1.) Draw the structure of guanine. Indicate where the hydrogen bonds form with cytosine. (4pts)
|
|
- Warren Neal
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Name Student ID# p 1.) Draw the structure of guanine. Indicate where the hydrogen bonds form with cytosine. (4pts) hydrogen bonds form at these sites O HN HN H N N R Microbial Genetics BIO 410/510 Fall Quarter 2007 Exam I 2.) Thermosensitive mutations exist for several of the E. coli proteins associated with DNA replication. Describe the role that each of the following proteins play during semiconservative replication AND predict what would happen to replication if that protein were inactivated. EXPLAIN your rationale. (10pts) DnaB helicase: separates and unwinds the two strands DNA as replication progresses. Following DnaB inactivation, the replication fork would rapidly be arrested. DnaG primase: Repeatedly synthesizes a short RNA primer that allows the lagging strand polymerase to reinitiate on the lagging strand template. Following DnaG inactivation, the replication fork would either arrest or, if it continued, the lagging strand synthesis would not occur. DNA Ligase: Joins the Okazaki fragments on the nascent lagging strand following synthesis. Following inactivation of DNA Ligase, the synthesis on the nascent lagging strand would remain discontinuous (contain nicks). Pol I: Removes the RNA primer on each Okazaki fragment and resynthesizes it with DNA on the lagging strand. Following inactivation of Pol I, the synthesis on the nascent lagging strand would remain discontinuous (contain nicks). DNA Gyrase topoisomerase: Relieves the positive supercoiling induced by replication forks progressing along the DNA. Following inactivation of DNA Gyrase, replication would arrest as the supercoiling stress would prevent further DNA winding (replication fork progression) from occurring.
2 Name page 2 3.) Escherichia coli replication machinery makes a mistake about once every times it incorporates a nucleotide. E. coli O157 is a pathogenic strain that was isolated from hamburgers at Jack in the Box restaurants in the late 1990 s. It caused severe fevers and death in several customers. Its genome contains approximately 5 * 10 6 basepairs. How many changes (mutations) would be expected to occur in its genome each time it replicates? Show your work. (3pts) (5 * 10 6 bases / genome) * (1 error/ 1 * bases) = (5 * 10 6 bases / genome) * (1 error/ 1 * bases) = 5 * 10-4 errors / genome 4.) The actual error (mutation) rate per cell division in E. coli strain O157 was measured and it was found to make a mistake about once every 10 6 times it incorporates a nucleotide. How many changes (mutations) occur in its genome each time it replicates? Show your work. (2pts) (5 * 10 6 bases / genome) * (1 error/ 1 * 10 6 bases) = (5 * 10 6 bases / genome) * (1 error/ 1 * 10 6 bases) = 5 * errors / genome 5.) The muts gene of E. coli O157 is inactivated by a mutation. MutS is part of the methyl directed mismatch repair system. Describe how DNA methylation allows replication to correct errors that were made during replication. (4pts) Methylation occurs at GATC sites on the DNA. Since the methylation process takes some time to occur, the methyl-directed mismatch repair system is able to identify which strand is the newly replicated (unmethylated) strand of the DNA. Mismatched base pairs are then excised from the unmethylated, daughter strand and the region is then re-replicated to correct the error. 6.) The E. coli origin or replication contains multiple DnaA boxes and AT-rich 13-mers. Describe what role each of these plays in the initiation of replication? (5pts) Multiple DnaA proteins bind in a sequence specific manner to the DnaA boxes and associated with each other. The DnaA binding induces stress on the surrounding helical DNA regions and promote strand separation at the AT-rich regions. These single stranded regions then serve as the binding sites for the delivery and loading of the DnaB helicase by DnaC to initiate the subsequent steps of establishing the replication forks.
3 Name page 3 A soil bacteria that was isolated replicates in every 10 hours when grown in lab cultures. To examine whether replication occurs conservatively or semiconservatively in this bacteria, you decide to utilize a variation of the approach that Meselson-Stahl originally used to examine this question in E. coli. For your controls, you grow the bacteria in two separate culture media for several generations. C1.) One culture is grown in normal media C2.) The other culture is grown in media that contains 5-bromouracil, an analog of thymine that has a much higher buoyant density. For your experimental analysis, you inoculate a third culture of the bacteria in normal media and allow it to grow for 2 days. At this time, you then transfer the cells into media containing 5- bromouracil. To examine the mode of replication, you collect a portion of the cells E1) immediately after changing the media, E2) 10 hours after you changed the media, and E3) 20 hours after you changed the media. You then lyse the cells and load the cell lysates (and DNA) from each sample in neutral CsCl gradients before centrifuging them to equilibrium. The results of your controls, C1 and C2, are shown below. 7.) On the tubes below, 8.) On the tubes below, clearly indicate where the clearly indicate where the DNA would be expected to DNA would be expected to appear if the bacteria replicate appear if the bacteria replicate conservatively? (5pts) semi-conservatively? (5pts) C1 Normal media C2 5-bromouracil media 0 hrs 10 hrs 20 hrs 0 hrs 10 hrs 20 hrs E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3
4 Name page 4 9.) What DNA sequences are important for factor independent transcriptional termination? How are these thought to promote transcription termination? (3pts) Termination by this mechanism relies upon an inverted repeat sequence that is followed by a stretch of UUUUs in the RNA transcript. Transcription of the inverted repeats produces a hairpin in the RNA that destabilizes the RNA polymerase enough to dissociate it when followed by a string of UA base pairs in the transcription bubble. The UA base pairs are less stable than GC base pairs due to the lower number of hydrogen bonds formed between these base pairs. 10.) What DNA sequences are important for factor dependent transcriptional termination? How are these thought to promote transcription termination? (3pts) Factor dependant termination occurs when a protein factor, such a Rho, binds to a specific sequence on the RNA transcript. In the case of Rho, the rut sequence is bound. The Rho factor is an RNA helicase that, in effect, chases or follows the RNA polymerase and dislodges it at specific pause sites downstream on the transcript. Since Rho can only bind to rut when translation is not "hiding" the rut sequence, this also provides a mechanism to regulate the transcription of polycistronic messages. 11.) Briefly describe (or draw) the events involved during translation elongation (do not include events that are associated specifically with initiation or termination). Include the following terms, if appropriate (not all terms are appropriate). TATA Box, 30S Subunit, 50S Subunit, 70S Subunit, RNA Polymerase, Shine Delgarno, rho, ATP, GTP, formylmethionine, P site, A site, RF1, IF3 and IF1, IF2, EF-Tu, EF-G, t-rna, sigma factor. (6pts) A. EF-Tu loads a charged trna into the empty A site of the 30S ribosome subunit using GTP as an energy source. (EF-Ts then exchanges the GDP for GTP on Ef-Tu to "recharge" the enzyme for the next round. B. The polypeptide attached to the trna in the P site is transferred (bonded) to the amino acid-trna in the A site using a peptidyltransferase activity found on the 50S subunit. C. GTP charged EF-G powers the ribosome forward moving the trna containing the polypeptide into the P site. (The cycle then repeats.) You ve identified a small gene from a strain of Streptomyces whose expression prevents other bacteria from growing when Streptomyces is present. You are interested in this peptide because of its potential as a new antimicrobial agent. The entire open reading frame (ie. the TRANSLATED portion of the mrna transcript has following the sequence: 5' GUG AUC AUU AUA ACU ACC ACA ACG UAA 3' 12.) Using the table for the genetic code and your knowledge of how translation occurs, translate the given DNA sequence into its appropriate amino acids. (4pts) fmet-ile-ile-ile-thr-thr-thr-thr 13.) What s the absolute minimum number of different trna molecules that would be needed to translate this peptide? Why? (2pts) At least three, an initiation trna, an Ile-tRNA and a Thr-tRNA. The wobble position of an anticodon on a given trna may recognize multiple bases, meaning that the same trna may deliver a given amino acid to codon sequences that differ at the wobble position.
5 Name page 5 The gene below encodes Homo sapiens coagulation factor III, a cell surface glycoprotein that enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascade. This protein is the only one in the coagulation pathway for which a congenital deficiency has not been described. Your working for a biotech company that is interested in producing drugs to treat specific forms of hemophelia. Your task is to clone this gene into an expression vector as a potential mode of treatment. 1 gggggggggg cccccgcgca ccccctcgca ctccctctgg ccggcccagg gcgccttcag 61 cccaacctcc ccagccccac gggcgccacg gaacccgctc gatctcgccg ccaactggta 121 gacatggaga cccctgcctg gccccgggtc ccgcgccccg agaccgccgt cgctcggacg 181 ctcctgctcg gctgggtctt cgcccaggtg gccggcgctt caggcactac aaatactgtg 241 gcagcatata atttaacttg gaaatcaact aatttcaaga caattttgga gtgggaaccc 301 aaacccgtca atcaagtcta cactgttcaa ataagcacta agtcaggaga ttggaaaagc 361 aaatgctttt acacaacaga cacagagtgt gacctcaccg acgagattgt gaaggatgtg 421 aagcagacgt acttggcacg ggtcttctcc tacccggcag ggaatgtgga gagcaccggt 481 tctgctgggg agcctctgta tgagaactcc ccagagttca caccttacct ggagacaaac 541 ctcggacagc caacaattca gagttttgaa caggtgggaa caaaagtgaa tgtgaccgta 601 gaagatgaac ggactttagt cagaaggaac aacactttcc taagcctccg ggatgttttt 661 ggcaaggact taatttatac actttattat tggaaatctt caagttcagg aaagaaaaca 721 gccaaaacaa acactaatga gtttttgatt gatgtggata aaggagaaaa ctactgtttc 781 agtgttcaag cagtgattcc ctcccgaaca gttaaccgga agagtacaga cagcccggta 841 gagtgtatgg gccaggagaa aggggaattc agagaaatat tctacatcat tggagctgtg 901 gtatttgtgg tcatcatcct tgtcatcatc ctggctatat ctctacacaa gtgtagaaag 961 gcaggagtgg ggcagagctg gaaggagaac tccccactga atgtttcata aaggaagcac 1021 tgttggagct actgcaaatg ctatattgca ctgtgaccga gaacttttaa gaggatagaa 1081 tacatggaaa cgcaaatgag tatttcggag catgaagacc ctggagttca aaaaactctt 1141 gatatgacct gttattacca ttagcattct ggttttgaca tcagcattag tcactttgaa 1201 atgtaacgaa tggtactaca accaattcca agttttaatt tttaacacca tggcaccttt 1261 tgcacataac atgctttaga ttatatattc cgcacttaag gattaaccag gtcgtccaag 1321 caaaaacaaa tgggaaaatg tcttaaaaaa tcctgggtgg acttttgaaa agcttttttt 1381 tttttttttt tttgagacgg agtcttgctc tgttgcccag gctggagtgc agtagcacga 1441 tctcggctca cttgcaccct ccgtctctcg ggttcaagca attgtctgcc tcagcctccc 1501 gagtagctgg gattacaggt gcgcactacc acgccaagct aatttttgta ttttttagta 1561 gagatggggt ttcaccatct tggccaggct ggtcttgaat tcctgacctc agtgatccac 1621 ccaccttggc ctcccaaaga tgctagtatt atgggcgtga accaccatgc ccagccgaaa 1681 agcttttgag gggctgactt caatccatgt aggaaagtaa aatggaagga aattgggtgc 1741 atttctagga cttttctaac atatgtctat aatatagtgt ttaggttctt ttttttttca 1801 ggaatacatt tggaaattca aaacaattgg gcaaactttg tattaatgtg ttaagtgcag 1861 gagacattgg tattctgggc agcttcctaa tatgctttac aatctgcact ttaactgact 1921 taagtggcat taaacatttg agagctaact atatttttat aagactacta tacaaactac 1981 agagtttatg atttaaggta cttaaagctt ctatggttga cattgtatat ataatttttt 2041 aaaaaggttt ttctatatgg ggattttcta tttatgtagg taatattgtt ctatttgtat 2101 atattgagat aatttattta atatacttta aataaaggtg actggaaaaa tttttttttt 14.) Design two 15 base primers that you could use in a PCR reaction to amplify this gene from human cells? (4pts) 5 GGG GGG GGG GCC CCC 3 5 AAA AAA AAA ATT TTT 3 15.) You know that you will need to clone your PCR product into a BamHI restriction site, GGATCC, found on the expression vector. Modify your primers below such that you will be able to easily clone the PCR product into a BamHI site on an expression vector. (3pts) 5 NNN NNN GGA TCC- GGG GGG GGG GCC CCC 3 5 NNN NNN GGA TCC- AAA AAA AAA ATT TTT 3 16.) The human genome contains 3.3*10 9 basepairs. Is the 15 base sequence of your primer likely to be unique in the human genome? On average, how many times would your primer sequence be found on the human genome? Show your work (4pts) 4 possible bases at every position so a sequence 15 bases long would be found every 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 bases 4 15 bases = a specific15 base sequence would be found once in every 1,073,741,824 bases. With 3.3 * 10 9 bases in the human genome a specific 15 base sequence would appear, on average, 3.3 * 10 9 bases/ 1.07 * 10 9 bases = 3.08 times so its not long enough to be unique.
6 Name page 6 Your biotech company is using 4 different experimental cloning vectors called pexpress1, pexpress2, pexpress3, and pexpress4. All the vectors have similar constructions (shown to the right). However, the cloning region on each vector is slightly different. Each of the vector cloning regions is shown below. 18.) For each vector, determine if the Coagulation factor III product is likely to be expressed when your PCR product is cloned into the Bam HI site. Explain Why or Why not in each case. (8 pts) ampicillin resistance Cloning Region pexpress Vectors origin of replication BamHI site GGA TCC Promoter consensus Shine Delgarno sequence ATG Stop codons UAA UAG Cloning Region of pexpress 1 Transcription termination sequences pexpress1: Coagulation factor III product will not be expressed when the PCR product is cloned into the Bam HI site because the gene will be upstream of the promoter and ribosome binding site that are needed for transcription and translation to occur. Shine Delgarno sequence Promoter consensus ATG BamHI site GGA TCC Stop codons UAA UAG Cloning Region of pexpress 2 Transcription termination sequences pexpress2: Coagulation factor III product will not be expressed when the PCR product is cloned into the Bam HI site because the ribosome binding site that is needed for transcription is upstream of the transcriptional promoter. Thus the mrna containing the gene will not be translated because it does not contain the Shine Delgarno sequence. Promoter consensus Shine Delgarno sequence ATG BamHI site GGA TCC Stop codons UAA UAG Cloning Region of pexpress 3 Transcription termination sequences pexpress3: Coagulation factor III product will be expressed when the PCR product is cloned into the Bam HI site. The open reading frame, when cloned into the BamHI site, has a transcriptional promoter, the mrna have a ribosome binding site before the first start codon as well as additional stop codons prior to the end of the transcript. Promoter consensus Shine Delgarno sequence ATG BamHI site GGA TCC Transcription termination sequences Cloning Region of pexpress 4 Stop codons UAA UAG pexpress4: Coagulation factor III product will probably be expressed when the PCR product is cloned into the Bam HI site. If the open reading frame includes its own stop codon, the gene should be expressed normally.
7 Name page 7 The Luria-Delbruck experiment demonstrated that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophage T1 infection through random mutations, rather than through a directed change. You decide to try and see if the random mutation hypothesis also applies to how bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic, rifampicin. You do the following experiment. You inoculate 200 mls of media with a dilute bacterial culture. Then, you split the culture A) growing 100 mls in a single flask, and B) growing the other half in 100 separate, 1 ml test tubes. After allowing the cultures to grow for several hours, you spread A) 1ml aliquots from the single flask on 100 plates that contain rifampicin, and B) the 100 1ml cultures onto 100 plates that contain rifampicin. You allow each set to incubate overnight and count the number of rifampicin resistant colonies on each plate in the morning. Five representative plates from A) the single 100 ml flask are shown below: 19.) If mutations arose primarily through a process of directed change, CLEARLY diagram how you would expect to five representative plates to look from B) the 100 individually grown 1ml cultures. Explain why. (4pts) The experiment would predict that each cell has an equal probability of generating resistance to the antibiotic WHEN exposed to it. Since all cells were exposed to the antibiotic at the same time, each plate should have roughly equal numbers of mutations. 20.) If mutations primarily arose randomly within growing populations, CLEARLY diagram how you would expect to five representative plates to look from B) the 100 individually grown 1ml cultures. Explain why. (4pts) The experiment would predict that mutations occur randomly within the population prior to any exposure to the antibiotic...some of these mutations confer resistance to the antibiotic and depending on when they first occur in each culture, a given culture may have many (if the mutation occurred early) or few to no (if the mutation occurred late to never) resistant mutants. The number on each plate should vary significantly. 21.) Does this experiment involve positive or negative selection? (2 pts) positive selection 22.) If 20 out of your 100 plates of 1ml cultures had no colonies on them, and the cultures had 10 8 cells/ml, calculate the mutation rate (a) for generating resistence to rifampicin using the Poisson expression, where the probability of having i mutations per culture is represented by P (i) = ( m i e -m )/ i! and a = m/n. (5pts). 20 out of 100 cultures had 0 mutations. So the probability of having zero mutations (P i ) is 20/100, and i= 0 mutational events per culture in this situation.
8 Name page 8 P i = ( m i e -m )/ i! (20/100) = ( m 0 e -m )/ 0! 0.2 = ( 1 e -m )/ = e -m -ln(0.2) = m.916 = m 1.6 mutational events per culture and each culture has 1 x 10 8 cells a = m/n a = 1.6 mutational events/1 x 10 8 cells a = 1.6 x 10-8 rif R mutational events per cell division
9 Name page 9 Primer design (10pts): Design primers for recombineering that would delete the recf gene of E.coli and replace it with the catrsacb cassette from plasmid pel4. >E. coli EG10828 recf: 1074 bp - Recombination and repair g ccagagcgcggcttatgttgtcatgccaatgagactgta 1 - atg tcc ctc acc cgc ttg ttg atc cgc gat 31 - ttc cgc aac att gaa acc gcg gat ctc gcc 61 - tta tct ccc ggc ttt aac ttt ctg gta ggt 91 - gcc aac ggc agt ggc aaa acc agc gtg ctg gaa gcc atc tat acg ctc ggc cat ggt cgg gcg ttt cgc agt ttg cag att ggt cgc gtc att cgc cat gag cag gag gcg ttt gtt ctc cac ggg cga tta cag ggc gaa gag cgc gag aca gcg att ggc tta acc aaa gac aaa cag ggc gac agc aaa gtc cgc atc gac ggt aca gac ggg cat aag gtc gcg gaa ctg gcg cac ctg atg cca atg cag ttg ata acg cca gaa ggg ttt act tta ctc aac ggc ggc ccc aaa tac aga aga gca ttc ctc gac tgg gga tgc ttt cac aac gaa ccc gga ttt ttc acc gcc tgg agc aat ctc aag cga ttg ctc aag cag cgc aat gcg gcg ctg cgc cag gtg aca cgt tac gaa cag cta cgc ccg tgg gat aaa gag ctg atc ccg ctg gcg gag caa atc agc acc tgg cgc gcg gag tat agc gcc ggt atc gcg gcc gat atg gct gat acc tgt aag caa ttt ctc cct gag ttt tct ctg act ttc tct ttc cag cgc ggc tgg gag aaa gag aca gaa tat gct gag gtg ctg gaa cgt aat ttt gaa cgc gat cgc cag cta acc tac acc gcg cac ggc ccg cac aaa gcg gac tta cgc att cgc gcc gac ggt gcg ccg gtg gaa gat acc tta tcg cgt ggg cag ctt aag ctg ttg atg tgc gcc tta cgt ctg gcg caa gga gag ttc ctc acc cgt gaa agc ggg cgg cgg tgt ctc tac ctg ata gat gat ttt gcc tct gag ctt gat gat gag cgt cgc ggg ctg ctt gcc agc cgc tta aaa gcg acg caa tca cag gtc ttt gtc agc gcg atc agt gct gaa cac gtt ata gac atg tcg gac gaa aat tcg aag atg ttt acc gtg gaa aag ggt aaa ata acg gat taa cccaagtataaatgagcgagaaacgttgatgtcgaattc t Primers used to PCR amplify the cat-sacb cassette: Primer-L: CCTGTGACGGAAGATCACTTCG Primer-R: CTGAGGTTCTTATGGCTCTTG Forward primer: 5 gccagagcgcggcttatgttgtcatgccaatgagactgtacctgtgacggaagatcacttcg Reverse primer: 5 agaattcgacatcaacgtttctcgctcatttatacttgggctgaggttcttatggctcttg
Microbial Genetics Bi 410/510 Fall 2009 Exam I
Name Microbial Genetics Bi 410/510 Fall 2009 Exam I 1.) Draw the structure of guanine. Indicate where the hydrogen bonds form with cytosine. (5pts) 2.) Thermosensitive mutations exist for several of the
More informationMaterials Protein synthesis kit. This kit consists of 24 amino acids, 24 transfer RNAs, four messenger RNAs and one ribosome (see below).
Protein Synthesis Instructions The purpose of today s lab is to: Understand how a cell manufactures proteins from amino acids, using information stored in the genetic code. Assemble models of four very
More informationLecture 10, 20/2/2002: The process of solution development - The CODEHOP strategy for automatic design of consensus-degenerate primers for PCR
Lecture 10, 20/2/2002: The process of solution development - The CODEHOP strategy for automatic design of consensus-degenerate primers for PCR 1 The problem We wish to clone a yet unknown gene from a known
More informationORFs and genes. Please sit in row K or forward
ORFs and genes Please sit in row K or forward https://www.flickr.com/photos/teseum/3231682806/in/photostream/ Question: why do some strains of Vibrio cause cholera and others don t? Methods Mechanisms
More informationPGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells
Supplementary Information for: PGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells Ju Hye Jang 1, Hyun Kim 2, Mi Jung Jang 2, Ju Hyun Cho 1,2,* 1 Research Institute
More informationLecture 19A. DNA computing
Lecture 19A. DNA computing What exactly is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? DNA is the material that contains codes for the many physical characteristics of every living creature. Your cells use different
More informationDisease and selection in the human genome 3
Disease and selection in the human genome 3 Ka/Ks revisited Please sit in row K or forward RBFD: human populations, adaptation and immunity Neandertal Museum, Mettman Germany Sequence genome Measure expression
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Molecular BioSystems. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Electronic Supplementary Information Dissecting binding of a β-barrel outer membrane
More informationSupplemental Data Supplemental Figure 1.
Supplemental Data Supplemental Figure 1. Silique arrangement in the wild-type, jhs, and complemented lines. Wild-type (WT) (A), the jhs1 mutant (B,C), and the jhs1 mutant complemented with JHS1 (Com) (D)
More informationSupplement 1: Sequences of Capture Probes. Capture probes were /5AmMC6/CTG TAG GTG CGG GTG GAC GTA GTC
Supplementary Appendixes Supplement 1: Sequences of Capture Probes. Capture probes were /5AmMC6/CTG TAG GTG CGG GTG GAC GTA GTC ACG TAG CTC CGG CTG GA-3 for vimentin, /5AmMC6/TCC CTC GCG CGT GGC TTC CGC
More informationSAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity by Larry Flammer
TEACHER S GUIDE SAY IT WITH DNA: Protein Synthesis Activity by Larry Flammer SYNOPSIS This activity uses the metaphor of decoding a secret message for the Protein Synthesis process. Students teach themselves
More informationArabidopsis actin depolymerizing factor AtADF4 mediates defense signal transduction triggered by the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPphB
Arabidopsis actin depolymerizing factor mediates defense signal transduction triggered by the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPphB Files in this Data Supplement: Supplemental Table S1 Supplemental Table
More informationSupplementary. Table 1: Oligonucleotides and Plasmids. complementary to positions from 77 of the SRα '- GCT CTA GAG AAC TTG AAG TAC AGA CTG C
Supplementary Table 1: Oligonucleotides and Plasmids 913954 5'- GCT CTA GAG AAC TTG AAG TAC AGA CTG C 913955 5'- CCC AAG CTT ACA GTG TGG CCA TTC TGC TG 223396 5'- CGA CGC GTA CAG TGT GGC CAT TCT GCT G
More informationCat. # Product Size DS130 DynaExpress TA PCR Cloning Kit (ptakn-2) 20 reactions Box 1 (-20 ) ptakn-2 Vector, linearized 20 µl (50 ng/µl) 1
Product Name: Kit Component TA PCR Cloning Kit (ptakn-2) Cat. # Product Size DS130 TA PCR Cloning Kit (ptakn-2) 20 reactions Box 1 (-20 ) ptakn-2 Vector, linearized 20 µl (50 ng/µl) 1 2 Ligation Buffer
More informationFigure S1. Characterization of the irx9l-1 mutant. (A) Diagram of the Arabidopsis IRX9L gene drawn based on information from TAIR (the Arabidopsis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure S1. Characterization of the irx9l-1 mutant. (A) Diagram of the Arabidopsis IRX9L gene drawn based on information from TAIR (the Arabidopsis Information Research). Exons
More informationSupporting Information. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2006
Supporting Information Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, 2006 Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, 2006 Supporting Information for Expanding the Genetic
More informationSupporting information for Biochemistry, 1995, 34(34), , DOI: /bi00034a013
Supporting information for Biochemistry, 1995, 34(34), 10807 10815, DOI: 10.1021/bi00034a013 LESNIK 10807-1081 Terms & Conditions Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription
More informationGenomics and Gene Recognition Genes and Blue Genes
Genomics and Gene Recognition Genes and Blue Genes November 1, 2004 Prokaryotic Gene Structure prokaryotes are simplest free-living organisms studying prokaryotes can give us a sense what is the minimum
More informationNAME:... MODEL ANSWER... STUDENT NUMBER:... Maximum marks: 50. Internal Examiner: Hugh Murrell, Computer Science, UKZN
COMP710, Bioinformatics with Julia, Test One, Thursday the 20 th of April, 2017, 09h30-11h30 1 NAME:...... MODEL ANSWER... STUDENT NUMBER:...... Maximum marks: 50 Internal Examiner: Hugh Murrell, Computer
More informationMultiplexing Genome-scale Engineering
Multiplexing Genome-scale Engineering Harris Wang, Ph.D. Department of Systems Biology Department of Pathology & Cell Biology http://wanglab.c2b2.columbia.edu Rise of Genomics An Expanding Toolbox Esvelt
More informationTable S1. Bacterial strains (Related to Results and Experimental Procedures)
Table S1. Bacterial strains (Related to Results and Experimental Procedures) Strain number Relevant genotype Source or reference 1045 AB1157 Graham Walker (Donnelly and Walker, 1989) 2458 3084 (MG1655)
More informationSupplemental Data. mir156-regulated SPL Transcription. Factors Define an Endogenous Flowering. Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana
Cell, Volume 138 Supplemental Data mir156-regulated SPL Transcription Factors Define an Endogenous Flowering Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana Jia-Wei Wang, Benjamin Czech, and Detlef Weigel Table S1. Interaction
More informationAdd 5µl of 3N NaOH to DNA sample (final concentration 0.3N NaOH).
Bisulfite Treatment of DNA Dilute DNA sample to 2µg DNA in 50µl ddh 2 O. Add 5µl of 3N NaOH to DNA sample (final concentration 0.3N NaOH). Incubate in a 37ºC water bath for 30 minutes. To 55µl samples
More informationHes6. PPARα. PPARγ HNF4 CD36
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary Table Positions and Sequences of ChIP primers -63 AGGTCACTGCCA -79 AGGTCTGCTGTG Hes6-0067 GGGCAaAGTTCA ACOT -395 GGGGCAgAGTTCA PPARα -309 GGCTCAaAGTTCAaGTTCA CPTa
More informationSupplementary Figure 1A A404 Cells +/- Retinoic Acid
Supplementary Figure 1A A44 Cells +/- Retinoic Acid 1 1 H3 Lys4 di-methylation SM-actin VEC cfos (-) RA (+) RA 14 1 1 8 6 4 H3 Lys79 di-methylation SM-actin VEC cfos (-) RA (+) RA Supplementary Figure
More informationDNA Replication and Repair
DNA Replication and Repair http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/imgorg/cendog.gif Overview of DNA Replication SWYK CNs 1, 2, 30 Explain how specific base pairing enables existing DNA strands
More informationG+C content. 1 Introduction. 2 Chromosomes Topology & Counts. 3 Genome size. 4 Replichores and gene orientation. 5 Chirochores.
1 Introduction 2 Chromosomes Topology & Counts 3 Genome size 4 Replichores and gene orientation 5 Chirochores 6 7 Codon usage 121 marc.bailly-bechet@univ-lyon1.fr Bacterial genome structures Introduction
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS Study Guide
PART A. Read the following: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Study Guide Protein synthesis is the process used by the body to make proteins. The first step of protein synthesis is called Transcription. It occurs in the
More informationSupplemental material
Supplemental material Diversity of O-antigen repeat-unit structures can account for the substantial sequence variation of Wzx translocases Yaoqin Hong and Peter R. Reeves School of Molecular Bioscience,
More informationevaluated with UAS CLB eliciting UAS CIT -N Libraries increase in the
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1: Promoter scaffold library assemblies. Many ensembless of libraries were evaluated in this work. As a legend, the box outline color in top half of the figure
More informationCodon Bias with PRISM. 2IM24/25, Fall 2007
Codon Bias with PRISM 2IM24/25, Fall 2007 from RNA to protein mrna vs. trna aminoacid trna anticodon mrna codon codon-anticodon matching Watson-Crick base pairing A U and C G binding first two nucleotide
More informationstrain devoid of the aox1 gene [1]. Thus, the identification of AOX1 in the intracellular
Additional file 2 Identification of AOX1 in P. pastoris GS115 with a Mut s phenotype Results and Discussion The HBsAg producing strain was originally identified as a Mut s (methanol utilization slow) strain
More informationBacterial Genetics, BIO 4443/6443 Fall Semester 2003 Exam I. Name. 1.) Draw the structure of cytosine and uracil. (5pts)
Name Student pid# 1.) Draw the structure of cytosine and uracil. (5pts) Bacterial Genetics, BIO 4443/6443 Fall Semester 2003 Exam I 2.) Draw the structure of ribose and deoxyribose. On each molecule, indicate
More informationDNA sentences. How are proteins coded for by DNA? Materials. Teacher instructions. Student instructions. Reflection
DNA sentences How are proteins coded for by DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule of life. DNA is one of the most recognizable nucleic acids, a double-stranded helix. The process by which DNA
More informationSupplementary Materials for
www.sciencesignaling.org/cgi/content/full/10/494/eaan6284/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Activation of master virulence regulator PhoP in acidic ph requires the Salmonella-specific protein UgtL Jeongjoon
More informationMacBlunt PCR Cloning Kit Manual
MacBlunt PCR Cloning Kit Manual Shipping and Storage MacBlunt PCR Cloning Kits are shipped on dry ice. Each kit contains a box with cloning reagents and an attached bag with Eco-Blue Competent Cells (optional).
More informationΔPDD1 x ΔPDD1. ΔPDD1 x wild type. 70 kd Pdd1. Pdd3
Supplemental Fig. S1 ΔPDD1 x wild type ΔPDD1 x ΔPDD1 70 kd Pdd1 50 kd 37 kd Pdd3 Supplemental Fig. S1. ΔPDD1 strains express no detectable Pdd1 protein. Western blot analysis of whole-protein extracts
More informationProject 07/111 Final Report October 31, Project Title: Cloning and expression of porcine complement C3d for enhanced vaccines
Project 07/111 Final Report October 31, 2007. Project Title: Cloning and expression of porcine complement C3d for enhanced vaccines Project Leader: Dr Douglas C. Hodgins (519-824-4120 Ex 54758, fax 519-824-5930)
More informationLecture 11: Gene Prediction
Lecture 11: Gene Prediction Study Chapter 6.11-6.14 1 Gene: A sequence of nucleotides coding for protein Gene Prediction Problem: Determine the beginning and end positions of genes in a genome Where are
More informationPCR analysis was performed to show the presence and the integrity of the var1csa and var-
Supplementary information: Methods: Table S1: Primer Name Nucleotide sequence (5-3 ) DBL3-F tcc ccg cgg agt gaa aca tca tgt gac tg DBL3-R gac tag ttt ctt tca ata aat cac tcg c DBL5-F cgc cct agg tgc ttc
More informationGene synthesis by circular assembly amplification
Gene synthesis by circular assembly amplification Duhee Bang & George M Church Supplementary figures and text: Supplementary Figure 1. Dpo4 gene (1.05kb) construction by various methods. Supplementary
More informationQuantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Transcript levels of flgs, flgr, flia and flha were
1 Supplemental methods 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Transcript levels of flgs, flgr, flia and flha were monitored by quantitative reverse-transcription
More information1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation
1. DNA, RNA structure 2. DNA replication 3. Transcription, translation DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous
More informationMCB421 FALL2005 EXAM#3 ANSWERS Page 1 of 12. ANSWER: Both transposon types form small duplications of adjacent host DNA sequences.
Page 1 of 12 (10pts) 1. There are two mechanisms for transposition used by bacterial transposable elements: replicative (Tn3) and non-replicative (Tn5 and Tn10). Compare and contrast the two mechanisms
More informationY-chromosomal haplogroup typing Using SBE reaction
Schematic of multiplex PCR followed by SBE reaction Multiplex PCR Exo SAP purification SBE reaction 5 A 3 ddatp ddgtp 3 T 5 A G 3 T 5 3 5 G C 5 3 3 C 5 ddttp ddctp 5 T 3 T C 3 A 5 3 A 5 5 C 3 3 G 5 3 G
More informationSupporting Online Information
Supporting Online Information Isolation of Human Genomic DNA Sequences with Expanded Nucleobase Selectivity Preeti Rathi, Sara Maurer, Grzegorz Kubik and Daniel Summerer* Department of Chemistry and Chemical
More informationPrimer Design Workshop. École d'été en géné-que des champignons 2012 Dr. Will Hintz University of Victoria
Primer Design Workshop École d'été en géné-que des champignons 2012 Dr. Will Hintz University of Victoria Scenario You have discovered the presence of a novel endophy5c organism living inside the cells
More informationRPA-AB RPA-C Supplemental Figure S1: SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue after protein purification.
RPA-AB RPA-C (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Supplemental Figure S: SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue after protein purification. (a) RPA; (b) RPA-AB; (c) RPA-CDE; (d) RPA-CDE core; (e) RPA-DE; and (f) RPA-C
More informationDierks Supplementary Fig. S1
Dierks Supplementary Fig. S1 ITK SYK PH TH K42R wt K42R (kinase deficient) R29C E42K Y323F R29C E42K Y323F (reduced phospholipid binding) (enhanced phospholipid binding) (reduced Cbl binding) E42K Y323F
More informationMolecular Level of Genetics
Molecular Level of Genetics Most of the molecules found in humans and other living organisms fall into one of four categories: 1. carbohydrates (sugars and starches) 2. lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) 3.
More informationChapter 3: Information Storage and Transfer in Life
Chapter 3: Information Storage and Transfer in Life The trapped scientist examples are great for conceptual purposes, but they do not accurately model how information in life changes because they do not
More informationConverting rabbit hybridoma into recombinant antibodies with effective transient production in an optimized human expression system
Converting rabbit hybridoma into recombinant antibodies with effective transient production in an optimized human expression system Dr. Tim Welsink Molecular Biology Transient Gene Expression OUTLINE Short
More informationOverexpression Normal expression Overexpression Normal expression. 26 (21.1%) N (%) P-value a N (%)
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES Table S1. Alteration of ZNF322A protein expression levels in relation to clinicopathological parameters in 123 Asian and 74 Caucasian lung cancer patients. Asian patients Caucasian
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Investigation of the Biosynthesis of the Lasso Peptide Chaxapeptin Using an E. coli-based Production System Helena Martin-Gómez, Uwe Linne, Fernando Albericio, Judit Tulla-Puche,*
More informationBacterial Genetics, BIO 4443/6443 Fall Semester 2002 Exam I. Name Answer Key
Name Answer Key Student pid# Bacterial Genetics, BIO 4443/6443 Fall Semester 2002 Exam I 1.) What is a sigma factor? Why does the cell contain multiple sigma factors? (5pts) Sigma Is a subunit of the RNA
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Barderas et al. 10.1073/pnas.0801221105 SI Text: Docking of gastrin to Constructed scfv Models Interactive predocking of the 4-WL-5 motif into the central pocket observed in the
More informationSupplemental Table 1. Mutant ADAMTS3 alleles detected in HEK293T clone 4C2. WT CCTGTCACTTTGGTTGATAGC MVLLSLWLIAAALVEVR
Supplemental Dataset Supplemental Table 1. Mutant ADAMTS3 alleles detected in HEK293T clone 4C2. DNA sequence Amino acid sequence WT CCTGTCACTTTGGTTGATAGC MVLLSLWLIAAALVEVR Allele 1 CCTGTC------------------GATAGC
More informationII 0.95 DM2 (RPP1) DM3 (At3g61540) b
Table S2. F 2 Segregation Ratios at 16 C, Related to Figure 2 Cross n c Phenotype Model e 2 Locus A Locus B Normal F 1 -like Enhanced d Uk-1/Uk-3 149 64 36 49 DM2 (RPP1) DM1 (SSI4) a Bla-1/Hh-0 F 3 111
More informationS4B fluorescence (AU)
A S4B fluorescence (AU) S4B fluorescence (AU) dsbb csgba csgd dsbb csgba bcsa 5000 * NS NS 4000 * 3000 2000 1000 0 ΔcsgBAΔbcsA ΔcsgDΔdsbBΔbcsA ΔcsgBA ΔdsbBΔcsgBA ΔcsgDΔdsbB B -1000 4000 * * NS 3500 * 3000
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Localization of MST1 in RPE cells. Proliferating or ciliated HA- MST1 expressing RPE cells (see Fig. 5b for establishment of
Supplementary Figure 1. Localization of MST1 in RPE cells. Proliferating or ciliated HA- MST1 expressing RPE cells (see Fig. 5b for establishment of the cell line) were immunostained for HA, acetylated
More informationDet matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet
UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet Exam in: MBV4010 Arbeidsmetoder i molekylærbiologi og biokjemi I MBV4010 Methods in molecular biology and biochemistry I Day of exam: Friday
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Transfection of DNA Cages into Mammalian Cells Email: a.turberfield@physics.ox.ac.uk Table of Contents Supporting Figure 1 DNA tetrahedra used in transfection experiments 2 Supporting
More informationChapter 13 Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription
Chapter 13 Chromatin Structure and its Effects on Transcription Students must be positive that they understand standard PCR. There is a resource on the web for this purpose. Warn them before this class.
More informationSupplemental Information. Human Senataxin Resolves RNA/DNA Hybrids. Formed at Transcriptional Pause Sites. to Promote Xrn2-Dependent Termination
Supplemental Information Molecular Cell, Volume 42 Human Senataxin Resolves RNA/DNA Hybrids Formed at Transcriptional Pause Sites to Promote Xrn2-Dependent Termination Konstantina Skourti-Stathaki, Nicholas
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Table S1. Oligonucleotide sequences used in this work Oligo DNA A B C D CpG-A CpG-B CpG-C CpG-D Sequence 5 ACA TTC CTA AGT CTG AAA CAT TAC AGC TTG CTA CAC GAG AAG AGC CGC CAT AGT
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS AND METHODS. E. coli strains, plasmids, and growth conditions. Escherichia coli strain P90C (1)
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS AND METHODS E. coli strains, plasmids, and growth conditions. Escherichia coli strain P90C (1) dinb::kan (lab stock) derivative was used as wild-type. MG1655 alka tag dinb (2) is
More informationSupplementary Information. Construction of Lasso Peptide Fusion Proteins
Supplementary Information Construction of Lasso Peptide Fusion Proteins Chuhan Zong 1, Mikhail O. Maksimov 2, A. James Link 2,3 * Departments of 1 Chemistry, 2 Chemical and Biological Engineering, and
More information2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Supplemental Table 1. Magnaporthe oryzae strains generated in this study. Strain background Genotype Strain name Description Guy-11 H1:RFP H1:RFP Strain expressing Histone H1- encoding gene
More informationAnti-Pim-1 (Cat#3247), anti-met (Cat#3127), anti-ron (Cat#2654), Anti-EGFR
Supplementary Methods Antibodies Anti-Pim-1 (Cat#3247), anti-met (Cat#3127), anti-ron (Cat#2654), Anti-EGFR (Cat#2646), anti-igf1r (Cat#3018), anti-insr (Cat#3020), anti-akt (pan, Cat#4691), anti-phospho-akt
More informationProtein Structure Analysis
BINF 731 Protein Structure Analysis http://binf.gmu.edu/vaisman/binf731/ Iosif Vaisman COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BIOINFORMATICS STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS
More informationLegends for supplementary figures 1-3
High throughput resistance profiling of Plasmodium falciparum infections based on custom dual indexing and Illumina next generation sequencing-technology Sidsel Nag 1,2 *, Marlene D. Dalgaard 3, Poul-Erik
More informationSupplemental Table 1. Primers used for PCR.
Supplemental Table 1. Primers used for PCR. Gene Type Primer Sequence Genotyping and semi-quantitative RT-PCR F 5 -TTG CCC GAT CAC CAT CTG TA-3 rwa1-1 R 5 -TGT AGC GAT CAA GGC CTG ATC TAA-3 LB 5 -TAG CAT
More informationGenes and Proteins. Objectives
Genes and Proteins Lecture 15 Objectives At the end of this series of lectures, you should be able to: Define terms. Explain the central dogma of molecular biology. Describe the locations, reactants, and
More informationHomework. A bit about the nature of the atoms of interest. Project. The role of electronega<vity
Homework Why cited articles are especially useful. citeulike science citation index When cutting and pasting less is more. Project Your protein: I will mail these out this weekend If you haven t gotten
More informationSupplemental Data. Bennett et al. (2010). Plant Cell /tpc
BRN1 ---------MSSSNGGVPPGFRFHPTDEELLHYYLKKKISYEKFEMEVIKEVDLNKIEPWDLQDRCKIGSTPQNEWYFFSHKDRKYPTGS 81 BRN2 --------MGSSSNGGVPPGFRFHPTDEELLHYYLKKKISYQKFEMEVIREVDLNKLEPWDLQERCKIGSTPQNEWYFFSHKDRKYPTGS 82 SMB
More informationThe Size and Packaging of Genomes
DNA Replication The Size and Packaging of Genomes Vary greatly in size Ø Smallest viruses- 4 or 5 genes Ø Escherichia coli- 4,288 genes Ø Human cell- 20,000 to 25,000 genes E. coli 4 million base pairs
More informationCHE-3H84: Protein Engineering Past Exam Papers
CHE-3H84: Protein Engineering Past Exam Papers Sorted by Topic then Year Knowledge-Based Engineering of Proteins, Large Scale Production of Recombinant Proteins, and Protein Purification Dr. Hemmings 2006/7
More informationExpression of Recombinant Proteins
Expression of Recombinant Proteins Uses of Cloned Genes sequencing reagents (eg, probes) protein production insufficient natural quantities modify/mutagenesis library screening Expression Vector Features
More informationAn engineered tryptophan zipper-type peptide as a molecular recognition scaffold
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL An engineered tryptophan zipper-type peptide as a molecular recognition scaffold Zihao Cheng and Robert E. Campbell* Supplementary Methods Library construction for FRET-based screening
More informationAP2013-DNAPacket-II. Use the list of choices below for the following questions:
Class: Date: AP2013-DNAPacket-II Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Use the list of choices below for the following questions: I. helicase II.
More informationTRANSCRIPTION. Renáta Schipp
TRANSCRIPTION Renáta Schipp Gene expression Gene expression: - is the process by which information from a gene is used for the synthesis of gene products. These products are proteins, but in the case of
More informationLezione 10. Bioinformatica. Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi
Lezione 10 Bioinformatica Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Dip. Informatica e Automazione Università Roma Tre Dip. Medicina Clinica Università La Sapienza Lezione 10: Sintesi proteica Synthesis of proteins
More informationNucleic Acid Structure:
Nucleic Acid Structure: Purine and Pyrimidine nucleotides can be combined to form nucleic acids: 1. Deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) is composed of deoxyribonucleosides of! Adenine! Guanine! Cytosine! Thymine
More informationChapter 11 DNA Replication and Recombination
Chapter 11 DNA Replication and Recombination Copyright Copyright 2009 Pearson 2009 Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. 11.1 DNA is reproduced by Semiconservative Replication The complementarity of
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL TABLE S1. Additional descriptions of plasmid constructions and the oligonucleotides used Plasmid or Oligonucleotide
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE S1. Additional descriptions of plasmid constructions and the oligonucleotides used Plasmid or Oligonucleotide former/ working Description a designation Plasmids pes213a b pes213-tn5
More information5. Which of the following enzymes catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to trna in the formation of aminoacyl trna?
Sample Examination Questions for Exam 3 Material Biology 3300 / Dr. Jerald Hendrix Warning! These questions are posted solely to provide examples of past test questions. There is no guarantee that any
More informationDegenerate Code. Translation. trna. The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism
Translation The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism Degenerate Code There are 64 possible codon triplets There are 20 naturally-encoding amino acids Several codons specify
More information7.03 Problem Set 3 Due before 5 PM on Wednesday, October 18 Hand in answers in recitation section or in the box outside of
7.03 Problem Set 3 Due before 5 PM on Wednesday, October 18 Hand in answers in recitation section or in the box outside of 68-120 1. The following DNA sequence fragment comes from the middle of a bacterial
More informationANCIENT BACTERIA? 250 million years later, scientists revive life forms
ANCIENT BACTERIA? 250 million years later, scientists revive life forms Thursday, October 19, 2000 U.S. researchers say they have revived bacteria that have been dormant for more then 250 million years,
More informationBiomolecules: lecture 6
Biomolecules: lecture 6 - to learn the basics on how DNA serves to make RNA = transcription - to learn how the genetic code instructs protein synthesis - to learn the basics on how proteins are synthesized
More informationCauses and Effects of N-Terminal Codon Bias in Bacterial Genes. Mikk Eelmets Journal Club
Causes and Effects of N-Terminal Codon Bias in Bacterial Genes Mikk Eelmets Journal Club 21.2.214 Introduction Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-195s (Nobel Prize in 1974) Nobel Prize in 29 for
More informationPhosphate and R2D2 Restrict the Substrate Specificity of Dicer-2, an ATP- Driven Ribonuclease
Supplemental Information Molecular Cell, Volume 42 hosphate and R2D2 Restrict the Substrate Specificity of Dicer-2, an AT- Driven Ribonuclease Elif Sarinay Cenik, Ryuya Fukunaga, Gang Lu, Robert Dutcher,
More informationhcd1tg/hj1tg/ ApoE-/- hcd1tg/hj1tg/ ApoE+/+
ApoE+/+ ApoE-/- ApoE-/- H&E (1x) Supplementary Figure 1. No obvious pathology is observed in the colon of diseased ApoE-/me. Colon samples were fixed in 1% formalin and laid out in Swiss rolls for paraffin
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi: 10.1038/nature07182 SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES AND TABLES Fig. S1. myf5-expressing cells give rise to brown fat depots and skeletal muscle (a) Perirenal BAT from control (cre negative) and myf5-cre:r26r3-yfp
More informationPromoter 1. Promoter 2. Enhancer 2
Essays 1. An animal normally has two copies of the Xan gene. The protein made by this gene helps the animal clear petroleum-based pollutants from its body. Tine Xan What we know about the Xan gene is shown
More informationChapter 4 DNA Structure & Gene Expression
Biology 12 Name: Cell Biology Per: Date: Chapter 4 DNA Structure & Gene Expression Complete using BC Biology 12, pages 108-153 4.1 DNA Structure pages 112-114 1. DNA stands for and is the genetic material
More informationSupplemental Information. Target-Mediated Protection of Endogenous. MicroRNAs in C. elegans. Inventory of Supplementary Information
Developmental Cell, Volume 20 Supplemental Information Target-Mediated Protection of Endogenous MicroRNAs in C. elegans Saibal Chatterjee, Monika Fasler, Ingo Büssing, and Helge Großhans Inventory of Supplementary
More information7.016 Problem Set 3. 1 st Pedigree
7.016 Problem Set 3 Question 1 The following human pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a specific disease within a family. Assume that the individuals marrying into the family for all generations
More informationReplication, Transcription, and Translation
Replication, Transcription, and Translation Information Flow from DNA to Protein The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Replication is the copying of DNA in the course of cell division. Transcription is
More information