GENETICS AND MENDEL 2/4/2018. Mendel s Experiment. Genetic Terms. Genetic Terms. Mendel: Experiment 1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "GENETICS AND MENDEL 2/4/2018. Mendel s Experiment. Genetic Terms. Genetic Terms. Mendel: Experiment 1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY"

Transcription

1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERERY OF HEREDITY 1851: Gregor Mendel, father of heredity studied pea plants GENETICS AND MENDEL prevented self pollination used cross pollination brought experimental and quantitative approach to genetics Mendel s Experiment Genetic Terms Alleles: different forms of the same gene ex: tall / short green seed / yellow seed smooth / wrinkled curly hair/ straight hair Dominant: stronger trait which is expressed, written as a capital letter ex: T Recessive: weaker trait which is not expressed when paired with a dominant trait, written as a lower case letter ex: t Homozygous/Pure: appearance of 2 identical alleles of a gene on a chromosome ex: TT, tt Heterozygous/Hybrid: appearance of 2 different alleles of a gene on a chromosome ex: Tt self pollination: fertilization of plant s egg by pollen of same plant cross pollination: fertilization of plant s egg by pollen of another plant Genetic Terms Mendel: Experiment 1 1. he crossbred purebred plants of opposite traits (parental/p generation) 2. resulting offspring were first filial (F1 generation) 3. he self pollinated F1 generation 4. resulting offspring were second filial (F2 generation) 5. he performed 100 s of crosses and documented results 1

2 Results: Experiment 1 Mendel s Three Laws of Heredity P 100% homozygous dominant: SS F1 100% heterozygous dominant: Ss F2 3:1 ratio dominant to recessive traits smooth : wrinked THIS WORK FORMED BASICS OF GENETICS AND HOLDS TRUE TODAY! I. Law of Dominance and Recessiveness One factor (gene) in a pair may mask the other factor (gene) preventing it from having an effect. dominant: allele codes for a protein that works recessive: allele codes for a protein that doesn t work **genes always occur in pairs** ex: TT, Tt : tall tt: short Mendel s Three Laws of Heredity II. Law of Segregation The two factors for a trait segregate (separate) during the formation of egg and sperm and each reproductive cell (gamete) receives only one factor for each trait ex: male would give one trait : T or t female would give one trait: T or t offspring could have these combinations: TT, Tt, tt Mendel s Three Laws of Heredity Ill. Law of Independent Assortment Factors (genes) for different traits are distributed to reproductive cells (gametes) independently of each other. - Mendel also crossed plants that differed in two characteristics ex: height, coat color - He found that traits from dominant factors did not appear together - Factors for each trait were not connected Mendel was very innovative because he applied math (probability) to Biology. Probability Possibility that an event will occur Genetic Crosses Punnett Square Chartused to predict probabilities of genetic crosses Phenotype: external appearance of an organism Probability = # one kind of event # of all events Genotype: actual genetic makeup of an organism 2

3 Test Cross (Back Cross) Monohybrid Cross Crossing of one set of traits. Offspring results are known Solve for dominant genotypes of parental generation Method: cross dominant genotypes with homozygous genotype and determine which cross matches known offspring results. Tt x Tt Dihybrid Cross Crossing of two sets of traits. Traits Y yellow R round y green r wrinkled P generation homozygous round, yellow X homozygous wrinkled, green RRYY P Generation rryy ry ry ry ry RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RRYY x rryy F1 generation: 100% RrYy heterozygous round yellow (only genotype possible) Cross F1 generation: RrYy Mendel Understood Probability RrYy RY Ry ry ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy ry RrYY RrYy rryy rryy ry RrYy Rryy rryy rryy F2 generation: phenotype ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 yellow yellow green green round wrinkled round wrinkled When crossing two hybrids- phenotype ratio will always be 9:3:3:1 Product Rule Chance of 2 or more independent events occurring together equals product of chances of each of the separate occurrences. (x and y occurring together) Ex. 1: probability of throwing 2 sixes 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 Ex. 2: probability of having 5 boys in a row ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/32 Ex. 3: If cross AABbCc x AaBbCc, probability of offspring with AaBbcc is: ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/16 3

4 Product Rule Example Mendel Understood Probability Sum Rule (Addition, OR Rule) Probability that 2+ mutually exclusive events will occur (events can t occur together) (x or y occurring) - add together individual probabilities Ex. 1: chances of throwing a die that will land on 4 or 5? 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3 Predict the fraction of offspring from an Aa x Aa cross that will have the dominant phenotype (AA or Aa genotype). - In this cross, there are three events that can lead to a dominant phenotype: - Two A gametes meet (giving AA genotype), or Sum Rule- Example We can find that each individual event has a probability of ¼ Probability of offspring with dominant phenotype is: (1/4)+(1/4)+(1/4)= 3/4 Product Rule and Sum Rule Product Rule Sum Rule - A gamete from Mom meets a gamete from Dad (giving Aa genotype), or - A gamete from Mom meets A gamete from Dad (giving Aa genotype) video Theories of Heredity 1902: Walter Sutton, Columbia University - Observed that genes are located on chromosomes. - Realized chromosomes behaved exactly same as carriers of genetic information would do. 1903: Chromosome Theory of Heredity 1. Genes are located on chromosomes and each gene occupies a specific place (locus) on a chromosome. 2. Genes can exist in several forms. (alleles) 3. Each chromosome contains only one of the alleles for each of its genes. Theories of Heredity, cont. 1902/03: Thomas Hunt Morgan, Columbia Univ. - proved gene linkage, won Nobel prize in 1933 Gene linkage: attachment of certain genes to each other on a chromosome (by chemical bonds that keep them together) Linkage groups: group or packages of genes located on one chromosome which are usually inherited together (they do not undergo independent assortment) - groups can be independently assorted, but always go together Sutton believed that genes move in sets on a chromosome. 4

5 Exchange of chromatids pieces of a homologous pair during synapsis at a chiasma... is GREATER the FARTHER apart 2 genes are The further apart 2 genes on same chromosome, the higher the probability of crossing over and the higher the recombination frequency is proportional to relative distance between 2 linked genes Morgan worked with Drosophila (new generation every 4 weeks) - demonstrated gene linkage: Mendelian genetics would produce: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 grey grey black black norm. small norm. small G grey body (dom) W normal wings (dom) g black body (rec) w small wings (rec) P GGWW x ggww Actual observation - 42% grey normal (84% chromosomes like parents) - 42% black small % black normal (16% new combinations) - 8% grey small F1 100% GgWw (grey normal wings) GgWw x ggww (test cross) Recombinants Individuals with new genetic combinations ***this indicated gene for body color and wing size were LINKED***** Linked genes: located on same chromosome and tend to be inherited together during cell division Calculating Recombination Frequency 5

6 Estimating Recombination and Distance Between Genes Estimating Recombination and Distance Between Genes Two types of gametes are possible when following genes on the same chromosomes. If crossing over does not occur, the products are parental gametes. If crossing over occurs, the products are recombinant gametes Recombinant gametes that are found in the lowest frequency ex: RrTt x rrtt R red T tall r white t short Cross should yield a 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratio RrTt x rrtt Red, tall x white, short 100 offspring were produced with the following results: 34 red, tall 19 red, short 16 white, tall 31 white, short Non- Mendelian ratio indicated that genes are linked and do not assort independently Problem: Determine the arrangement of alleles in the heterozygote parents and the map distance between the genes. To determine the linkage distancedivide the number of recombinant gametes into the total gametes Recombinants: red, short 19/100 = 19% 35% white, tall 16/100 = 16% Gene Map 35 mu Color Height gene gene Gene Linkage Map genetic map that is based on % of cross-over events Gene Linkage Map Problem In pea plants, flower color and pollen shape are located on the same chromosome. A plant with purple flowers and long pollen (AaBb) is crossed with one that is recessive for both traits (aabb). The results are as follows: 1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency Express relative distances along chromosome 50% recombination = genes on 2 different chromosomes a) What would be the expected offspring of this cross? 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 b) How far apart are the two alleles? purple long 47 red round 47 purple round 3 6% 6 mu red round 3 color gene shape gene Determining Expected Gametes and Frequency Sex Determination 1905: Nettie Stevens studied mealworms - female cells had 20 large pairs of chromosomes - male cells had 19 lg. chrom, 1 small chromosome she then studied drosophila - female cells had 4 pairs - male had 3 alike pairs, 1 mismatched (1 looked like a hook) ** autosomes non sex chrom. matched ** sex chromosomes mismatched pair - female chromosomes - X - male chromosome - Y - After meiosis what sex chromosomes will the gametes have? - What is probability of getting male or female in a cross? 6

7 Which sex determines sex of offspring? - homogametic sex (XX) 2 same sex chromosomes Human Development Y chromosome required for development of testes Embryo gonads indifferent at 2 months SRY gene: sex-determining region of Y Codes for protein that regulates other genes - heterogametic sex (XY) 2 different sex chromosomes Sex Linkage : discovered by Morgan (worked with drosophila) Experiment: - in a large batch of red eyed flies, they found 1 white eyed fly (actually a mutation) **R red, dominant r white, recessive P red eye female x white eye male F1 100% red eyed hybrids (Rr) Mated F1 F2 3 : 1 ¾ red ¼ white **this confirmed Mendels work How is the gene for white eyes related to sex??? **BIG DISCOVERY - ALL WHITE EYES WERE MALES ** MORGAN DISCOVERED A SEX LINKED TRAIT Sex Linked Genes (X linked) - genes carried by either sex chromosome (generally carried on X chrom, missing on Y chromosome) Lets revisit the experiment by Morgan P X R X R x red female X r Y white male F1 X R X r or X R Y (all red eyes) red red hetero hemizygous female male Hemizygous: dominant gene present and expressed, recessive gene missing 7

8 Cross F1: X R X r x X R Y F2 3 : 1 red white phenotype R X r X X R R R X X X R X r This is known as criss cross inheritance Y R X Y X r Y P F1 F2 male female male (express) (carrier) (1/2 sons express) 1 homo red female 1 hetero red female (carrier) genotypes 1 hemi red male 1 hemi white male What would happen in F3 if hybrid red female was crossed with expressing male? X R X r x X r Y X r Y 1 carrier female F3 X R X R X r X R Y 1 normal male X r X r X r X r Y 1 male expresses 1 female expresses REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Why is this important? - sex linked traits not limited to drosophila - occur in all species including humans Gene expression (protein expression) Process by which a gene s information is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. dominance: protein works recessiveness: protein does not work Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance Incomplete dominance Active allele does not entirely compensate for inactive allele. - heterozygous phenotype is between two homozygous phenotypes - only one dominant allele is active **3 rd phenotype is mixture** Codominance Both alleles of a gene are expressed. - both alleles are active and expressed - very common in many organisms **3rd phenotype has original phenotypes** 8

9 Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Polygenic inheritance Two or more genes responsible for a single trait. Ex: skin color (4-7 genes) eye color (at least 8 genes) Genomic Imprinting: phenotypic effect of gene depends on whether from M or F parent Methylation: silence genes by adding methyl groups to DNA Non-Nuclear DNA Some genes located in organelles Mitochondria, chloroplasts, plastids Contain small circular DNA Mitochondria = maternal inheritance (eggs) Variegated (striped or spotted) leaves result from mutations in pigment genes in plastids, which generally are inherited from the maternal parent 9

Exploring Mendelian Genetics. Dihybrid crosses. Dihybrid crosses

Exploring Mendelian Genetics. Dihybrid crosses. Dihybrid crosses Objective 8: Predict the results of dihybrid genetic crosses by using Punnett squares Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11.3 Dihybrid cross--a cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits. A cross between

More information

Gregor Mendel. Austrian Monk Worked with pea plants

Gregor Mendel. Austrian Monk Worked with pea plants Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Worked with pea plants A. True Breeding Pea Plants Self pollinate and produce new plants genetically identical to themselves Mendel decides to cross pollinate the plants Offspring

More information

Mendel and the Gene Idea

Mendel and the Gene Idea LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lectures

More information

Mendel & Inheritance. SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

Mendel & Inheritance. SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. Mendel & Inheritance SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment Mendel s Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed; each gamete as only

More information

Genetics Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Genetics Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Genetics Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 41. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele

More information

Classical (Mendelian) Genetics. Gregor Mendel

Classical (Mendelian) Genetics. Gregor Mendel Classical (Mendelian) Genetics Gregor Mendel Vocabulary Genetics: The scientific study of heredity Allele: Alternate forms of a gene/factor. Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype:

More information

Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea

Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 4: Mendel and the Gene Idea. The Experiments of Gregor Mendel 2. Beyond Mendelian Genetics 3. Human Genetics . The Experiments of Gregor Mendel Chapter Reading pp. 268-276 TECHNIQUE Parental generation

More information

Non Mendelian Genetics

Non Mendelian Genetics Non Mendelian Genetics TEKS 6 Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics. The student is expected to: 6F

More information

1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology.

1/21/ Exploring Mendelian Genetics. What is the principle of independent assortment? Independent Assortment. Biology. Biology 1 of 31 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Exploring Genetics Mendelian Genetics 2 of 31 What is the principle of independent assortment? 3 of 31 1 The principle of independent assortment states that genes

More information

Would expect variation to disappear Variation in traits persists (Example: freckles show up in unfreckled parents offspring!)

Would expect variation to disappear Variation in traits persists (Example: freckles show up in unfreckled parents offspring!) Genetics Early Ideas about Heredity People knew that sperm and eggs transmitted information about traits Blending theory mother and father s traits blended together Problem: Would expect variation to disappear

More information

Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits

Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits Observing Patterns In Inherited Traits Ø Where Modern Genetics Started/ Gregor Mendel Ø Law of Segregation Ø Law of Independent Assortment Ø Non-Mendelian Inheritance Ø Complex Variations in Traits Genetics:

More information

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits. Chapter 11 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Chapter 11 Impacts, Issues: The Color of Skin Like most human traits, skin color has a genetic basis; more than 100 gene products affect the synthesis and deposition

More information

MENDELIAN GENETICS This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law.

MENDELIAN GENETICS This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law. MENDELIAN GENETICS This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law. Gregor Mendel! 19 th century Austrian monk! Interested in heredity!

More information

Genetics Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg Chromosome Segments of DNA Code DNA for traits Code for a trait Gene

Genetics Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg Chromosome Segments of DNA Code DNA for traits Code for a trait Gene Genetics The Study of Inherited Characteristics Meiosis in the Gonads makes gametes: Sperm Meiotic cell division Egg Chromosome DNA Code for Gene Segments of DNA Code Code for a trait Hair Color Eye Color

More information

Introduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster

Introduction. Thomas Hunt Morgan. Chromosomes and Inheritance. Drosophila melanogaster Chromosomes and Inheritance 1 4 Fig. 12-10, p. 244 Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. Independently, Karl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries

More information

B.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance

B.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance B.6.F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non Mendelian inheritance Gregor Mendel Austrian monk * Studied science and mathematics

More information

Genetics. Chapter 10/12-ish

Genetics. Chapter 10/12-ish Genetics Chapter 10/12-ish Learning Goals For Biweekly Quiz #7 You will be able to explain how offspring receive genes from their parents You will be able to calculate probabilities of simple Mendelian

More information

Genetics Essentials 9/10/13. Concepts and Connections. Mendel and His Study of Heredity. The Case of the Red Hair. Before we Continue

Genetics Essentials 9/10/13. Concepts and Connections. Mendel and His Study of Heredity. The Case of the Red Hair. Before we Continue Benjamin A. Pierce Genetics Essentials Concepts and Connections SECOND EDITION CHAPTER 3 Basic Principles of Heredity CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE 3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity, 44

More information

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11- GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have MORE than 2 allele choices = MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif EX: blood

More information

Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses

Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses THE MONOHYBRID CROSS Lecture 3 Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses FOLLOWING THE INHERITANCE OF ONE TRAIT Monohybrid cross Parents differ by a single trait. Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size,

More information

Active Learning Exercise 8 Mendelian Genetics & the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Active Learning Exercise 8 Mendelian Genetics & the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Name Biol 211 - Group Number Active Learning Exercise 8 Mendelian Genetics & the Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Reference: Chapter 14-15 (Biology by Campbell/Reece, 8 th ed.) Note: In addition to the

More information

Figure 1: Testing the CIT: T.H. Morgan s Fruit Fly Mating Experiments

Figure 1: Testing the CIT: T.H. Morgan s Fruit Fly Mating Experiments I. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance As early cytologists worked out the mechanism of cell division in the late 1800 s, they began to notice similarities in the behavior of BOTH chromosomes & Mendel s

More information

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight?

Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided. 2. How did Mendel s scientific work differ from the work of T. A. Knight? Name Date Class CHAPTER 8 DIRECTED READING Mendel and Heredity Section 8-1: The Origins of Genetics Mendel and Others Studied Garden-Pea Traits 1. What did T. A. Knight discover? 2. How did Mendel s scientific

More information

Biology Genetics Practice Quiz

Biology Genetics Practice Quiz Biology Genetics Practice Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The table above shows information related to blood types. What genotype(s)

More information

Linkage & Crossing over

Linkage & Crossing over Linkage & Crossing over Linkage Hereditary units or genes which determine the characters of an individual are carried in the chromosomes and an individual usually has many genes for the determination of

More information

Topic 11. Genetics. I. Patterns of Inheritance: One Trait Considered

Topic 11. Genetics. I. Patterns of Inheritance: One Trait Considered Topic 11. Genetics Introduction. Genetics is the study of how the biological information that determines the structure and function of organisms is passed from one generation to the next. It is also concerned

More information

Lab Mendelian Genetics-Exploring Genetic Probability -Revisiting Mendel s Observations

Lab Mendelian Genetics-Exploring Genetic Probability -Revisiting Mendel s Observations NAMES: (one packet per partner pair to be turned in) DATE: Lab Mendelian Genetics-Exploring Genetic -Revisiting Mendel s Observations Purpose: Students will 1. Learn that probability is strongly related

More information

LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES

LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES Objectives: Upon completion of this lab, the students should be able to: Understand the different stages of meiosis. Describe the events during each phase of

More information

Genetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon

Genetics and Heredity. Mr. Gagnon Genetics and Heredity Mr. Gagnon Key Terms: Traits Heredity Genetics Purebred Genes Alleles Recessive Allele Dominant Allele Hybrids Key Concepts: What factors control the inheritance of traits in organisms?

More information

Inheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit

Inheritance Biology. Unit Map. Unit Unit 8 Unit Map 8.A Mendelian principles 482 8.B Concept of gene 483 8.C Extension of Mendelian principles 485 8.D Gene mapping methods 495 8.E Extra chromosomal inheritance 501 8.F Microbial genetics

More information

Fundamentals of Genetics. 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel s experiments.

Fundamentals of Genetics. 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving both dominant and recessive forms of the pea plants, in Mendel s experiments. Fundamentals of Genetics 1. What scientist is responsible for our study of heredity? 2. Define heredity. 3. What plant did Mendel use for his hereditary experiments? 4. Name the 7 characteristics, giving

More information

Genetics and Human Inheritance

Genetics and Human Inheritance BIOLOGY OF HUMANS Concepts, Applications, and Issues Fifth Edition Judith Goodenough Betty McGuire 20 Genetics and Human Inheritance Lecture Presentation Anne Gasc Hawaii Pacific University and University

More information

Genetics II: Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory

Genetics II: Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory Genetics II: Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory An individual has two copies of each particle of inheritance (gene). These two copies separate during the formation of gametes and come together when the

More information

Gen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce

Gen e e n t e i t c c V a V ri r abi b li l ty Biolo l gy g Lec e tur u e e 9 : 9 Gen e et e ic I n I her e itan a ce Genetic Variability Biology 102 Lecture 9: Genetic Inheritance Asexual reproduction = daughter cells genetically identical to parent (clones) Sexual reproduction = offspring are genetic hybrids Tendency

More information

The information in this document is meant to cover topic 4 and topic 10 of the IB syllabus. Details of meiosis are found in Notes for Cells.

The information in this document is meant to cover topic 4 and topic 10 of the IB syllabus. Details of meiosis are found in Notes for Cells. The information in this document is meant to cover topic 4 and topic 10 of the IB syllabus. Details of meiosis are found in Notes for Cells. Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk, who,

More information

Genetics. Genetics- is the study of all manifestation of inheritance from the distributions of traits to the molecules of the gene itself

Genetics. Genetics- is the study of all manifestation of inheritance from the distributions of traits to the molecules of the gene itself What is Genetics? Genetics Mapping of genes Basis of life Inheritable traits Abnormalities Disease Development DNA RNA Proteins Central dogma - Watson & Crick Genes- segments of DNA that code for proteins

More information

Mendel and the Gene Idea

Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 4 Mendel and the Gene Idea PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan

More information

Q.2: Write whether the statement is true or false. Correct the statement if it is false.

Q.2: Write whether the statement is true or false. Correct the statement if it is false. Solved Exercise Biology (II) Q.1: Fill In the blanks. i. is the basic unit of biological information. ii. A sudden change in the structure of a gene is called. iii. is the chance of an event to occur.

More information

EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics

EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics EOC Review Reporting Category 2 Mechanisms of Genetics The student will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of genetics. Langham Creek High School 2012-2013 By PresenterMedia.com TEK 6A Identify

More information

Mendelian Genetics. What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work?

Mendelian Genetics. What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work? Mendelian Genetics What is Gregor Mendel known for and what organism did he use? When did Mendel conduct most of his work? What Mendel called particles are actually Define the following: Trait- Heredity-

More information

Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea

Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Name Period If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics.

More information

Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance

Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance Chp 10 Patterns of Inheritance Dogs, one of human s longest genetic experiments Over 1,000 s of years, humans have chosen and mated dogs with specific traits. A process called -artificial selection The

More information

Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance

Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance Chapter 14. Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance 1 Extending Mendelian genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled by a single gene each gene has only

More information

Table of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology

Table of Contents. Chapter: Heredity. Section 1: Genetics. Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel. Section 3: Biotechnology Table of Contents Chapter: Heredity Section 1: Genetics Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel Section 3: Biotechnology 1 Genetics Inheriting Traits Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are

More information

Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance

Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance Chapter 14. Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance Modified from Kim Foglia Extending Mendelian genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled by a single

More information

Genetics. Biology. vocabulary terms

Genetics. Biology. vocabulary terms Genetics Biology vocabulary terms INHERITANCE or HEREDITY- The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring, such as hair, eye, and skin color. 1 vocabulary terms HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME-

More information

Yesterday s Picture UNIT 3D

Yesterday s Picture UNIT 3D Warm-Up Predict the results of a dihybrid cross between QqHh and QqHh parents if the Q and H genes are very close together on the same chromosome. (LO 3.15) (LO 3.17) Yesterday s Picture Mitochondria

More information

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

GENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a

GENETICS. I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide chains wrap around each other to form a GENETICS I. Review of DNA/RNA A. Basic Structure DNA 3 parts that make up a nucleotide 1. 2. 3. chains wrap around each other to form a Chains run in opposite direction known as Type of bond between the

More information

We can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.

We can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation. AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,

More information

Linkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes. Ch. 6

Linkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes. Ch. 6 Linkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes Ch. 6 1 LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER! In eukaryotic species, each linear chromosome contains a long piece of DNA A typical chromosome contains many hundred or even

More information

Exam 1 Answers Biology 210 Sept. 20, 2006

Exam 1 Answers Biology 210 Sept. 20, 2006 Exam Answers Biology 20 Sept. 20, 2006 Name: Section:. (5 points) Circle the answer that gives the maximum number of different alleles that might exist for any one locus in a normal mammalian cell. A.

More information

Introduction. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Introduction. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction It was not until 1900 that biology finally caught up with Gregor Mendel. 3 guys made him famous. Factors = genes located on chromosomes, which are made of the chemical DNA, whose function

More information

& Practice

& Practice IB BIOLOGY 4.1-4.3 & 10.1-10.3 Practice 1. Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked condition. Which of the following always shows normal vision? (HL p1 May09 TZ1 q11) A. A homozygous male B. A homozygous

More information

Biology Mrs. Howe Tues, 2/7 Agenda New Seats Bioethical Decision Making Model (pg. 1-2)-> due Block 1

Biology Mrs. Howe Tues, 2/7 Agenda New Seats Bioethical Decision Making Model (pg. 1-2)-> due Block 1 Biology Mrs. Howe Tues, 2/7 New Seats Bioethical Decision Making Model (pg. 1-2)-> due Block 1 Start fresh with semester 2 and our next unit. Due Today: None Announcements: Have you checked your Semester

More information

Genetics Patterns of Inheritance. Biology 20

Genetics Patterns of Inheritance. Biology 20 Genetics Patterns of Inheritance Biology 20 Genetics Study of heredity Aristotle Pangenes Von Leewenhoek Homounculus de Graff ovarian follicle is a miniature person Blended Theory Genetic material mixes

More information

12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Locating Genes

More information

MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRINGS & HEREDITARY VARIATION IN LIVING ORGANISMS BY DESCENT.

MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRINGS & HEREDITARY VARIATION IN LIVING ORGANISMS BY DESCENT. VARIATIONS & PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE BY:- HIMANSHU LATAWA BIOLOGY LECTURER G.G.S.S.SCHOOL, SIRHIND MANDI anshu223@gmail.com GENETICS: SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERS FROM

More information

Dr. Mallery Biology Workshop Fall Semester CELL REPRODUCTION and MENDELIAN GENETICS

Dr. Mallery Biology Workshop Fall Semester CELL REPRODUCTION and MENDELIAN GENETICS Dr. Mallery Biology 150 - Workshop Fall Semester CELL REPRODUCTION and MENDELIAN GENETICS CELL REPRODUCTION The goal of today's exercise is for you to look at mitosis and meiosis and to develop the ability

More information

Solve Mendelian Genetics Problems

Solve Mendelian Genetics Problems Solve Problems Free PDF ebook Download: Solve Problems Download or Read Online ebook solve mendelian genetics problems in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database AP Biology I ' Cate. PRACTICE 1: BASIC.

More information

Chapter 6 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

Chapter 6 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes Chapter 6 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes Early Observations By 1903 Sutton pointed out likelihood that there were many more unit factors than chromosomes in most species Shortly, observations

More information

Biology Slide 1 of 18

Biology Slide 1 of 18 Biology 1 of 18 11-5 Linkage and Gene Maps 2 of 18 Gene Linkage What structures actually assort independently? 3 of 18 Gene Linkage Gene Linkage Thomas Hunt Morgan s research on fruit flies led him to

More information

6.5. Traits and Probability. Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses.

6.5. Traits and Probability. Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses. 6.5 Traits and Probability VOCABULARY Punnett square monohybrid cross testcross dihybrid cross law o independent assortment probability Key Concept The inheritance o traits ollows the rules o probability.

More information

Chromosomal Inheritance

Chromosomal Inheritance Chromosomal Inheritance 1. Explain how the observations of cytologists and geneticists provided the basis for the chromosome theory of inheritance. TT X tt 2. Describe the contributions that Thomas Hunt

More information

Review. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above?

Review. 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance. 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? Review 0 Genotype: alleles that are present 0 Phenotype: physical appearance 0 Rr 0 RR 0 rr 0 If Red is dominant to white, what is the phenotype of the above? 2 Vocab to Remember! 0 Allele 0 Gene 0 Trait

More information

Dr. Ramesh. GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance

Dr. Ramesh. GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Dr. Ramesh GRU2L10.1 Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Do Now! Directions: Answer the following questions. The trait for brown eyes is dominant to the trait for blue eyes. A man who is heterozygous

More information

-Genes on the same chromosome are called linked. Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed.

-Genes on the same chromosome are called linked. Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed. Linkage -Genes on the same chromosome are called linked Human -23 pairs of chromosomes, ~35,000 different genes expressed. - average of 1,500 genes/chromosome Following Meiosis Parental chromosomal types

More information

DNA segment: T A C T G T G G C A A A

DNA segment: T A C T G T G G C A A A DNA Structure, Replication, Protein Synthesis & Name Period Genetics Study Guide Chapter 12 and 13 Structure of DNA and Protein Synthesis 1. What macromolecule is coded for by genes located on DNA? Provide

More information

Modes of Inheritance Adapted by Ellen G. Dow for QBIC Genetics Lab 2017

Modes of Inheritance Adapted by Ellen G. Dow for QBIC Genetics Lab 2017 Modes of Inheritance Adapted by Ellen G. Dow for QBIC Genetics Lab 2017 I. The Laws of Mendelian inheritance Learning objectives: Determine phenotypes and genotypes of organisms in different scenarios.

More information

LECTURE 5: LINKAGE AND GENETIC MAPPING

LECTURE 5: LINKAGE AND GENETIC MAPPING LECTURE 5: LINKAGE AND GENETIC MAPPING Reading: Ch. 5, p. 113-131 Problems: Ch. 5, solved problems I, II; 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, 5.7 5.9, 5-12, 5-16a; 5-17 5-19, 5-21; 5-22a-e; 5-23 The dihybrid crosses that we

More information

PED'IGREE, n. from L. pes,pedis, foot. Lineage; line of ancestors from which a person or tribe descends; genealogy.

PED'IGREE, n. from L. pes,pedis, foot. Lineage; line of ancestors from which a person or tribe descends; genealogy. Also review list of objectives, notes, textbook, and homework assignments 1. Animals can teach us genetics. Match Heterozygotes exhibit two distinct proteins on red blood cells Show a dominant and recessive

More information

Population and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Population and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.

More information

Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations. 1. Populations & Gene Pools. Populations & Gene Pools 12/2/ Populations and Gene Pools

Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations. 1. Populations & Gene Pools. Populations & Gene Pools 12/2/ Populations and Gene Pools Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations 1. Populations and Gene Pools 2. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 3. A Closer Look at Natural Selection 1. Populations & Gene Pools Chapter Reading pp. 481-484, 488-491

More information

Answers to additional linkage problems.

Answers to additional linkage problems. Spring 2013 Biology 321 Answers to Assignment Set 8 Chapter 4 http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/iga_10e_sm_chapter_04.pdf Answers to additional linkage problems. Problem -1 In this cell, there two copies

More information

DNA/Genetics Test 2016

DNA/Genetics Test 2016 N/Genetics Test 2016 Name: ate: 1. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?. N Protein RN. Protein RN N. RN Protein N. N RN Protein

More information

Chapter Extending Mendelian Genetics. Incomplete Dominance. Incomplete Dominance. R = red R = white. Incomplete Dominance (alt)

Chapter Extending Mendelian Genetics. Incomplete Dominance. Incomplete Dominance. R = red R = white. Incomplete Dominance (alt) female / eggs Colonie High AP Biology Chapter 12.2 12.3 Beyond Mendel s Laws of Inheritance Etending Mendelian Genetics Mendel worked with a simple system peas are genetically simple most traits are controlled

More information

Genetics - Problem Drill 05: Genetic Mapping: Linkage and Recombination

Genetics - Problem Drill 05: Genetic Mapping: Linkage and Recombination Genetics - Problem Drill 05: Genetic Mapping: Linkage and Recombination No. 1 of 10 1. A corn geneticist crossed a crinkly dwarf (cr) and male sterile (ms) plant; The F1 are male fertile with normal height.

More information

Mendelian problems done.notebook

Mendelian problems done.notebook Mendelian Genetics Problems hen a genetic cross occurs beteen the gametes of to individuals, there are a number of possible combinations for the arrangement of alleles in the offspring. e can easily organize

More information

DO NOT OPEN UNTIL TOLD TO START

DO NOT OPEN UNTIL TOLD TO START DO NOT OPEN UNTIL TOLD TO START BIO 312, Section 1, Spring 2011 February 21, 2011 Exam 1 Name (print neatly) Instructor 7 digit student ID INSTRUCTIONS: 1. There are 11 pages to the exam. Make sure you

More information

1a. What is the ratio of feathered to unfeathered shanks in the offspring of the above cross?

1a. What is the ratio of feathered to unfeathered shanks in the offspring of the above cross? Problem Set 5 answers 1. Whether or not the shanks of chickens contains feathers is due to two independently assorting genes. Individuals have unfeathered shanks when they are homozygous for recessive

More information

Exploring Mendelian Genetics

Exploring Mendelian Genetics Exploring Mendelian Genetics GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the. expression of genes = Nature vs Nurture Genes provide the plan for development, but how plan unfolds

More information

four chromosomes ` four chromosomes correct markers (sister chromatids identical!)

four chromosomes ` four chromosomes correct markers (sister chromatids identical!) Name KEY total=107 pts 1. Genes G and H are on one chromosome; gene F is on another chromosome. Assume the organism is diploid and that there is no crossing over in this species. You are examining the

More information

Name: Class: Biology Weekly Packet January th, 2013 Tuesday January 22, 2013

Name: Class: Biology Weekly Packet January th, 2013 Tuesday January 22, 2013 Name: Class: Biology Weekly Packet January 22-25 th, 2013 Tuesday January 22, 2013 Graphs The x- axis is horizontal and is the dependent variable. The y- axis is vertical and is the independent variable.

More information

October 16, Unit 5 Heredity 1. What is Heredity. Agenda 1. Warm-up 2. Mendlian Notes pg Lets Practice pg 7

October 16, Unit 5 Heredity 1. What is Heredity. Agenda 1. Warm-up 2. Mendlian Notes pg Lets Practice pg 7 October 16, 2017 Unit 5 Heredity 1. What is Heredity the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Agenda 1. Warm-up 2. Mendlian Notes pg 5-6 3. Lets

More information

Genetics, Inheritance & Variation

Genetics, Inheritance & Variation Page 1 of 19 Basic Science/Genetics Cardiology News and Updates for Physicians www.heartlinx.com More Efficient sirna ShortCut RNase III converts dsrna to potent sirna in 20 minutes www.neb.com Proven

More information

SOLUZIONE DEL LEARN BY DOING

SOLUZIONE DEL LEARN BY DOING Sadava, Hillis, Heller, Berenbaum La nuova biologia.blu SOLUZIONE DEL LEARN BY DOING Di seguito sono riportate le soluzioni degli esercizi delle sezioni Learn by doing, esercizi con approccio CLIL dei

More information

Reproduction, Heredity, & Molecular Genetics. A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides

Reproduction, Heredity, & Molecular Genetics. A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides Name: Date: 1. A strand of DNA consists of thousands of smaller, repeating units known as A. lipids B. amino acids C. nucleotides D. polysaccarides 2. Which two bases are present in equal amounts in a

More information

ch03 Student: If a phenotype is controlled by the genotypes at two different loci the interaction of these genes is called

ch03 Student: If a phenotype is controlled by the genotypes at two different loci the interaction of these genes is called ch03 Student: 1. Which of the following is not a phenotypic description of allele interactions affecting the expression of traits? incomplete dominance codominance polymorphic multifactorial E. pleiotrophic

More information

wheat yield (tonnes ha 1 ) year Key: total yield contribution to yield made by selective breeding Fig. 4.1

wheat yield (tonnes ha 1 ) year Key: total yield contribution to yield made by selective breeding Fig. 4.1 1 Wheat is an important food crop in many European countries. Developments in farming allowed the yield of wheat produced by farms in the UK to increase rapidly in the second half of the 20th century.

More information

Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Complex Patterns of Inheritance CHAPTER 6 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Specific Expectations In this chapter, you will learn how to... D1.1 analyze, on the basis of research, some of the social and ethical implications of research

More information

LAB. POPULATION GENETICS. 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

LAB. POPULATION GENETICS. 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Period Date LAB. POPULATION GENETICS PRE-LAB 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 2. List and briefly explain the 5 conditions that need to be met to maintain a

More information

AP Biology. Gregor Mendel. Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics. Mendel s work. Looking closer at Mendel s work. What did Mendel s findings mean?

AP Biology. Gregor Mendel. Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics. Mendel s work. Looking closer at Mendel s work. What did Mendel s findings mean? Chater 14. Mendel & Genetics Gregor Mendel Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in eas used eerimental method used quantitative

More information

Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart

Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart Student s Name Date Class Student Sheet 1.1: KWL Chart Topic: K W L What do you Know? What do you Want to know? What did you Learn? Lesson 1 / Pre-Assessment: Genes and Molecular Machines Student s Name

More information

Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster. By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno

Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster. By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno Indentification and Mapping of Unknown Mutations in the Fruit Fly in Drosophila melanogaster By Michael Tekin and Vincent Saraceno Bilology 332 Section 2 December 5, 2012 Abstract The code of the unknown

More information

Genetic Problems (II) TWO or MORE GENE INHERITANCE

Genetic Problems (II) TWO or MORE GENE INHERITANCE Genetic Problems (II) TWO or MORE GENE INHERITANCE 1. What are the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios in the F1 generation? dominant to long hair guinea pigs. a. P= Pure bred black, short hair mated

More information

The Genetics of Parenthood FACE LAB

The Genetics of Parenthood FACE LAB The Genetics of Parenthood FACE LAB Introduction to the Teacher This is a simulation that easily captures student interest, and can be varied to meet different ability levels. Making the assumption that

More information

17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST

17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Topic 17 INHERITANCE 17.1 Variation, 17.2 Chromosomes and DNA, 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance, 17.4 Selection, 17.5 Genetic Engineering SUFEATIN SURHAN BIOLOGY MSPSBS 2010 SYLLABUS CHECKLIST Candidates should

More information