From mechanism to medicne

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "From mechanism to medicne"

Transcription

1 From mechanism to medicne a look at proteins and drug design Chem 342 δ δ δ+ M 2009 δ+ δ+ δ M

2 Drug Design - an Iterative DSU Structural Analysis of Receptor Structural Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Complex Drug Lead Computational Analysis Ligand Design Biological Evaluation of Ligand Ligand Synthesis 2

3 Bringing a Drug to the DSU Drug Lead Toxicity Studies Phase I Trials 10,000 compounds 1-2 year 1,000 compounds 3-4 years 10 compounds 2-3 years Phase II Trials Phase III Trials Marketable Drug 1-5 compounds 2-3 years 1-2 compounds 2-3 years 1 compound av 15 years $900M to $1.5B 3

4 Amino DSU ighly polar zwitterions 2 3 R R 4

5 Amino DSU There are 20 common amino acids - 15 eutral glycine alanine valine leucine isoleucine proline S MeS 2 serine threonine cysteine methionine asparagine glutamine phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan 5

6 Amino DSU Acidic and Basic 2 2 apartic acid glutamic acid lysine histidine arginine 6

7 Peptides - DSU Polymers of Amino Acids alanine valine ala-val dipeptide -terminus C-terminus valine alanine val-ala dipeptide 7

8 Peptide DSU Amide is the main bond - but can have disulfide bonds S S S S 8

9 Disulfide in DSU Vasopressin - antidiuretic hormone from pituitary Cys S S Cys Asp Tyr Phe Glu 9

10 Peptide - Protein DSU Primary Structure - amino acid sequence Secondary Structure - orientation of segments alpha-helix, beta sheets, loops Tertiary Structure - overall shape of the molecule Quaternary Structure - overal structure of protein aggregates 10

11 Alpha - DSU A helical secondary structure from keratin 11

12 Beta DSU Beta sheet secondary structure from Silk fibroin 12

13 DSU Globular protein with 574 amino acid residues 13

14 Types of DSU 14

15 DSU Proteins which act as catalysts for chemical reactions. 15

16 Citrate DSU A dimeric protein that catalyzes an Aldol Reaction 2 C + S CoA C 2 Citrate Synthase 2 C C 2 citrate + S CoA 16

17 Citrate Synthase DSU is is Asp Asp S CoA S CoA is is is 2 C C 2 S CoA is 2 C C 2 17

18 Matrix DSU Family of Zn-dependent enzymes 26 known MMP s Responsible for maintaining extracellular matrix MMP s out of balance in many diseases CACER, Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke Damage, and many more... 18

19 Catalytic Site of DSU S3 S2 S1 Zn 2+ S1' S2' S3' Cleavage site Pro Gln Gly Ile Ala Gly P3 P2 P1 P1' P2' P3' Catalytic Site of MMP-1 with natural collagen substrate 19

20 MMP DSU 20

21 hydroxamic acid DSU Zn binding group R 1 : P1' group - critical for activity and selectivity. Small groups selective for MMP- 1, larger groups will increase selectivity of other MMP's over MMP-1 and MMP-7. R α R 1 R 2 R 3 R 3 : P3' group - functionality widely tolerated. Aromatic groups increase MMP-3 selectivity. R α : P1 group - not necessary for activity, but substitution can lead to increased activity of some MMP's. R 2 : P2' group - wide range of substitution tolerated with aromatic groups preferred. More bulky groups increase oral bioavailability by decreasing amide bond scission. 21

22 ydroxamate Bound to DSU MMP-3 (Stromelysin 1) Me 22

23 Sulfonamide Bound to DSU MMP-3 (Stromelysin 1) S 23

24 2006 obel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" Prof. Roger Kornberg Dept. of Structural Biology Stanford University School of Medicine

25 DA DSU Watson and Crick discovered DA was made up of two strands running in opposite directions The strands are held together by hydrogen bonding from the bases Specific bases bind to each other like lock and key The strands are Complementary 25

26 eterocycles in DA and DSU Adenine Guanine Cytosine 3 C Thymine Uracil 26

27 DSU The DA/RA bases are attached to phosphosugars 27

28 ucleic Acid DSU The nucleotides are connected together by the phosphates on the sugars 28

29 DA Double DSU Two grooves are formed Sugar phosphate runs along the outside The major groove is slightly bigger and deeper than the minor groove 29

30 The DSU DA is a code for the synthesis of proteins. Every 3 base pair sequence is directly correlated with a specific amino acid. 30

31 DSU DA unwinds and codes an RA strand RA Polymerase 31

32 DSU RA encodes the amino acid sequence for protein synthesis 32

33 DA Wraps Around istone DSU 33

34 ucleosomes Coil DSU 34

35 Wrapped Up DSU 35

36 istone DSU Tumor Cell DAC Inhibitor yperacetylated istones Transcription Activation of Preprogrammed Genes Cell Growth Inhibited, Apoptosis, and/or Differentiation 36

37 Effectiveness in Clinical DSU DAC Inhibitors show marked effect in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Phase II clinical trials of FK228 37

38 DAC DSU DAC Like omolog 35.2% sequence homology with human DAC1 Active site homology much higher F i n n i n, e t. a l. a t u r e , 4 0 1,

39 DAC Inhibitor DSU ZBG linker surface binding group Typical DAC Inhibitors 39

40 DAC DSU Carboxylates Cyclic Peptides phenylbutyrate mm Benzamides a Ph Ph CAP50 ydroxamate S S depsipeptide nm MS-275 µm 2 Me 2 TSA Electrophilic Ketones CF 3 SAA nm 40

41 TSA and SAA - ydroxamic DSU Trichostatin A TSA IC nm Suberoylanilide ydroxamic Acid SAA IC nm 41

42 ydroxamic Acid DSU Zn D D 42

43 SAA and DAC DSU 43

44 DSU Proteins are the stuff of life. DA encodes amino acid sequence of proteins. Ezymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Disease can often be targeted by identifying specific enzymes that is important for the disease state. Synthetic chemistry can provide solutions for drug development. 44

Problem: The GC base pairs are more stable than AT base pairs. Why? 5. Triple-stranded DNA was first observed in 1957. Scientists later discovered that the formation of triplestranded DNA involves a type

More information

DNA.notebook March 08, DNA Overview

DNA.notebook March 08, DNA Overview DNA Overview Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA, must be able to do 2 things: 1) give instructions for building and maintaining cells. 2) be copied each time a cell divides. DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides

More information

11 questions for a total of 120 points

11 questions for a total of 120 points Your Name: BYS 201, Final Exam, May 3, 2010 11 questions for a total of 120 points 1. 25 points Take a close look at these tables of amino acids. Some of them are hydrophilic, some hydrophobic, some positive

More information

DNA is normally found in pairs, held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases

DNA is normally found in pairs, held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases Bioinformatics Biology Review The genetic code is stored in DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA molecules are chains of four nucleotide bases Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine DNA is normally found in pairs,

More information

CS 4491/CS 7990 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOINFORMATICS

CS 4491/CS 7990 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOINFORMATICS 1 CS 4491/CS 7990 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOINFORMATICS * Some contents are adapted from Dr. Jean Gao at UT Arlington Mingon Kang, PhD Computer Science, Kennesaw State University 2 Genetics The discovery of

More information

Key Concept Translation converts an mrna message into a polypeptide, or protein.

Key Concept Translation converts an mrna message into a polypeptide, or protein. 8.5 Translation VOBLRY translation codon stop codon start codon anticodon Key oncept Translation converts an mrn message into a polypeptide, or protein. MIN IDES mino acids are coded by mrn base sequences.

More information

Protein Synthesis. Application Based Questions

Protein Synthesis. Application Based Questions Protein Synthesis Application Based Questions MRNA Triplet Codons Note: Logic behind the single letter abbreviations can be found at: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/dayhoff.html

More information

Fundamentals of Protein Structure

Fundamentals of Protein Structure Outline Fundamentals of Protein Structure Yu (Julie) Chen and Thomas Funkhouser Princeton University CS597A, Fall 2005 Protein structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Forces and factors Levels

More information

Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 3 3/6/15

Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 3 3/6/15 Name: Trask Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 3 3/6/15 Answer each of the following questions in the space provided; circle the correct answer or answers for each multiple choice question and circle either

More information

PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS

PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS Chapter 3 Part 2 The Molecules of Cells PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS Lecture by Dr. Fernando Prince 3.11 Nucleic Acids are the blueprints of life Proteins are the machines of life We have already learned that

More information

36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L-

36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L- 36. The double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids are usually isomers. A. cis B. trans C. both cis and trans D. D- E. L- 37. The essential fatty acids are A. palmitic acid B. linoleic acid C. linolenic

More information

Unit 2 Review: DNA, Protein Synthesis & Enzymes

Unit 2 Review: DNA, Protein Synthesis & Enzymes 1. One of the functions of DNA is to A. secrete vacuoles.. make copies of itself.. join amino acids to each other. D. carry genetic information out of the nucleus. 2. Two sugars found in nucleic acids

More information

6- Important Molecules of Living Systems. Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology

6- Important Molecules of Living Systems. Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology 6- Important Molecules of Living Systems Proteins Nucleic Acids Taft College Human Physiology Proteins Proteins- made from: C, H, O, N, and S. Proteins are very large molecules composed of long chains

More information

What happens after DNA Replication??? Transcription, translation, gene expression/protein synthesis!!!!

What happens after DNA Replication??? Transcription, translation, gene expression/protein synthesis!!!! What happens after DNA Replication??? Transcription, translation, gene expression/protein synthesis!!!! Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression Why do we need to make proteins? To build parts for our body as

More information

Alpha-helices, beta-sheets and U-turns within a protein are stabilized by (hint: two words).

Alpha-helices, beta-sheets and U-turns within a protein are stabilized by (hint: two words). 1 Quiz1 Q1 2011 Alpha-helices, beta-sheets and U-turns within a protein are stabilized by (hint: two words) Value Correct Answer 1 noncovalent interactions 100% Equals hydrogen bonds (100%) Equals H-bonds

More information

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Structure formation and association of biomolecules Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Motivation Many biomolecules are chemically synthesized

More information

Biology: The substrate of bioinformatics

Biology: The substrate of bioinformatics Bi01_1 Unit 01: Biology: The substrate of bioinformatics What is Bioinformatics? Bi01_2 handling of information related to living organisms understood on the basis of molecular biology Nature does it.

More information

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid 1 DNA 2 DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The

More information

Proteins Amides from Amino Acids

Proteins Amides from Amino Acids Chapter 26 and Chapter 28 Proteins Amides from Amino Acids Amino acids contain a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group Joined as amides between the ¾NH 2 of one amino acid and the ¾CO 2 H to the

More information

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Key Concepts 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural

More information

Chapter 10. The Structure and Function of DNA. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko

Chapter 10. The Structure and Function of DNA. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko Chapter 10 The Structure and Function of DNA PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey,

More information

Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA. Structure of DNA. Structure of DNA. Nucleotide. Nucleotides 5/13/2013

Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA. Structure of DNA. Structure of DNA. Nucleotide. Nucleotides 5/13/2013 Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA The Secret of Life DNA is the molecule responsible for controlling the activities of the cell It is the hereditary molecule DNA directs the production of protein In 1953, Watson

More information

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Key Concepts 3.1 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural

More information

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function ucleic Acids: Structure and Function Components of ucleotides The building blocks (monomers) of the nucleic acids are called nucleotides. ucleotides are made up of: phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar, and

More information

A Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology

A Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology A Zero-Knowledge Based Introduction to Biology Konstantinos (Gus) Katsiapis 25 Sep 2009 Thanks to Cory McLean and George Asimenos Cells: Building Blocks of Life cell, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondrion

More information

Do you remember. What is a gene? What is RNA? How does it differ from DNA? What is protein?

Do you remember. What is a gene? What is RNA? How does it differ from DNA? What is protein? Lesson 1 - RNA Do you remember What is a gene? What is RNA? How does it differ from DNA? What is protein? Gene Segment of DNA that codes for building a protein DNA code is copied into RNA form, and RNA

More information

Create a model to simulate the process by which a protein is produced, and how a mutation can impact a protein s function.

Create a model to simulate the process by which a protein is produced, and how a mutation can impact a protein s function. HASPI Medical Biology Lab 0 Purpose Create a model to simulate the process by which a protein is produced, and how a mutation can impact a protein s function. Background http://mssdbio.weebly.com/uploads/1//7/6/17618/970_orig.jpg

More information

How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information

How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information DNA: CH 13 How do we know what the structure and function of DNA is? - Double helix, base pairs, sugar, and phosphate - Stores genetic information Discovering DNA s Function 1928: Frederick Griffith studied

More information

BIOLOGY LTF DIAGNOSTIC TEST DNA to PROTEIN & BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOLOGY LTF DIAGNOSTIC TEST DNA to PROTEIN & BIOTECHNOLOGY Biology Multiple Choice 016074 BIOLOGY LTF DIAGNOSTIC TEST DNA to PROTEIN & BIOTECHNOLOGY Test Code: 016074 Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested

More information

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review

DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks

More information

Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene

Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene For Next Week Lab -Hand in questions from 4 and 5 by TUES in my mailbox (Biology Office) -Do questions for Lab 6 for next week -Lab practical next week Lecture Read

More information

UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR

UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR UNIT I RNA AND TYPES R.KAVITHA,M.PHARM LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KATTANKULATUR RNA, as previously mentioned, is an acronym for ribonucleic acid. There are many forms

More information

Protein Structure Prediction by Constraint Logic Programming

Protein Structure Prediction by Constraint Logic Programming MPRI C2-19 Protein Structure Prediction by Constraint Logic Programming François Fages, Constraint Programming Group, INRIA Rocquencourt mailto:francois.fages@inria.fr http://contraintes.inria.fr/ Molecules

More information

Chapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..

Chapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 11 Gene Expression and Regulation Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. 11.1 How Is The Information In DNA Used In A Cell? Most genes contain

More information

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function ucleic Acids: Structure and Function Components of ucleotides The building blocks (monomers) of the nucleic acids are called nucleotides. ydrolysis of nucleotides gives phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar,

More information

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are?

DNA. translation. base pairing rules for DNA Replication. thymine. cytosine. amino acids. The building blocks of proteins are? 2 strands, has the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and has the nitrogen base Thymine. The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? DNA translation Adenine pairs with Thymine, Thymine

More information

THE GENETIC CODE Figure 1: The genetic code showing the codons and their respective amino acids

THE GENETIC CODE Figure 1: The genetic code showing the codons and their respective amino acids THE GENETIC CODE As DNA is a genetic material, it carries genetic information from cell to cell and from generation to generation. There are only four bases in DNA and twenty amino acids in protein, so

More information

Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering

Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering DNA Introduction Do you think DNA is important? T.V shows Movies Biotech Films News Cloning Genetic Engineering At the most basic level DNA is a set of instructions for protein construction. Structural

More information

Protein Structure and Function! Lecture 4: ph, pka and pi!

Protein Structure and Function! Lecture 4: ph, pka and pi! Protein Structure and Function! Lecture 4: ph, pka and pi! Definition of ph and pk a! ph is a measure of the concentration of H +.! + ph = log 10[H ] For a weak acid,! HA #!!"! H + + A!, K a = [H + ][A!

More information

UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS

UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS UNIT (12) MOLECULES OF LIFE: NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are extremely large molecules that were first isolated from the nuclei of cells. Two kinds of nucleic acids are found in cells: RNA (ribonucleic

More information

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.

Problem Set Unit The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below. Problem Set Unit 3 Name 1. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA? A. Ribose B. Uracil C. Phosphate D. Amino acid 2. Which molecules form the nucleotide marked in the diagram? A. phosphate, deoxyribose

More information

CHAPTER 1. DNA: The Hereditary Molecule SECTION D. What Does DNA Do? Chapter 1 Modern Genetics for All Students S 33

CHAPTER 1. DNA: The Hereditary Molecule SECTION D. What Does DNA Do? Chapter 1 Modern Genetics for All Students S 33 HPER 1 DN: he Hereditary Molecule SEION D What Does DN Do? hapter 1 Modern enetics for ll Students S 33 D.1 DN odes For Proteins PROEINS DO HE nitty-gritty jobs of every living cell. Proteins are the molecules

More information

1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation

1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation 1. DNA, RNA structure 2. DNA replication 3. Transcription, translation DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous

More information

Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II

Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II The purpose of this exercise is : Hmwk # 8 : DNA-Binding Proteins : Part II 1). to examine the case of a tandem head-to-tail homodimer binding to DNA 2). to view a Zn finger motif 3). to consider the case

More information

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Name: Hour: From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Introduction: In this activity you will learn how the genes in our DNA influence our characteristics. For example, how can a gene cause albinism

More information

MOLEBIO LAB #3: Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins

MOLEBIO LAB #3: Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins MOLEBIO LAB #3: Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins Introduction: Proteins occupy a central position in the structure and function of all living organisms. Some proteins serve as structural components

More information

RNA Part I: Chemical Structure of RNA

RNA Part I: Chemical Structure of RNA RA Part I: Chemical Structure of RA Structural differences between RA and DA Resistance of phosphate esters to basic hydrolysis The 2 - group of RA facilitates chemical cleavage in aqueous a by forming

More information

ENZYMES AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS

ENZYMES AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS ENZYMES AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS This document is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Italy license, available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/ 1. Enzymes build

More information

From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation i

From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation i How do genes influence our characteristics? From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation i A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein. Proteins have many different

More information

Nucleic Acid Structure. Nucleic Acid Sequence Abbreviations. Sequence Abbreviations, con t.

Nucleic Acid Structure. Nucleic Acid Sequence Abbreviations. Sequence Abbreviations, con t. BC 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 11 & 12 Review Lecture otes Slide 1 ucleic Acid Structure Linear polymer of nucleotides Phosphodiester linkage between 3 and 5 positions See Figure 11.17 Slide 2 ucleic Acid

More information

The Transition to Life!

The Transition to Life! The Transition to Life The Transition to Life Chemical Evolution Biological Evolution? Interacting Chemical Reproduction of Organisms Natural Selection Based on Simplest Life Now: Need: 1. Nucleic Acids

More information

Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping

Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping Chapter 13 - Concept Mapping Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the discovery of DNA structure. amount of base pairs five-carbon sugar purine DNA polymerases Franklin

More information

DNA Begins the Process

DNA Begins the Process Biology I D N A DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins) Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells DNA Begins the Process

More information

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Review Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Protein synthesis requires two steps: transcription and translation. DNA contains codes Three bases in DNA code

More information

Dusty Carroll Lesson Plan 6: DNA to RNA How Protein Synthesis Works

Dusty Carroll Lesson Plan 6: DNA to RNA How Protein Synthesis Works Dusty Carroll Lesson Plan 6: DA to RA ow Protein Synthesis Works Target Audience AP chemistry class. I ll be assuming they have the appropriate background knowledge of the structure of DA and RA and proteins

More information

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation i

From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation i How do genes influence our characteristics? From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation i A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein. Proteins have many different

More information

Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins

Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins PHRM 836 September 22, 2015 Structure/function relationship in DNA-binding proteins Devlin Chapter 8.8-9 u General description of transcription factors (TFs) u Sequence-specific interactions between DNA

More information

Prokaryotic Transcription

Prokaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Transcription Transcription Basics DNA is the genetic material Nucleic acid Capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA RNA is the middle man Nucleic acid Structure and base sequence are

More information

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide

Nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) These

More information

The study of protein secondary structure and stability at equilibrium ABSTRACT

The study of protein secondary structure and stability at equilibrium ABSTRACT The study of protein secondary structure and stability at equilibrium Michelle Planicka Dept. of Physics, North Georgia College and State University, Dahlonega, GA REU, Dept. of Physics, University of

More information

UNIT 4. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression

UNIT 4. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression UNIT 4 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression DNA STRUCTURE DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable characteristics in related groups of organisms. DNA is the GENETIC MATERIAL Contain

More information

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are the components that make up the genetic material DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is a macromolecule which contains all the

More information

BIO 101 : The genetic code and the central dogma

BIO 101 : The genetic code and the central dogma BIO 101 : The genetic code and the central dogma NAME Objectives The purpose of this exploration is to... 1. design experiments to decipher the genetic code; 2. visualize the process of protein synthesis;

More information

Lecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408

Lecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 Lecture for Wednesday Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Genes are expressed as proteins A gene is a segment of DNA that

More information

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links

translation The building blocks of proteins are? amino acids nitrogen containing bases like A, G, T, C, and U Complementary base pairing links The actual process of assembling the proteins on the ribosome is called? translation The building blocks of proteins are? Complementary base pairing links Define and name the Purines amino acids nitrogen

More information

DNA Structure and Protein synthesis

DNA Structure and Protein synthesis DNA Structure and Protein synthesis What is DNA? DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Chromosomes are made of DNA It carries genetic information: controls the activities of cells by providing instructions for making

More information

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES-

DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- DNA RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -NOTES- THE COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three basic components:, called deoxyribose in DNA In DNA, there

More information

Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13

Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13 http://www.explorelearning.com Name: Period : Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis Due Wednesday 11/27/13 Vocabulary: Define these terms in complete sentences on a separate piece of paper: amino

More information

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test

DNA is the genetic material. DNA structure. Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test DNA is the genetic material Chapter 7: DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation; Mutations & Ames test Dr. Amy Rogers Bio 139 General Microbiology Hereditary information is carried by DNA Griffith/Avery

More information

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: _ Date: _ CH 12 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? a. 6 c. 3 b. 12

More information

Bundle 5 Test Review

Bundle 5 Test Review Bundle 5 Test Review DNA vs. RNA DNA Replication Gene Mutations- Protein Synthesis 1. Label the different components and complete the complimentary base pairing. What is this molecule called? _Nucleic

More information

Answers to the multiple choice questions are at the bottom of the last page of this document.

Answers to the multiple choice questions are at the bottom of the last page of this document. Review for Unit Test #2: Cell Parts, Functions and Protein Synthesis, Answers Answers to the multiple choice questions are at the bottom of the last page of this document. 1. Know all of the material on

More information

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein

Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Protein From Genes to Proteins Processing the information contained in DNA into proteins involves a sequence of events known as gene expression and results in protein synthesis.

More information

Lezione 10. Bioinformatica. Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi

Lezione 10. Bioinformatica. Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Lezione 10 Bioinformatica Mauro Ceccanti e Alberto Paoluzzi Dip. Informatica e Automazione Università Roma Tre Dip. Medicina Clinica Università La Sapienza Lezione 10: Sintesi proteica Synthesis of proteins

More information

Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit

Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit Day 2 : Cooperative Lesson Topic: Protein Synthesis Duration: 55 minutes Grade Level: 10 th Grade Forensic Science: DNA Evidence Unit Purpose: The purpose of this lesson is to review and build upon prior

More information

DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW

DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW Name: Block: DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW 1. Give the purpose of each of the following steps in the process of protein synthesis. a) Ribosome moving along a mrna: (1 mark) b) Adenine bonding to thymine:

More information

Daily Agenda. Warm Up: Review. Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice. Redos

Daily Agenda. Warm Up: Review. Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice. Redos Daily Agenda Warm Up: Review Translation Notes Protein Synthesis Practice Redos 1. What is DNA Replication? 2. Where does DNA Replication take place? 3. Replicate this strand of DNA into complimentary

More information

BIRKBECK COLLEGE (University of London)

BIRKBECK COLLEGE (University of London) BIRKBECK COLLEGE (University of London) SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES M.Sc. EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS ON: Postgraduate Certificate in Principles of Protein Structure MSc Structural Molecular Biology

More information

6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Sugar Phosphate Base

6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Sugar Phosphate Base DNA Unit Review Worksheet KEY Directions: Correct your worksheet using a non blue or black pen so your corrections can be clearly seen. DNA Basics 1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen

More information

Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? Answer: Molecule that carries the blueprint of life General Features: DNA is packages in chromosomes (DNA + Proteins) Gene = Functional segment of

More information

DNA & DNA : Protein Interactions BIBC 100

DNA & DNA : Protein Interactions BIBC 100 DNA & DNA : Protein Interactions BIBC 100 Sequence = Information Alphabet = language L,I,F,E LIFE DNA = DNA code A, T, C, G CAC=Histidine CAG=Glutamine GGG=Glycine Protein = Protein code 20 a.a. LIVE EVIL

More information

BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, 2007 BACKGROUND INFORMATION I. PROTEIN COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE: A REVIEW OF THE BASICS

BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, 2007 BACKGROUND INFORMATION I. PROTEIN COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE: A REVIEW OF THE BASICS BIL 256 Cell and Molecular Biology Lab Spring, 2007 BACKGROUND INFORMATION I. PROTEIN COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE: A REVIEW OF THE BASICS Proteins occupy a central position in the structure and function

More information

Chapter 8: DNA and RNA

Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Lecture Outline Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. 1 8-1 DNA and the Importance of Proteins Proteins play

More information

DNA. Is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.

DNA. Is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (guanine,

More information

Chapter 2 - DNA MC [37 marks]

Chapter 2 - DNA MC [37 marks] Chapter 2 - N MC [37 marks] 1. The image shows a N nucleotide. Which correctly identifies the parts labelled I and II? C 2. Which model represents transcription? 3. Which sequence represents the order

More information

Nucleic Acids and the RNA World. Pages Chapter 4

Nucleic Acids and the RNA World. Pages Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World Pages 74-89 Chapter 4 RNA vs. Protein Chemical Evolution stated that life evolved from a polymer called a protein. HOWEVER, now many scientists question this. There is currently

More information

Proteins Higher Order Structures

Proteins Higher Order Structures Proteins Higher Order Structures Dr. Mohammad Alsenaidy Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy King Saud University Office: AA 101 msenaidy@ksu.edu.sa Previously on PHT 426!! Protein Structures

More information

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) established by James Watson and Francis Crick codes for your genes shape of a double helix made of repeating

More information

Wilkins Franklin s photo below proved model on left to be correct for DNA

Wilkins Franklin s photo below proved model on left to be correct for DNA Watson Crick Franklin Wilkins Franklin s photo below proved model on left to be correct for DNA Pauling Most important scientific paper in Biology in last 100 years First time DNA double helix seen in

More information

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids?

What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? THE NUCLEIC ACIDS What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information. DNA = deoxyribonucleic

More information

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein This is also known as: The central dogma of molecular biology Protein Proteins are made

More information

Peptide libraries: applications, design options and considerations. Laura Geuss, PhD May 5, 2015, 2:00-3:00 pm EST

Peptide libraries: applications, design options and considerations. Laura Geuss, PhD May 5, 2015, 2:00-3:00 pm EST Peptide libraries: applications, design options and considerations Laura Geuss, PhD May 5, 2015, 2:00-3:00 pm EST Overview 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction Peptide library basics Peptide library design considerations

More information

Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation Biology Name: Morales Date: Period: Transcription and Translation Directions: Read the following and answer the questions in complete sentences. DNA is the molecule of heredity it determines an organism

More information

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12

DNA and RNA. Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Chapter 12 Warm Up Exercise Test Corrections Make sure to indicate your new answer and provide an explanation for why this is the correct answer. Do this with a red pen in the margins of your

More information

Central Dogma. 1. Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below.

Central Dogma. 1. Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below. Central Dogma 1. Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below. 4. If 15% of a DNA sample is made up of thymine, T, what percentage of the sample is made up of cytosine, C? A) 15% B) 35% C)

More information

Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation

Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation Fact 1: DNA contains information but is unable to carry out actions Fact 2: Proteins are the workhorses but contain no information THUS Information in DNA must

More information

BIOLOGY. Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins

BIOLOGY. Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins BIOLOGY Chapter 15 Genes & Proteins CMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 17 Protein Synthesis 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig. 17-1 Figure 17.1a n albino racoon Condition

More information

DNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted

DNA RNA PROTEIN. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted DNA RNA PROTEIN Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. unless otherwise noted DNA Molecule of heredity Contains all the genetic info our cells inherit Determines

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic

More information