NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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1 NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA Cell Nucleus Chromosomes is a coiled double helix carrying hereditary information of the cell Contains the instructions for making from 20 different amino acids DNA is what are made of. eye color gene dimples hair color Appears as when cell not dividing Sides made of attached to by phosphodiester bonds Pentose sugar are called Steps or rungs of DNA ladder are made of four nitrogen-containing bases held together by weak (double carbon-nitrogen rings) include adenine (A) and guanine (G) (single carbon-nitrogen rings) include thymine (T) and cytosine (C) Base pairingmeans a purine bonds to a pyrimidine (Example: and ) The DNA of humans is composed of approximately base pairs, making up a total of almost a meter-long stretch of DNA in every cell in our bodies. The coiled, double-stranded molecule of DNA is known as Subunits of DNA are called Phosphate Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Nucleotides contain a, a, and (A,T,C, or G) also exist in nucleus Most DNA is coiled or twisted to the Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 1

2 DNA Replication Process by which Occurs during before cell division Extremely (only 1 in a billion are incorrectly paired) Requires many enzymes & ATP (energy) Begins at special sites along DNA called where two strands open & separate making a A new strand of DNA forms at the replication fork is an enzyme that uncoils & breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between complementary bases causing the strands separate. is an enzyme that uses single-stranded DNA to reproduce and repair DNA. Its job is to add new nucleotides to the exposed bases in the direction. occurs when each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand A is a strand of DNA being replicated continuously in the direction toward the replication fork. The is the strand of DNA being replicated discontinuously in the direction away from the replication fork in short, separated sections called Okazaki fragments. are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections. is an enzyme that helps join Okazaki segments together. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 2

3 proofreads the new DNA checking for errors and repairing or removing them in a process called. The two new identical DNA molecules are recoiled. RNA ( ) molecule Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 3

4 Found in & Contains sugar instead of deoxyribose. Contains the nitrogen base (U) instead of so A pairs with U Base pairings are and Three types of RNA exist: (mrna) contain instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins; carry the message from DNA (trna) molecules involved in the structure of ribosomes. (rrna) transfer amino acids to the ribosome, undergoes base pairing with mrna mrna (messenger RNA) strand of nucleic acid Found in the and Copies DNA sinstructions & carries them to the where proteins can be made mrna s base sequence is translated into the of a protein Three consecutive bases on mrna called a (e.g. UAA, CGC, AGU). trna (transfer RNA) Single-stranded molecule containing nucleotides in the shape of a Carries amino acids in the cytoplasm to ribosomes for Three bases on trna that are complementary to a codon on mrna are called (e.g. codon- UUA; anticodon- AAU) The amino acid attachment sites across from anticodon site on trna trna enters a ribosome, reads mrna codons, and links together correct sequence of amino acids to make a rrna (ribosomal RNA) shaped Helps make up the structure of the. Ribosomes are the site of (making polypeptides) Aids in moving ribosomes along the mrna strandas amino acids are linked together to make a. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 4

5 Amino Acids are made up of amino acids. There are different types of amino acids. Linked together in a process called in the cytoplasm to make which are subunits of proteins. DNA contains the instructions for making proteins but is. Three consecutive bases on DNA called a (e.g. TCG, ATG, ATT) tells what 3 bases on mrna code for each amino acid (64 combinations of 3 bases) Methionine ( ) on mrna is called the because it triggers the linking of amino acids. are on mrna which signal ribosomes to stop linking amino acids together. Codon Chart In the genetic code, each amino acid is coded for by arranged in a specific sequence. The first base in a codon is found along the of the chart. The second base is at the of the chart. The third base in the codon is found along the of the chart. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 5

6 Practice Table DNA Codon TAC TCA CTT mrna Codon GCU UUU ACU trna Anticodon AUU UCU ACU Amino Acid Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 6

7 Protein Synthesis Consists of two parts: Begins in the nucleus with mrna copying DNA s instructions for proteins ( ) Completed in the cytoplasm when trna enters ribosomes to read mrna codons and link together amino acids ( ) Proteins The body needs these to repair and maintain itself. Proteins are composed of long chains of bonded together by Every in the human body contains proteins. Proteins are a major part of the. Protein is also found in all, except bile and urine. You need protein in your diet to help your body and. Proteins are also important for during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy. Amino Acids Protein Two steps in protein synthesis: 1. The process where a molecule of RNA is made from DNA. Transcribe means to write out or copy. 2. The process of decoding a molecule or RNA into a protein molecule. Translate means to interpret or decode. Steps in Transcription 1. uncoils the DNA molecule. 2. binds to a region of DNA called the which has the TAC to code for the amino acid methionine (AUG). 3. mark the beginning of a DNA chain in prokaryotes, but mark the beginning of one to several related genes in eukaryotes. 4. The two DNA strands separate, but only one will serve as the and be copied 5. are joined to the template by RNA polymerase in the 5 to 3 direction to form the Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 7

8 6. mrna sequence is built until the enzyme reaches an area on DNA called the 7. breaks away from DNA and the newly made mrna 8. All 3 types of RNA (called ) are produced by this method Steps in Translation 1. mrna brings the copied DNA code from the to the 2. mrna attaches to one end of a ribosome in a process called 3. trna molecules attach the correct floating in the cytoplasm to themselves 4. with its attached amino acid have where they join the ribosome. 5. The reads and temporarily attaches to the mrna codon in the ribosome 6. Two amino acids at a time are linked together by to make polypeptide -chains (protein subunits) in a process called 7. Ribosomes move along the mrna strand until they reach a (UAA, UGA, or UAG) in a process called 8. break away from amino acid, leave the ribosome, and return to cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Notes, Page 8

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