Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Fungal Infections

Transcription

1 Research Article Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research 2016; 2(3): Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Fungal Infections Indu Meshram*, Dinesh Kumar Mishra, Dinesh Kumar Jain IPS Academy, College of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Received: 4 May 2016 Revised: 27 May 2016 Accepted: 29 May 2016 Abstract Objective: Ketoconazole (KTZ), an imidazole derivative with well known antifungal activity, is lipophilic and insoluble in water. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate KTZ loaded hydrogel for topical fungal infections. The main purpose of this study was to improve the therapeutic activity and antifungal activity of KTZ. Method: The hydrogel were prepared by chemical polymerization method. The prepared hydrogel were characterized for structure, ph, spreadability, grittiness and homogeneity. Result: The optimized hydrogel was evaluated for drug entrapment, in- vitro drug release studies and antifungal activity. Drug entrapment was estimated spectrophotometrically. In- vitro drug release studies were performed using diffusion cell apparatus and samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Antifungal activity was done by plate diffusion method. Invitro studies suggest that hydrogel can prolong the drug release and inhance the therapeutic effect as well as antifungal activity of the drug. Conclusion: Overall these results suggest a good potential of the hydrogel system for the topical modi ed delivery of KTZ. Keywords: KTZ, Hydrogel, Fungal infections, Topical delivery, Skin Introduction Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic, polymeric networks that can swell in water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure. Cross linking facilitates insolubility in water because of ionic interaction and hydrogen bonding (Alba et al., 2010). It also provides required mechanical strength and physical integrity to the hydrogels. The hydrophilic three-dimension network formed by chemical or physical crosslinking can be considered as an ideal candidate for the drug delivery (Tanaka et al., 2005). Fungi are increasingly recognized as major pathogens in critically ill patients. Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. are the fungi most frequently isolated in clinical practice. Superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections affect the skin, keratinous tissues and mucous membranes. Systemic fungal * Address for Corresponding Author: Indu Meshram IPSAcademy, College of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, indumeshram19@gmail.com dineshdops@gmail.com infections may be caused by either an opportunistic organism that infects an at-risk host, or may be associated with a more invasive organism that is endemic to a specific geographical area (Tenreiro et al. 2007). There are various types of formulations like tablets, creams, shampoos and gels are available to treat the fungal infections but they have problems like first pass metabolism, skin rashes, allergic reactions, skin irritation etc. These problems necessitate the development of such system that can overcome problems associated with conventional system. Hydrogel could be a better option that avoids the complications of existing systems. These are hydrophilic polymer networks that may retain large amount of water and exhibit a semi-solid morphology. They preserve the active drug for a long time, biocompatible in nature and can be easily modified. Ketoconazole (KTZ) is effective antifungal drug available in cream formulation, from which the drug is in direct contact with skin and hence prone to local reaction such as skin irritation, while hydrogel based formulations will effectively preserve the drug and efficiently surpass the epidermal layer and shows the high therapeutic benefit. The conventional cream of ketoconazole has the low

2 Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research 2016; 2(3): penetration, while the hydrogel based formulations can improve ph determination the high penetration to the skin. The ph of prepared gel formulation was determined by Materials and method using digital ph meter.1gofgelwasdissolved in 100 ml of Ketoconazole (KTZ) was procured as a gift sample from distilled water and stored it for 2 h. The measurement of ph Syncom Formulations (India) Limited, Indore, India. Carbopol of each formulation was done in triplicate and average 934p NF (CP), tween 80 (T80), glycerol (G), glutaraldehyde values were calculated (Saima et al., 2009).See fig. 2. (GD) and all other chemicals were purchased from Lovachem Spreadability limited, Goa (India), are of analytical grade and used without Spreadability was determined by wooden block and glass further purification. slide apparatus. Weight of about 20 g was selected and Preparation of Hydrogel added to the pan and the time was noted for upper slide to The hydrogels were prepared by chemical polymerization separate completely from the fixed slide (Balamuralidhara method (Ramasamy et al., 2012). In this method carbopol 934 et al., 2011). See fig. 3. was dissolved in distilled water and allowed to swell overnight. It was calculated by the given formula: Drug sample was first dispersed in small quantity of tween 80 S= M.L/T then added to carbopol solution and stirred by automatic Where; magnetic stirrer. The remaining ingredients were added to it and the mixture was neutralized (to ph 6.0) by drop wise addition of S= Spreadability 20% solution of sodium hydroxide to allow gel formation. M= weight tied to the movable upper slide Mixing was continued until a transparent gel was obtained. See L= length of a glass slide table 1. T= time taken to separate the slide completely from each Characterization other Structure of hydrogel The structure of prepared hydrogel was determined by the optical microscope. A drop of prepared hydrogel was put into glass slide and observed under the microscope (Gajanan et al., 2013).See fig. 1. Table 1. Optimized formula of hydrogel S.N. Ingredients Quantity 1 Carbopole 934 1% 2 Ketoconazole 2% 3 Tween ml 4 Glycerol 5ml 5 Glutaraldehyde 0.5 ml 6 Sodium hydroxide (20%) q.s 7 Distilled water upto 100 ml Figure 2. Determination of ph Figure 3. Determination of spreadability Figure 1. Optical images of hydrogels, before dry and after dry Grittiness Grittiness was determined by microscopically for the presence of any appreciable particulate matter which was seen under the light microscope (Radhwendra, 2012). Homogeneity Homogeneity was determined by visual inspection. They were observed after settled in container for any aggregation and their appearance (Radhwendra, 2012). Drug entrapment

3 Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research 2016; 2(3): A specific quantity of optimized formulation (1 g) was taken and dissolved completly in 100 ml of phosphate buffer (6.8). The volumetric flask containing gel was shaked for 2 h on a mechanical shaker in order to get uniform solution. Solution was Preparation of Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar Plates Suspended gm sabouraud's dextrose agar in 250 ml distilled water and boiled the suspension to uniform mixing until the clear solution appeared. Solution was autoclave at filtered by 0.45μm membrane filter and estimated 0 15 ibs pressure (121 C) for 15 min. After that the solution spectrophotometrically at 231 nm using phosphate buffer 6.8 as a blank solution (Ramasamy et al., 2012). See table 2. Table 2. Drug entrapment was poured into glass plates and kept at 37±0.5 C temperature for overnight. See fig. 4 and table 3. Table 3. Drug release studies of optimized hydrogel S.N. Formulation code Drug entrapment 1 HG4 95±0.5 In-vitro release profile In- vitro release studies was performed by using a diffusion cell with a receptor compartment capacity of about 20 ml. The egg membrane was mounted between the donor and receptor compartment of the assembly (Winnicka et al., 2012). The formulated preparation was weight up to 1g was placed over the membrane and the receptor compartment of the diffusion cell was filled with phosphate buffer 6.8. The whole assembly was fixed on magnetic stirrer, and the solution in receptor compartment was constantly and continuously stirred using magnetic beads at 50 rpm with 37±0.5 C temperature. 5 ml sample was withdrawn at time interval of 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390 min, and after 24 h. Samples were analyzed for drug concentration spectrophotometrically at 231 nm against blank. The receptor compartment was replaced with an equal volume of phosphate buffer at each time of the sample withdrawn (Subhash et al., 2012). Antifungal activity Preparation of Inoculums For evaluation of antifungal activity, culture of fungi was grown. Fresh culture of fungi was suspended in sterile water to obtain a uniform suspension of microorganism. Figure 4. Percentage drug release of formulation S.N. Time Cumulative drug release (%) 1 10 min ± min. 0.82± min. 1.35± min. 1.96± min. 2.6± min. 3.3± min. 4.1± min. 5.1± min. 6.5± min. 8.3± min. 10.3± min. 12.7± min. 16± min. 19.4± min. 23.2± min. 35.6± min. 58.0± after 24 h 91.2±0.5 Determination of Zone of Inhibition Antifungal activity was checked by agar well diffusion method. In this method a previously liquefied medium was inoculated with 0.2 ml of fungal suspension having a uniform turbidity at 40±0.5 C temperature. 20 ml of Sabouraud's dextrose agar culture medium were poured into the sterile glass plates having an internal diameter of 8.5 cm. Care were taken for the uniform thickness of the layer of medium in different plates. After complete solidification of liquefied inoculated medium, the wells were made aseptically with cork borer having 6 mm diameter. In each of the plates hydrogel solution was placed carefully. Plates were kept for prediffusion for 30 min, after that plates were incubated at 37±0.5 C for 24 h. After incubation period was over, the zone of inhibition was measured (Winnicka et al., 2012).

4 Asian Journal of Biomaterial Research 2016; 2(3): See fig. 5 and table 4. Table 4. Antifungal activity (Zone of inhibition) Fungal species Zone of inhibition (mm) Candida albicans Formulation Standard Control HG4 KET (S1) Marketed preparation(s2) No activity Figure 5. Antifungal activity of formulation HG4 in Comparison with marketed formulation and pure KTZ Results and discussions Hydrogel of KTZ was prepared by chemical polymerization method. Structure of hydrogel was determined by optical microscope. ph was determined by digital ph meter and was found to be 6.81±0.5. It was observed on the basis of skin ph range 6.81 to Spreadability was determined by wooden block and glass slide apparatus. Grittiness and homogeneity was determined by visual inspection. It has a transparent morphology and free from gritty particles. The optimized hydrogel was evaluated for drug entrapment and drug release studies. Drug entrapment was estimated spectrophotometrically. In-vitro drug release studies were performed using diffusion cell apparatus and samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Conclusions The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate KTZ loaded hydrogel for topical fungal infections. The main purpose of this study was to improve the therapeutic activity and antifungal activity of KTZ. Formulation of KTZ hydrogel is a promising and good strategy for improving its therapeutic activity and antifungal activity. The hydrogel were formed by the chemical crosslinking of the drug, carbopol and glutaraldehyde. Due to the gelling property of polymer, crosslinking property of glutaraldehyde and solubilizing property of tween 80 formulated hydrogel showed better antifungal activity. Glycerol used as humectants in the formulation. The prepared hydrogel was improved the in-vitro release and antifungal activity of drug. Invitro studies suggest that hydrogel can prolong the drug release and enhance the therapeutic effect of the drug. The encouraging results obtained in this study suggest that hydrogel system could be proposed as a viable alternative to conventional cream and gel. Overall these results suggest a good potential of the hydrogel system for the topical modified delivery of KTZ. Acknowledgment This work was supported by College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Indore. References Alba A, Sclabassi R, Sun M Novel hydrogel-based preparation- free EEG electrode. Ieee transaction on neural system and rehabilitation engineering. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 18(4): Anas M Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 6(2): Balamuralidhara V, Kumar TM, Srujana N ph sensitive drug delivery system. American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development, 1(1): Banquy X, Suarez F, Argaw A Effect of mechanical properties of hydrogel nanoparticles on macrophage cell uptake. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 5: Gajanan S, Guru Prashad M Design and evaluation of miconazole nitrate loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for improving the antifungal therapy. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(1): Radhwendra J Development and validation of reverse phase HPLC method for estimation of ketoconazole in bulk drug. Pharmaphore- An International Research Journal. 3(2): Ramasamy TG, Khandasami US, Ruttala H Development of solid lipid nanoparticles enriched hydrogels for topical delivery of anti-fungal agent. Macromolecular Research, 20(7): Saima A, Saeid R, Kanchan K Hydrogels as potential drug delivery systems. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(11): Subhash V, Madhabhai P, Kandarp P Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel: Application as site specific delivery for lercanidipine hydrochloride. Journal of Controlled Release, 35(7): Tanaka Y, Ping gong J, Osada Y Trends in Polymer Science: Novel hydrogels with excellent mechanical performance, progress in polymer science. Polymer,

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