Anu Frank Lawale, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary

Transcription

1 Anu Frank Lawale, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary

2 Riding Cows? Milking Horses? Nottingham University (Agriculture) Edinburgh University (Animal breeding)? Institute of Aquaculture (Aquaculture genetics) Domestication

3 That condition wherein the breeding, care and feeding of animals are more or less controlled by man Hale 1969 They defined domestication but why?

4 The road from capture to culture

5 I was here

6 MD Considered one of the most abundant source of oysters in the world Two States Virginia and Maryland VA BUT

7 Landings of oysters in Chesapeake bay (1000 bushels))

8 Once upon a time

9 Today

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11 Not Quite!

12 Millions of cultured oysters

13 There was no NEED to cultivate There was no CULTURE of cultivation The NEED for oysters What caused the shift?

14 ANTHROPOGENIC Over fishing Poor water quality Lack of substrate In recent times Disease DERMO MSX DERMX

15 Fisheries Demise Disease Dermo Disease MSX

16 Houston we have a problem We needed to learn a new culture of farming No problem we had examples (Relaying oysters, France, etc.) However Whatever was planted died Died AND Died again!

17 Domestication of the Eastern Oyster in Virginia began with selecting for disease tolerant oysters One of the 1 st examples where we had to genetically improve the animals BEFORE we could cultivate them

18 Need disease resistant (tolerant) animals BEFORE we could domesticate Domestication = Disease resistance = Genetic improvement

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20 Don t bring a knife to a gun fight! Genetic what? The Caveman wouldn t stand a chance!

21 Selective Breeding The process of selecting animals of higher genetic merit than average, to be the parents of the next generation, such that the average genetic merit of their progeny will be higher than the average of the parental generation Gene hunting

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23 P= G + E = G = A+ I +D E= Environment = Everything else

24 The purpose of selection is to change the frequency of desirable genes from one generation to the next. Has it been successful?

25 Once upon a time Today

26 126 days to harvest (91Kg) 8.55% fat 11.9 piglets per sow

27 BUT!

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29 More complicated with oysters The ENVIRONMENT plays a Big Big part The ENVIRONMENT cannot be controlled The ENVIRONMENT changes: Spatially and Temporally E.G Disease: Will there or won t there be an even? Are we really domesticating this animal? Hale Breeding, care & feeding are controlled

30 Control the GENES. The POTENTIAL for the animal to react to the environment

31 P= G + E G = A+ I +D = Environment = Everything else: Temperature Salinity Food Disease: MSX(>20 o C/15ppt) Dermo (>25 o C/>12ppt)

32 Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Centre ABC Established in 1998 to do something about the oyster problem Clear Objective: Disease resistant to MSX & Dermo Preliminary work: Haskin & Ford , Burreson 1991 Criteria: Live oysters at 3 inches (harvest size)

33 Breeding for resistance in ABC Mass selection Doing something about the oyster problem Line breeding Family selection To answer questions on the genetic and environmental influences on phase 1 traits Improve line performace Surgoens knife More complex traits (meat weight, shape) Triploidy

34 Mass selection: Line breeding PHASE I: Disease resistance Started with 3 lines DEBY (DB), CROSBreed (XB) & Louisiana Origins (LA) By lines in total Grow animals for 24 months 4 different sites (variable disease pressures) Breed survivors

35 ABC test sites Salinity gradient KINSALE YORK RIVER LYNNHAVEN WACHAPREAGUE

36 1998 YORK RIVER 1999 Testing sites for oyster lines KINSALE WACHAPREAGUE LYNNHAVEN K K W W L L

37 Mass selection: Line breeding Phase I results

38 DBY_06 XB_06 LA_06 ABC Test Sites KIN LYN YR Percentage Improvement over wild control

39 Mass selection: Line breeding PHASE II: Fast Growth Site Specific Selection Consolidated 15 lines to three Dropped Wachapreague site Breed fastest growers

40 100 families Shuck Sex Strip Count Fertilise and Check Label Grade

41 Mass selection: Line breeding Phase II results

42 Survival 4000 Percentage Improvement over wild control KIN LYN YRK ABC Test Sites DBY_08 XB_08 LA_08

43 LYNHAVEN: Length Percentage Improvement over wild control Year Gen 2008 Year Gen DBY_06 XB_06 LA_06 DBY_08 XB_08 LA_08 ABC LINES

44 Our research machine Family selection What role does the Environment play? What is the selection potential? Beyond Survival: Adding value Exploring new traits

45 Family selection Based on single pair matings x Complex mating designs Now 5 different cohorts : families 2010: 150 families Reared separately Mortality and Growth measured up to three times a year spring, summer & fall 2004 (38,400), 2005 (44,000), 2006 (47,200) 2007

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47 W.O.R.K

48 Results: Survival Heritable: selection potential GxE due to salinity differences SITE SPECIFIC SELECTION ZONES Dependent Lessons Select within the same site and zone

49 Results: survival Percentage Survival S I KIN T S I YR T Site S = subtidal I = intertidal T = tidal

50 Results: Growth Salinity & Disease Dependent GxE due to salinity differences SITE SPECIFIC SELECTION ZONES Dependent Lessons Select within the same site and zone

51 A trip down south

52 A trip down south J & B AqaFood J. Morris Deployed High Salinity ABC lines and a wild control J. Morris will present on Saturday but

53 Stumping the sound Deployed lines in winter of 2010 Grew them just like Jim & Bonnie Samples mortality and growth in April, June, September & Jan 2012 Had a BLAST!!!!!!

54 Shell length (mm) in Jan 2012 Predicted Shell length (mm) +95% C.I BDEBYLYN.10 BhANAYR.10 BXBLYN.10 MBCLYN10 Lines

55 Whole body weight (g) in Jan 2012 Predicted body weight (g) +95% C.I BDEBYLYN.10 BhANAYR.10 BXBLYN.10 MBCLYN10 Lines

56 Meat weight in Jan 2012 Predicted meat weight (g) +95% C.I BDEBYLYN.10 BhANAYR.10 BXBLYN.10 MBCLYN10 Lines

57 Growth rate 14 months post spawn ~10 months post deployment!!! Length (mm) April June Sept Jan Time BDEBYLYN.10 BhANAYR.10 BXBLYN.10 MBCLYN10

58 Back to reality

59 Number of cultured oysters in VA 40 PROJECTED Millions

60 The domesticated oyster In 2010 aquaculture products EQUALLED wild harvests Aquaculture of hatchery products is the new paradigm for oyster harvest in Virginia Products Single oysters for ½ shell Spat on Shell for meat. ABC supply broodstock for hatcheries: 20,000 in 2010

61 New Traits Harvest Traits Shell shape Cup Size Cup Width and Depth Meat Weight Hatchery Traits Fecundity and Conditioning Larval growth Rate Setting Success Setting window Correlations with field traits

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63 OUR Pretty Little thing Adeline Steph The A-Team ska K. Sis Bri Miss Linda Shirley Debb N8MAN Dr Ritter Amanda BLAINE