1 Introduction 2 Chromosomes Topology & Counts 3 Genome size 4 Replichores and gene orientation 5 Chirochores 6 7 Codon usage 121 marc.bailly-bechet@univ-lyon1.fr Bacterial genome structures Introduction

More information

7.2 Protein Synthesis. From DNA to Protein Animation

7.2 Protein Synthesis. From DNA to Protein Animation 7.2 Protein Synthesis From DNA to Protein Animation Proteins Why are proteins so important? They break down your food They build up muscles They send signals through your brain that control your body They

More information

Protein Synthesis. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy

Protein Synthesis. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Protein Synthesis Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy STRUCTURE OF RNA RNA, adenine forms a base pair with

More information

Fig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein

Fig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Fig. 17-1 Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code Transcription is the synthesis of RNA

More information

PART THREE - ANSWERS. ANSWERS to Questions from Part Three

PART THREE - ANSWERS. ANSWERS to Questions from Part Three ANSWERS to Questions from Part Three Answers, Chapter 10. Transcription: RNA polymerases 10.1 The sigma factor (σ) causes RNA polymerase to bind to the correct sites on DNA to initiate transcription (i.e.

More information

MOLECULAR GENETICS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1

MOLECULAR GENETICS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1 AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #2 NAME DATE HOUR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1 GENETIC CODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

More information

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These

More information

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below. Problem Set Unit 3 Name 1. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA? A. Ribose B. Uracil C. Phosphate D. Amino acid 2. Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram? A. phosphate, deoxyribose

More information

C. Incorrect! Threonine is an amino acid, not a nucleotide base.

C. Incorrect! Threonine is an amino acid, not a nucleotide base. MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 05: RNA and Protein Biosynthesis Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following bases are only found in RNA? Question #01 (A) Ribose. (B) Uracil. (C) Threonine. (D) Adenine.

More information

BMC Bioinformatics. Open Access. Abstract

BMC Bioinformatics. Open Access. Abstract BMC Bioinformatics BioMed Central Methodology article An accurate and interpretable model for sirna efficacy prediction Jean-Philippe Vert* 1, Nicolas Foveau 2, Christian Lajaunie 1 and Yves Vandenbrouck

More information

7.013 Spring 2005 Practice Quiz Practice Quiz 1

7.013 Spring 2005 Practice Quiz Practice Quiz 1 MIT Department of Biology 7.013: Introductory Biology Spring 2005 Instructors: Professor azel Sive, Professor Tyler Jacks, Dr. laudette Gardel 7.013 Spring 2005 Practice Quiz 1 7.013 Practice Quiz 1 Question

More information

SAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity by Larry Flammer

SAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity by Larry Flammer TEACHER S GUIDE SAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity by Larry Flammer SYNOPSIS This activity uses the metaphor of decoding a secret message for the Protein Synthesis process. Students teach themselves

More information

Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis

Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis 1. Describe how genetic information is transcribed into sequences of bases in RNA molecules and is finally translated into sequences of amino

More information

Lezione 10. Bioinformatica. Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi

Lezione 10. Bioinformatica. Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Lezione 10 Bioinformatica Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Dip. Informatica e Automazione Università Roma Tre Dip. Medicina Clinica Università La Sapienza Lezione 10: Sintesi proteica Synthesis of proteins

More information

Thr Gly Tyr. Gly Lys Asn

Thr Gly Tyr. Gly Lys Asn Your unique body characteristics (traits), such as hair color or blood type, are determined by the proteins your body produces. Proteins are the building blocks of life - in fact, about 45% of the human

More information

Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13

Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13 http://www.explorelearning.com Name: Period : Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13 Vocabulary: Define these terms in complete sentences on a separate piece of paper: amino

More information

Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below.

Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below. Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below. There is an error in the DNA in which molecule? A. segment 1 only B. segment 3 only C. segment 2 and 3 D. segment 2 and 4 Explain the basic

More information

DNA REPLICATION REVIEW

DNA REPLICATION REVIEW Biology Ms. Ye DNA REPLICATION REVIEW 1. Number the steps of DNA replication the correct order (1, 2, 3): Name Date Block Daughter strands are formed using complementary base pairing DNA unwinds The DNA

More information

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are the components that make up the genetic material DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is a macromolecule which contains all the

More information

Introduction to Personalized Medicine

Introduction to Personalized Medicine Chapter 1 Introduction to Personalized Medicine Mauro Saivezzo/ShutterStock, Inc L earning O bjectives Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to: 1 Recognize basic mechanisms of the

More information

Chapter 8: DNA and RNA

Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Lecture Outline Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. 1 8-1 DNA and the Importance of Proteins Proteins play

More information

BEADLE & TATUM EXPERIMENT

BEADLE & TATUM EXPERIMENT FROM DNA TO PROTEINS: gene expression Chapter 14 LECTURE OBJECTIVES What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? How Is the Information Content in

More information

2. Examine the objects inside the box labeled #2. What is this called? nucleotide

2. Examine the objects inside the box labeled #2. What is this called? nucleotide Name Date: Period: Biology: DNA Review Packet Read each question and fill in the proper answer. 1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) in the diagram below. #2 2. Examine

More information

2. From the first paragraph in this section, find three ways in which RNA differs from DNA.

2. From the first paragraph in this section, find three ways in which RNA differs from DNA. Name Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Begin reading at page 328 Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation. Work on this chapter a single concept at a time, and expect to spend at least 6 hours

More information

Comparisons of Nucleotide Sequences in the Genomes of the

Comparisons of Nucleotide Sequences in the Genomes of the JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Jan. 1980, p. 69-77 0022-538X/80/01-0069/09$02.00/0 Vol. 33, No. 1 Comparisons of Nucleotide Sequences in the Genomes of the New Jersey and Indiana Serotypes of Vesicular Stomatitis

More information

6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Sugar Phosphate Base

6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Sugar Phosphate Base DNA Unit Review Worksheet KEY Directions: Correct your worksheet using a non blue or black pen so your corrections can be clearly seen. DNA Basics 1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen

More information

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins Protein Synthesis Making Proteins 2009-2010 Bodies Cells DNA Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA DNA Cells Bodies How does DNA code for cells & bodies?

More information

Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering

Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering DNA Introduction Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering At the most basic level DNA is a set of instructions for protein construction. Structural

More information

DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below.

DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE. Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Name: Period: Date: DNA/RNA STUDY GUIDE Part A: DNA History Match the following scientists with their accomplishments in discovering DNA using the statement in the box below. Used a technique called x-ray

More information

Genomics and Gene Recognition Genes and Blue Genes

Genomics and Gene Recognition Genes and Blue Genes Genomics and Gene Recognition Genes and Blue Genes November 1, 2004 Prokaryotic Gene Structure prokaryotes are simplest free-living organisms studying prokaryotes can give us a sense what is the minimum

More information

From Gene to Protein. Chapter 17. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

From Gene to Protein. Chapter 17. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetics

Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetics Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetics Part 1 Sepp Hochreiter Course no.: 365.060 Time/locations: Mon 15:30-17:00, room S2 048 Mode: VL, 2h, weekly Master Bioinformatics: complementary subject Bachelor Bioinformatics:

More information

RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA and Protein Synthesis Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College RNA and Protein Synthesis Considerable evidence suggests that RNA molecules evolved prior to DNA molecules and proteins, and that

More information

Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation

Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation Fact 1: DNA contains information but is unable to carry out actions Fact 2: Proteins are the workhorses but contain no information THUS Information in DNA must

More information

Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of..

Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of.. Gene expression Review of Protein (one or more polypeptide) A polypeptide is a long chain of.. In a protein, the sequence of amino acid determines its which determines the protein s A protein with an enzymatic

More information

Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein

Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein Microbiology: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to protein I. Overview A. DNA ultimately determines every aspect of a cell from shape to function 1. DNA = 2. Nucleotides of DNA have three units a. A nitrogen-containing

More information

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Protein From Genes to Proteins Processing the information contained in DNA into proteins involves a sequence of events known as gene expression and results in protein synthesis.

More information

Genes and How They Work. Chapter 15

Genes and How They Work. Chapter 15 Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 1 The Nature of Genes Early ideas to explain how genes work came from studying human diseases Archibald Garrod 1902 Recognized that alkaptonuria (black urine disease)

More information

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE. Link

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE. Link DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE Link STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,

More information

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE

DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE DNA- THE MOLECULE OF LIFE STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a long, stringy, twisted molecule made up of nucleotides that carries genetic information. DISCOVERIES Rosalind Franklin,

More information

CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. Section C: The Synthesis of Protein

CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. Section C: The Synthesis of Protein CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Section C: The Synthesis of Protein 1. Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look 2. Signal peptides target some eukaryotic polypeptides to

More information

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Name: Hour: From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Introduction: In this activity you will learn how the genes in our DNA influence our characteristics. For example, how can a gene cause albinism

More information

DNA Structure and Protein synthesis

DNA Structure and Protein synthesis DNA Structure and Protein synthesis What is DNA? DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Chromosomes are made of DNA It carries genetic information: controls the activities of cells by providing instructions for making

More information

Comparing RNA and DNA

Comparing RNA and DNA RNA The Role of RNA Genes contain coded DNA instructions that tell cells how to build proteins. 1 st step in decoding these genetic instructions = copy part of the base sequence from DNA into RNA. 2 nd

More information

Fundamentals of Genetics. 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel s experiments.

Fundamentals of Genetics. 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel s experiments. Fundamentals of Genetics 1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity? 2. Define heredity. 3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments? 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving

More information

Protein Synthesis Notes

Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis Notes Protein Synthesis: Overview Transcription: synthesis of mrna under the direction of DNA. Translation: actual synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mrna. Transcription

More information

BIOLOGY. Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins

BIOLOGY. Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins BIOLOGY Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins CMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 17 Protein Synthesis 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig. 17-1 Figure 17.1a n albino racoon Condition

More information

Unit Description: The unit on DNA replication will include the following activities:

Unit Description: The unit on DNA replication will include the following activities: Contact Information Retha Prescod Title: Viruses Not Welcome Abstract: The author proposes that an initial virtual exploration on DNA replication will serve as an introduction to a difficult yet integral

More information

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein This is also known as: The central dogma of molecular biology Protein Proteins are made

More information

DNA, RNA, protein synthesis. Sections , , and

DNA, RNA, protein synthesis. Sections , , and DNA, RNA, protein synthesis Sections 14.1 14.5, 15.1 15.5, and 16.4 16.6 05-09-16 Today s class Extra-credit essay Activity on mitosis, meiosis, and inheritance Lecture and activities on the lecture Extra-credit

More information

7.012 Final Exam

7.012 Final Exam 7.012 Final Exam 2006 You have 180 minutes to complete this exam. There are 19 pages including this cover page, the AMINO AID page, and the GENETI ODE page at the end of the exam. Please write your name

More information