Neutral mutations in ideal populations. The null model in population genetics The Fisher-Wright population model
|
|
- Kathlyn Johnson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 eutral mutations in ideal populations The null model in population genetics The Fisher-Wright population model ardy-weinberg equilibrium Stochastic changes in allele frequency The decay of heterozygosity over time Identity by descent Predicting levels of variation Infinite allele model Infinite sites model Identity in state Equilibrium heterozygosity Effective population size Variation in reproductive success Change in population size over time Differences between the sexes Continuous models Diffusion theory Wright s distribution of allele frequencies Ewens sampling theory Copyright: ilean McVean,
2 The null model in population genetics Let us suppose othing interesting ever happens in biology Alleles in populations behave like beans in a beanbag t t+ What would patterns of genetic variability look like? Do natural populations actually look like this? Copyright: ilean McVean,
3 Sample variance and evolutionary stochasticity Parameters Population Sample e u e u ASK iven samples, can we detect differences in the underlying parameters Copyright: ilean McVean, 3
4 The Fisher-Wright population model 3 t Assumptions ermaphroditism with possibility of selfing Random mating with respect to space and genotype on-overlapping generations Constant diploid population of size ( alleles) o migration to or from other populations o selection Binomial sampling Pr{ j i}! j!( j)! i j i j Copyright: ilean McVean, 4
5 Alleles and genotypes: ardy-weinberg equilibrium t ( ) x x -x x -x x -x enotype + Probability x x(-x) (-x) Punnett square of expected genotype frequencies A a A AA Aa a Aa aa Copyright: ilean McVean, 5
6 Applications of W theory Testing for equilibrium χ Population African Americans ( Obs Exp) Exp MM M χ.3 European Americans ative Americans 3 7. Estimating allele frequencies in recessive disease e.g. cystic fibrosis in 5 autosomal recessive enotype Phenotype Frequency AA ormal (-x) Aa ormal x(-x) aa Disease x x /5 x. Carriers.4 Copyright: ilean McVean, 6
7 Changes in allele frequency due to random sampling time First complete solution by Kimura (955) Copyright: ilean McVean, 7
8 The decay of heterozygosity over time t xt ( xt ) Probability that two alleles picked at random are different from each other.6 t E[ t+ ] t ( ) time E[ t ] ( ) t Copyright: ilean McVean, 8
9 Copyright: ilean McVean, 9 Identity by descent Same parent Pr / Different parents Pr - / ) ( ) ( by descent} Pr{identical t + + ) ( ) ( ) )( ( Pr{different by descent} t t ) ( t t Probability different by descent at time t
10 Adding mutations The infinite allele model for allozyme mutation mutation All mutations create alleles not previously present in the population The infinite sites model for DA mutation All mutations occur at sites at which mutations are not currently segregating in the population Every new mutation creates a new haplotype Copyright: ilean McVean,
11 ow much variation? Identity in state * t+ Same parent Different parents Pr ) ( u Pr ( * ) ) t ( u At equilibrium If u << and ~ * + 4u >> * * t+ t ~ * 4u + 4u Probability two alleles picked at random are different in state Copyright: ilean McVean,
12 Variation in the infinite alleles model E + u u Variation in the infinite sites model E π u Copyright: ilean McVean,
13 Estimating from polymorphism eterozygosity.4.3. Drosophila umans u enetic divergence Time since split uman allozyme Mutation rate u.5-6 per gene per generation enerations per year Proportion electrophoretic changes umans 6, Drosophila, BUT census >> estimated for both Copyright: ilean McVean, 3
14 Effective population size Many biologically realistic complications of the Fisher-Wright model result in populations that behave in the same way, but with a smaller EFFECTIVE population size e t+ t ( e ) Variation in breeding success Pr{ alleles from same parent} ki ( ki ) i σk If population size constant e σ k Copyright: ilean McVean, 4
15 More on effective population size Fluctuations in population size 4 8 Arithmetic mean 6 4 armonic mean e t i Different numbers of reproductive males and females Males Females f m e 4 m 3.5 m f + f Copyright: ilean McVean, 5
16 Variation in the infinite alleles model E + e u e u Variation in the infinite sites model E π e u Copyright: ilean McVean, 6
17 Phylogenetic constancy of e Estimated e Census Testing the effective population size model Frequency ASK A A A3 LA-A eterozygosity.86 A4 Aw9 A A6 A8 Aw3 Aw3 A3 A5 Aw3 Blank Aw33 Aw43 Allele Are the number of alleles and their frequency distribution compatible with the standard neutral model? Copyright: ilean McVean, 7
18 Diffusion theory Frequency among populations Assume xδx x x+δx Allele frequency A) Changes in allele frequency due to drift, mutation, migration or selection are small M δx - ux B) The only source of variance in the change in allele frequency over generations is random sampling x( x) Vδ x C) The mean and variance of allele frequency change are sufficient to describe the whole population Copyright: ilean McVean, 8 e
19 The equilibrium allele frequency distribution φ( x) θx ( x) θ u θ 4 e log[φ(x)] θ. Most alleles at low frequency Kimura and Crow (964) Allele frequency Ewens sampling formula Expected number of alleles in a sample of size n n + Ewens (97) Copyright: ilean McVean, 9
20 Testing the neutral hypothesis Frequency A A A3 LA-A A4 Aw9 A A6 A8 Aw3 Aw3 A3 A5 Aw3 Blank Aw33 Aw43 Sample size n 8 o. alleles k 4 Pr{n, n. n k k, n} k! l n! n n... Allele k n k Ewens (97) Test statistic B x i ln( x i ) i Pr{B -.9} Copyright: ilean McVean,
Constancy of allele frequencies: -HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM. Changes in allele frequencies: - NATURAL SELECTION
THE ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY Constancy of allele frequencies: -HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM Changes in allele frequencies: - MUTATION and RECOMBINATION - GENETIC DRIFT and POPULATION STRUCTURE -
More informationIntroduction to Population Genetics. Spezielle Statistik in der Biomedizin WS 2014/15
Introduction to Population Genetics Spezielle Statistik in der Biomedizin WS 2014/15 What is population genetics? Describes the genetic structure and variation of populations. Causes Maintenance Changes
More informationIntroductory Models, Effective Population Size
Introductory Models, Effective Population Size Models Intentional simplification of complex relationships Eliminate extraneous detail, focus on key parameters Appropriate and useful first approximations
More informationLecture 10: Introduction to Genetic Drift. September 28, 2012
Lecture 10: Introduction to Genetic Drift September 28, 2012 Announcements Exam to be returned Monday Mid-term course evaluation Class participation Office hours Last Time Transposable Elements Dominance
More informationChapter 25 Population Genetics
Chapter 25 Population Genetics Population Genetics -- the discipline within evolutionary biology that studies changes in allele frequencies. Population -- a group of individuals from the same species that
More informationAssumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Migration and Drift Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 1. Mating is random 2. Population size is infinite (i.e., no genetic drift) 3. No migration 4. No mutation 5. No selection An example of directional
More informationThe evolutionary significance of structure. Detecting and describing structure. Implications for genetic variability
Population structure The evolutionary significance of structure Detecting and describing structure Wright s F statistics Implications for genetic variability Inbreeding effects of structure The Wahlund
More informationVariation Chapter 9 10/6/2014. Some terms. Variation in phenotype can be due to genes AND environment: Is variation genetic, environmental, or both?
Frequency 10/6/2014 Variation Chapter 9 Some terms Genotype Allele form of a gene, distinguished by effect on phenotype Haplotype form of a gene, distinguished by DNA sequence Gene copy number of copies
More informationLecture WS Evolutionary Genetics Part I - Jochen B. W. Wolf 1
N µ s m r - - - Mutation Effect on allele frequencies We have seen that both genotype and allele frequencies are not expected to change by Mendelian inheritance in the absence of any other factors. We
More informationPopGen1: Introduction to population genetics
PopGen1: Introduction to population genetics Introduction MICROEVOLUTION is the term used to describe the dynamics of evolutionary change in populations and species over time. The discipline devoted to
More informationPapers for 11 September
Papers for 11 September v Kreitman M (1983) Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol-dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 304, 412-417. v Hishimoto et al. (2010) Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase
More informationGenetic drift. 1. The Nature of Genetic Drift
Genetic drift. The Nature of Genetic Drift To date, we have assumed that populations are infinite in size. This assumption enabled us to easily calculate the expected frequencies of alleles and genotypes
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 4
POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 4 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding
More informationLAB. POPULATION GENETICS. 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Period Date LAB. POPULATION GENETICS PRE-LAB 1. Explain what is meant by a population being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 2. List and briefly explain the 5 conditions that need to be met to maintain a
More informationThe Hardy-Weinberg Principle. Essential Learning Objectives 1.A.1 (g) and 1.A.1 (h)
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Essential Learning Objectives 1.A.1 (g) and 1.A.1 (h) Evolution of Populations Individuals do not evolve, but rather, populations evolve Scientists use mathematical models
More informationA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. So is a lot. Albert Einstein. Distribution of grades: Exam I. Genetics. Genetics. Genetics.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. So is a lot. Albert Einstein Percentage Distribution of grades: Exam I.5.4.3.2. A B C D F Grade If Huntington s disease is a dominant trait, shouldn t most people
More informationB. Incorrect! 64% is all non-mm types, including both MN and NN. C. Incorrect! 84% is all non-nn types, including MN and MM types.
Genetics Problem Drill 23: Population Genetics No. 1 of 10 1. For Polynesians of Easter Island, the population has MN blood group; Type M and type N are homozygotes and type MN is the heterozygous allele.
More informationPopulation Genetics. If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC
1 Population Genetics How Much Genetic Variation exists in Natural Populations? Phenotypic Variation If we closely examine the individuals of a population, there is almost always PHENOTYPIC VARIATION -
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Population and Community Dynamics The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Key Terms Population: same species, same place, same time Gene: unit of heredity. Controls the expression of a trait. Can be passed to offspring.
More informationPopulation Genetics. Ben Hecht CRITFC Genetics Training December 11, 2013
Population Genetics http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/simulations/drift.html Ben Hecht CRITFC Genetics Training December 11, 2013 1 Population Genetics The study of how populations change genetically over time
More informationMeasuring Evolution of Populations. SLIDE SHOW MODIFIED FROM KIM
Measuring Evolution of Populations SLIDE SHOW MODIFIED FROM KIM FOGLIA@explorebiology.com 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Non-random mating Genetic Drift Selection Populations & gene
More information(c) Suppose we add to our analysis another locus with j alleles. How many haplotypes are possible between the two sites?
OEB 242 Midterm Review Practice Problems (1) Loci, Alleles, Genotypes, Haplotypes (a) Define each of these terms. (b) We used the expression!!, which is equal to!!!!!!!! and represents sampling without
More informationMeasuring Evolution of Populations
Measuring Evolution of Populations 5 Agents of evolutionary change Mutation Gene Flow Non-random mating Genetic Drift Selection Populations & gene pools Concepts u a population is a localized group of
More informationDistinguishing Among Sources of Phenotypic Variation in Populations
Population Genetics Distinguishing Among Sources of Phenotypic Variation in Populations Discrete vs. continuous Genotype or environment (nature vs. nurture) Phenotypic variation - Discrete vs. Continuous
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS. Evolution Lectures 1
POPULATION GENETICS Evolution Lectures 1 POPULATION GENETICS The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. Population: A freely interbreeding
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationPark /12. Yudin /19. Li /26. Song /9
Each student is responsible for (1) preparing the slides and (2) leading the discussion (from problems) related to his/her assigned sections. For uniformity, we will use a single Powerpoint template throughout.
More informationAn Introduction to Population Genetics
An Introduction to Population Genetics THEORY AND APPLICATIONS f 2 A (1 ) E 1 D [ ] = + 2M ES [ ] fa fa = 1 sf a Rasmus Nielsen Montgomery Slatkin Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts
More informationLAB ACTIVITY ONE POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017
OVERVIEW In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency by using your class to represent
More informationBalancing and disruptive selection The HKA test
Natural selection The time-scale of evolution Deleterious mutations Mutation selection balance Mutation load Selection that promotes variation Balancing and disruptive selection The HKA test Adaptation
More informationCOMPUTER SIMULATIONS AND PROBLEMS
Exercise 1: Exploring Evolutionary Mechanisms with Theoretical Computer Simulations, and Calculation of Allele and Genotype Frequencies & Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory INTRODUCTION Evolution is defined
More informationAP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab
AP BIOLOGY Population Genetics and Evolution Lab In 1908 G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggested a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationGenetic Equilibrium: Human Diversity Student Version
Genetic Equilibrium: Human Diversity Student Version Key Concepts: A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live and breed in the same area. Alleles are alternate forms of genes. In
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
The Evolution of Populations What you need to know How and reproduction each produce genetic. The conditions for equilibrium. How to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allelic and to test whether
More informationLABORATORY 8. POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
STUDENT GUIDE LABORATORY 8. POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Objectives In this activity, you will learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium study the relationship between evolution and
More informationEXERCISE 1. Testing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. 1a. Fill in Table 1. Calculate the initial genotype and allele frequencies.
Biology 152/153 Hardy-Weinberg Mating Game EXERCISE 1 Testing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Hypothesis: The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem says that allele frequencies will not change over generations under the following
More informationQuestions we are addressing. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
Factors causing genotype frequency changes or evolutionary principles Selection = variation in fitness; heritable Mutation = change in DNA of genes Migration = movement of genes across populations Vectors
More informationMutation and genetic variation
Mutation and genetic variation Thymidine dimer Point mutations 1. transitions (e.g., A G, C T) 2. transversions (e.g., T A, C G) Models of Point mutation dynamics α A G α A G α α α α β β β β C T α Jukes-Cantor
More informationthebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Genetics
thebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Genetics 1 Some important terms Using the example of tall (T) and short (t) pea plants, explain the meaning of the following terms: Gene Allele Phenotype Genotype Homozygous
More informationExam 1, Fall 2012 Grade Summary. Points: Mean 95.3 Median 93 Std. Dev 8.7 Max 116 Min 83 Percentage: Average Grade Distribution:
Exam 1, Fall 2012 Grade Summary Points: Mean 95.3 Median 93 Std. Dev 8.7 Max 116 Min 83 Percentage: Average 79.4 Grade Distribution: Name: BIOL 464/GEN 535 Population Genetics Fall 2012 Test # 1, 09/26/2012
More informationGenotype AA Aa aa Total N ind We assume that the order of alleles in Aa does not play a role. The genotypic frequencies follow as
N µ s m r - - - - Genetic variation - From genotype frequencies to allele frequencies The last lecture focused on mutation as the ultimate process introducing genetic variation into populations. We have
More information1) (15 points) Next to each term in the left-hand column place the number from the right-hand column that best corresponds:
1) (15 points) Next to each term in the left-hand column place the number from the right-hand column that best corresponds: natural selection 21 1) the component of phenotypic variance not explained by
More informationFIU/NIJ Forensic Population Genetics The Marco Polo, August 2010 ADAM DNA EVE
FIU/NIJ Forensic Population Genetics Workshop @ The Marco Polo, August 2010 ADAM DNA EVE George T. Duncan, PhD Bruce R. McCord, PhD Kuppareddi Balamurugan, PhD Martin L. Tracey, PhD Fruit from the tree
More informationChapter 23: The Evolution of Populations. 1. Populations & Gene Pools. Populations & Gene Pools 12/2/ Populations and Gene Pools
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations 1. Populations and Gene Pools 2. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 3. A Closer Look at Natural Selection 1. Populations & Gene Pools Chapter Reading pp. 481-484, 488-491
More informationConifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project
Conifer Translational Genomics Network Coordinated Agricultural Project Genomics in Tree Breeding and Forest Ecosystem Management ----- Module 3 Population Genetics Nicholas Wheeler & David Harry Oregon
More informationGENETICS - CLUTCH CH.21 POPULATION GENETICS.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HARDY-WEINBERG Hardy-Weinberg is a formula used to measure the frequencies of and genotypes in a population Allelic frequencies are the frequency of alleles in a population
More informationLABORATORY 8: POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
LABORATORY 8: POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION OVERVIEW In this activity you will learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium and study the relationship between evolution and changes in
More informationExercise 8C: Selection
STUDENT GUIDE Exercise 8C: Selection 4. Look back at the five conditions that must be met for allele frequencies to remain constant. Which, if any, of these conditions might not have been met in this simulation?
More informationPopulation Genetics (Learning Objectives)
Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Recognize the quantitative nature of the study of population genetics and its connection to the study of genetics and its applications. Define the terms population,
More informationPopulation Genetics (Learning Objectives)
Population Genetics (Learning Objectives) Recognize the quantitative nature of the study of population genetics and its connection to the study of genetics and its applications. Define the terms population,
More informationb. (3 points) The expected frequencies of each blood type in the deme if mating is random with respect to variation at this locus.
NAME EXAM# 1 1. (15 points) Next to each unnumbered item in the left column place the number from the right column/bottom that best corresponds: 10 additive genetic variance 1) a hermaphroditic adult develops
More informationLecture 11: Genetic Drift and Effective Population Size. October 1, 2012
Lecture 11: Genetic Drift and Effective Population Size October 1, 2012 Last Time Introduction to genetic drift Fisher-Wright model of genetic drift Diffusion model of drift Effects within and among subpopulations
More informationNeutrality Test. Neutrality tests allow us to: Challenges in neutrality tests. differences. data. - Identify causes of species-specific phenotype
Neutrality Test First suggested by Kimura (1968) and King and Jukes (1969) Shift to using neutrality as a null hypothesis in positive selection and selection sweep tests Positive selection is when a new
More information5/18/2017. Genotypic, phenotypic or allelic frequencies each sum to 1. Changes in allele frequencies determine gene pool composition over generations
Topics How to track evolution allele frequencies Hardy Weinberg principle applications Requirements for genetic equilibrium Types of natural selection Population genetic polymorphism in populations, pp.
More informationThe Evolution of Populations
Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationPrinciples of Population Genetics
Principles of Population Genetics Leo P ten Kate, MD, PhD Em. Prof. of Clinical Genetics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research
More informationAlgorithms for Genetics: Introduction, and sources of variation
Algorithms for Genetics: Introduction, and sources of variation Scribe: David Dean Instructor: Vineet Bafna 1 Terms Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual. For example, we may refer to an individual
More informationGenetic drift 10/13/2014. Random factors in evolution. Sampling error. Genetic drift. Random walk. Genetic drift
Random factors in evolution Mutation is random is random is random fluctuations in frequencies of alleles or haplotypes Due to violation of HW assumption of large population size Can result in nonadaptive
More informationPopulation Genetics Modern Synthesis Theory The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Assumptions of the H-W Theorem
Population Genetics A Population is: a group of same species organisms living in an area An allele is: one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene that may occur at a given site on a chromosome.
More informationNatural Selection in Drosophila melanogaster
Natural Selection in Drosophila melanogaster Selena Healey Matthew Reise, Madison Hayes, Amber Cuenin April 14, 2016 Abstract Studying whether or not a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is an
More informationBasics in Population Genetics. Teruyoshi Hishiki
Basics in Population Genetics Teruyoshi Hishiki Advanced Bioinformatics 18/Apr/2016 1 Contents An application of population genetics What are the genotypes causing G6PD deficiency that show resistance
More informationTEST FORM A. 2. Based on current estimates of mutation rate, how many mutations in protein encoding genes are typical for each human?
TEST FORM A Evolution PCB 4673 Exam # 2 Name SSN Multiple Choice: 3 points each 1. The horseshoe crab is a so-called living fossil because there are ancient species that looked very similar to the present-day
More informationMathematical Population Genetics
Mathematical Population Genetics (Hardy-Weinberg, Selection, Drift and Linkage Disequilibrium ) Chiara Sabatti, Human Genetics 5554B Gonda csabatti@mednet.ucla.edu Populations Which predictions are of
More information11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population. KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.
11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. 11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals
More informationVirtual Lab 2 Hardy-Weinberg
Name Period Assignment # Virtual Lab 2 Hardy-Weinberg http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab8/intro.html Read the introduction Click Next 1) Define allele 2) Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
More informationAP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide
AP Biology Laboratory 8 Population Genetics Virtual Student Guide http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html Introduction The Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium provides a
More informationHWE Tutorial (October 2007) Mary Jo Zurbey PharmD Candidate 2008
HWE Tutorial (October 2007) Mary Jo Zurbey PharmD Candidate 2008 Definition: The Hardy-Weinberg equation, which relates genotype and allele frequencies for a population, is as follows, where p = the frequency
More informationWe can use a Punnett Square to determine how the gametes will recombine in the next, or F2 generation.
AP Lab 7: The Mendelian Genetics of Corn Objectives: In this laboratory investigation, you will: Use corn to study genetic crosses, recognize contrasting phenotypes, collect data from F 2 ears of corn,
More informationThis is DUE: Tuesday, March 1, 2011 Come prepared to share your findings with your group.
Biology 160 NAME: Reading Guide 12: Population Dynamics, Humans, Part II This is DUE: Tuesday, March 1, 2011 Come prepared to share your findings with your group. *As before, please turn in only the Critical
More informationCase Studies in Ecology and Evolution
14 Genetics of Small Populations: the case of the Laysan Finch In 1903, rabbits were introduced to a tiny island in the Hawaiian archipelago called Laysan Island. That island is only 187 ha in size, in
More informationSection KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.
Section 11.1 KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive. Why it s beneficial: Genetic variation leads
More informationWhy do we need statistics to study genetics and evolution?
Why do we need statistics to study genetics and evolution? 1. Mapping traits to the genome [Linkage maps (incl. QTLs), LOD] 2. Quantifying genetic basis of complex traits [Concordance, heritability] 3.
More informationHARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY
1 HARDY WEIBERG EQUILIBRIUM & BIOMETRY DR. KOFI OWUSU-DAAKU POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LECTURE V Hardy- Weinberg Law The Hardy-Weinberg Law is a basic concept in the population genetics developed
More informationHardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Gregor Mendel Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Lectures 4-11: Mechanisms of Evolution (Microevolution) Hardy Weinberg Principle (Mendelian Inheritance) Genetic Drift Mutation Sex: Recombination and Random Mating
More informationAverage % If you want to complete quiz corrections for extra credit you must come after school Starting new topic today. Grab your clickers.
Average 50.83% If you want to complete quiz corrections for extra credit you must come after school Starting new topic today. Grab your clickers. Evolution AP BIO Pacing Evolution Today Mutations Gene
More informationEvolution of Populations (Ch. 17)
Evolution of Populations (Ch. 17) Doonesbury - Sunday February 8, 2004 Beak depth of Beak depth Where does Variation come from? Mutation Wet year random changes to DNA errors in gamete production Dry year
More informationLinkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes. Ch. 6
Linkage & Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes Ch. 6 1 LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER! In eukaryotic species, each linear chromosome contains a long piece of DNA A typical chromosome contains many hundred or even
More informationWhat is genetic variation?
enetic Variation Applied Computational enomics, Lecture 05 https://github.com/quinlan-lab/applied-computational-genomics Aaron Quinlan Departments of Human enetics and Biomedical Informatics USTAR Center
More informationBIOLOGY 3201 UNIT 4 EVOLUTION CH MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
BIOLOGY 3201 UNIT 4 EVOLUTION CH. 20 - MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION POPULATION GENETICS AND HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPLE Population genetics: this is a study of the genes in a population and how they may or may
More informationPopulation genetics. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution How/Why?
Population genetics 1.Definition of microevolution 2.Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 3.Hardy-Weinberg equation where it comes from and what it means 4.The five conditions for equilibrium in more
More informationMolecular Evolution. COMP Fall 2010 Luay Nakhleh, Rice University
Molecular Evolution COMP 571 - Fall 2010 Luay Nakhleh, Rice University Outline (1) The neutral theory (2) Measures of divergence and polymorphism (3) DNA sequence divergence and the molecular clock (4)
More informationCHAPTER 23 THE EVOLUTIONS OF POPULATIONS. Section A: Population Genetics
CHAPTER 23 THE EVOLUTIONS OF POPULATIONS Section A: Population Genetics 1. The modern evolutionary synthesis integrated Darwinian selection and Mendelian inheritance 2. A population s gene pool is defined
More informationMeasurement of Molecular Genetic Variation. Forces Creating Genetic Variation. Mutation: Nucleotide Substitutions
Measurement of Molecular Genetic Variation Genetic Variation Is The Necessary Prerequisite For All Evolution And For Studying All The Major Problem Areas In Molecular Evolution. How We Score And Measure
More informationThe Modern Synthesis. Terms and Concepts. Evolutionary Processes. I. Introduction: Where do we go from here? What do these things have in common?
Evolutionary Processes I. Introduction - The modern synthesis Reading: Chap. 25 II. No evolution: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium A. Population genetics B. Assumptions of H-W III. Causes of microevolution (forces
More informationLab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg 1. Overview. In this lab you will:
AP Biology Name Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg 1 Overview In this lab you will: 1. learn about the Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, and 2. study the relationship between evolution
More informationPopulation Dynamics. Population: all the individuals of a species that live together in an area
Population Dynamics Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together in an area Demography: the statistical study of populations, make predictions about how a population
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations.
POPULATION GENETICS: The study of the rules governing the maintenance and transmission of genetic variation in natural populations. DARWINIAN EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Many more individuals are born
More informationBio 6 Natural Selection Lab
Bio 6 Natural Selection Lab Overview In this laboratory you will demonstrate the process of evolution by natural selection by carrying out a predator/prey simulation. Through this exercise you will observe
More informationEdexcel (B) Biology A-level
Edexcel (B) Biology A-level Topic 8: Origins of Genetic Variation Notes Meiosis is reduction division. The main role of meiosis is production of haploid gametes as cells produced by meiosis have half the
More information*No in-class activities can be made up for unexcused absences. See syllabus.
ICA 13 Key *No in-class activities can be made up for unexcused absences. See syllabus. Bluegill Q1. A large population of bluegill (a freshwater fish) was observed over ten consecutive summers. When traits
More informationLecture #3 1/23/02 Dr. Kopeny Model of polygenic inheritance based on three genes
Lecture #3 1/23/02 Dr. Kopeny Model of polygenic inheritance based on three genes Reference; page 230 in textbook 13 Genotype; The genetic constitution governing a heritable trait of an organism Phenotype:
More informationECOLOGY and EVOLUTION. LAB II Part 2. Evolutionary mechanisms
ECOLOGY and EVOLUTION Week 2: September 6 September 9, 2011 LAB II Part 2. Evolutionary mechanisms Before coming to lab, read this lab manual and be sure to know the following terms: Gene locus Haploid
More informationLAB 12 Natural Selection INTRODUCTION
LAB 12 Natural Selection Objectives 1. Model evolution by natural selection. 2. Determine allele frequencies within a population. 3. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate probability of each genotype
More information11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population. KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.
11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool. 11.1 Genetic Variation Within Population! Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals
More informationEVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 8A Chapter 23 Activity Lab #11 A POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HERDEDITY UNIT Unit Part 8A Chapter Activity Lab # A NAME DATE PERIOD POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution
More informationRandom Allelic Variation
Random Allelic Variation AKA Genetic Drift Genetic Drift a non-adaptive mechanism of evolution (therefore, a theory of evolution) that sometimes operates simultaneously with others, such as natural selection
More informationThe Theory of Evolution
The Theory of Evolution Mechanisms of Evolution Notes Pt. 4 Population Genetics & Evolution IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: Populations, not individuals, evolve. Population = a group of individuals of the same
More informationEvolutionary Mechanisms
Evolutionary Mechanisms Tidbits One misconception is that organisms evolve, in the Darwinian sense, during their lifetimes Natural selection acts on individuals, but only populations evolve Genetic variations
More informationPOPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION ACTIVITY # NAME DATE HOUR POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION In 908 G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg independently suggest a scheme whereby evolution could be viewed as changes
More information16.2 Evolution as Genetic Change
16.2 Evolution as Genetic Change 1 of 40 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change 16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change If an individual dies without reproducing, it does not contribute to the gene pool. If an individual
More information