STUDYING THE ACCELERATED PHOTOSTABILITY OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND LOMEFLOXACIN IN TABLETS AND EYE DROPS

Transcription

1 IJPSR (2014), Vol. 5, Issue 9 (Research Article) Received on 24 February, 2014; received in revised form, 19 April, 2014; accepted, 30 May, 2014; published 01 September, 2014 STUDYING THE ACCELERATED PHOTOSTABILITY OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND LOMEFLOXACIN IN TABLETS AND EYE DROPS Mohammad Amer Al-Mardini and Zaynab Mando* Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, P.O. Box Damascus, Syria Keywords: Fluoroquinolones, Ciprofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Photostability, Stability-indicating methods Correspondence to Author: Zaynab Mando Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, P.O. Box Damascus, Syria zeinmand@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: The photostability of two fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin has been detected in tablets and eye drops formulations using light-stability cabinet. Ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin were subjected to stress conditions. The degradation products were well separated from the peak of the active substance. The stability of these compounds has been studied both in containers and under direct light in the light-stability cabinet. Samples were assayed immediately and at 1, 3, 6 months by stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography methods with photodiode array detector. The determination was performed on C18 (250x4.6mm, 5µm). The first mobile phase consisted of 0.025M phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (87:13) pumped at a flow rate 2ml/min for ciprofloxacin, while the second consisted of water, acetonitrile, triethylamine (80:20:0.3) pumped at a flow rate 1ml/min for lomefloxacin. The UV detector was operated at 278 nm for ciprofloxacin and 288 nm for lomefloxacin. The methods were suitably validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and selectivity. All validation parameters were within the acceptance range. Data analysis revealed that plastic and amber containers cannot protect either ciprofloxacin or lomefloxacin in eye drops formulation from photodegradation after one month in the cabinet. White blister protect the two agents in tablets formulation after six months in the cabinet. INTRODUCTION: The fluoroquinolones represent a relatively new class of antibiotics with outstanding therapeutic potential, attributable to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and useful pharmacokinetic properties: they are orally active, their lipophilicity and low degree of plasma protein binding allow for excellent tissue penetration and concentrations 1. Since quinolones discovery in the early 1960s, the quinolone group of antibacterials has generated considerable clinical and scientific interest 2. It has been estimated that over analogues of naldixic acid have been synthesized 3. The quinolone pharmacore is represented in figure 1 3. QUICK RESPONSE CODE DOI: /IJPSR (9) Article can be accessed online on: DOI link: FIGURE 1: THE QUINOLONE PHRMACORE International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3646

2 Quinolone phototoxicity is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide since these species cause severe tissue damage 4. These reactive oxygen species attack cellular lipid membranes, which results in lipid peroxidation and subsequent inflammation 5. Only few studies on the photostability of fluoroquinolones have been published 6, 7, and there were no studies on the effect of the packaging on the photostability of pharmaceutical preparations. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to determine the effect of light on the stability of ciprofloxacin, the most widely used agent in this class due to its broad spectrum and excellent oral 8 bioavailability and lomefloxacin, the most phototoxicity 5, after both direct exposure and in containers in the light-stability cabinet, using stability-indicating HPLC methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ciprofloxacin and Lomefloxacin working standards were obtained from the quality control and researches laboratories in the ministry of health- Syria. Tablets and eye drops were obtained from different local manufactures. Acetonitrile and water of HPLC, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from MERCK, triethylamine from PANREAC. A Hitachi HPLC system equipped with a L-2130 isocratic and gradient pump, L-2200 auto injector, L-2450 photodiode array detector and Knauer C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm) were used. The first mobile phase consisted of 0.025M phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (87:13, v/v) 9 pumped at a flow rate 2ml/min for ciprofloxacin, while the second consisted of water, acetonitrile, triethylamine (80:20:0.3, v/v/v) pumped at a flow rate 1ml/min for lomefloxacin 10. The UV detector was operated at 278 nm for ciprofloxacin and 288 nm for lomefloxacin. Preparation of stock and standard solutions: Stock solution of ciprofloxacin 1 mg/ml was prepared in mobile phase and diluted further with mobile phase to obtain standard solution of 300µg/ml. Stock solution of lomefloxacin 0.1 mg/ml was prepared in mobile phase and diluted further with mobile phase to obtain standard solution of 60µg/ml. Assay methods: Assay methods of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1: ASSAY METHODS OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND LOMEFLOXACIN HCl NaOH H2O2 Heat Light Degradation 23% 39% 5% 0% 50% percentage Resolution factor Method validation: Method validation procedure was based on the recommendations of the international conference on harmonization Q2 (R1) for analytical procedures validation 11. Stability- indicating study 12 : The stability study consists of the following challenges: exposure to hydrogen peroxide, acid and alkali hydrolysis, and exposure to heat and light. A standard solution at 10 times the normal working concentration was prepared. 10 ml aliquots of sample were taken into five separate 100 ml volumetric flasks and treated as follows: 20 ml of 5N HCl was added and immersed in a boiling water bath for one hour. 20 ml of 5N NaOH was added and immersed in a boiling water bath for one hour. 10 ml of H 2 O 2 20% was added and let standing 30 minutes. Stored at 60ºC for one week. Stored under white light for one week. Each sample was diluted to the mark with RO/DI water. The acid sample was neutralized with 20 ml 5N NaOH prior to dilution and the alkali sample with 20 ml 5N HCl prior to dilution. Stability study: First, samples of pharmaceutical preparations (tablets and eye drops) for each of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin have been assayed (time zero). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3647

3 After that, other samples have been incubated in a light-stability cabinet designed for light-stability tests in compatible with the second option for light sources identified in the international conference on harmonization topic Q1B for the photostability testing 13, so that is maintained at a temperature 25 c and a relative humidity of 40% during the study period, amounting to six months. Part of the samples was incubated under direct exposure to light (direct light), another part was incubated within its direct package (white blister, amber and plastic containers), while the rest of the samples were incubated after suitable protection from light (dark). The changes in the incubated samples have been recorded and studied according to the active ingredients assay using validated methods. The results were compared to determine the effect of the light on the stability of the active substances in their dosage forms during storage and consumption, and the effect of the packaging containers on the protection from light. Statistical studies: TABLE 2: LOMEFLOXACIN UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS HCl NaOH H2O2 Heat Light Degradation percentage 46% 47.5% 21.5% 0% 56% Resolution factor TABLE 3: CIPROFLOXACIN UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS Assay methods of ciprofloxacin Column temperature 30ºC 0.025M phosphoric acid and Mobile phase acetonitrile (87:13). The PH was adjusted to 3 using triethylamine 9 Flow rate 2 ml/min Wavelength Standard concentration 278 nm 300 µg/ml Assay methods of lomefloxacin Column temperature 24ºC Water, acetonitrile, triethylamine Mobile phase (80:20:0.3). The PH was adjusted to 3.3 using phosphoric acid 10. Flow rate 1 ml/min Wavelength 288 nm Standard concentration 60 µg/ml Fisher test: Fisher test was used to compare variances between assay results of the active ingredients in each group of samples at 95% confidence limits. Student test: Student test was performed for comparison between the average weights of the active ingredients in each of the conditions used (light, dark, white blister, plastic and amber containers) at 95% confidence limits. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: FIGURE 2: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN (STANDARD SOLUTION) Verifying for the assay methods stabilityindicating: The assay methods of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin were verified for their stabilityindicating as the hardest conditions were applied to accelerate the degradation of the active ingredients. The methods proved to be suitable for the use in the stability study of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin. They were able to differentiate selectively between the active substance and its degradation products, as the resolution factor was more than 1.5 in all mediums (Tables 2 & 3, Figures 2 & 9). FIGURE 3: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN (STANDARD SOLUTION) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3648

4 FIGURE 4: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN TREATED WITH 5N HCl FIGURE 8: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN TREATED WITH H 2 O 2 20% FIGURE 5: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN TREATED WITH 5N HCl FIGURE 9: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN TREATED WITH H 2 O 2 20% The methods also showed the stability of both compounds at high temperatures where there has been no damage after incubation at a temperature of 60ºC for a week as it appears in the Figures 10&11 FIGURE 6: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN TREATED WITH 5N NaOH FIGURE 10: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN AT 60ºC FOR ONE WEEK FIGURE 7: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN TREATED WITH 5N NaOH International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3649

5 FIGURE 11: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN AT 60ºC FOR ONE WEEK as well as their sensitivity against light, which turned out through the significant contraction in their concentrations after exposure to white light for one week as shown in the Figures 12 & 13. Validation of the assay methods: The assay method of lomefloxacin was validated, and all the parameters met the recommendations of ICH for analytical method validation (Table 4). The linear equation and correlation coefficient were: Y= X , respectively (Figure 14). This demonstrates the linearity of this method and its suitability for the analysis of lomefloxacin. FIGURE 14: RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND PEAK AREA OF LOMEFLOXACIN The results of accuracy showed that the method is accurate with average percentage recovery FIGURE 12: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF LOMEFLOXACIN UNDER WHITE LIGHT FOR ONE WEEK The relative standard deviation for repeatability was 0.71, and for intermediate precision was The purity of analyte peak and the RSD value of < 2% (0.22) indicate that the method is selective for analysis of lomefloxacin in its dosage forms. The results of robustness test indicate that the method is robust. The percentage recovery for the assay values (n=5) were 98.72, , The relative retention time of samples was 0.998, 0.997, and FIGURE 13: HPLC CHROMATOGRAM OF CIPROFLOXACIN UNDER WHITE LIGHT FOR ONE WEEK For acid and alkaline mediums, no damages were noticed when using 0.5 N concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, which has necessitated a gradually increased until 5N concentration where we got the suitable degradation. The assay method of ciprofloxacin was validated, and all the parameters met the recommendations of ICH for analytical method validation (Table 4). The linear equation and correlation coefficient were: Y= X , respectively (Figure 15). This demonstrates the linearity of this method and its suitability for the analysis of ciprofloxacin. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3650

6 FIGURE 15: RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND PEAK AREA OF CIPROFLOXACIN The results of accuracy showed that the method is accurate with average percentage recovery The relative standard deviation for repeatability was 1.19, and for intermediate precision was The purity of analyte peak and the RSD value of < 2% (0.18) indicate that the method is selective for analysis of lomefloxacin in its dosage forms. The results of robustness test indicate that the method is robust. The percentage recovery for the assay values (n=5) were 97.71, , The relative retention time of samples was 0.998, 1, and TABLE 4: VALIDATION RESULTS OF THE HPLC METHOD OF LOMEFLOXACIN & CIPROFLOXACIN Accuracy Retention Precision Selectivity Robustness Linearity Mean time RSD% RSD% Mean Recovery% / RRT Recovery% Intermediate Repeatability ml/min 0.9 Lome- precision 7.7 min. R 2 = floxacin Cipro min. R 2 = ml/min 2.1 floxacin Stability studies on dosage forms: When exposing the tablets (Ciprofloxacin and Lomefloxacin) directly to light within the lightstability cabinet, there was no decrease in the concentration of the active substances after 3 months, in other words the difference between concentrations of the active ingredients in the dark and the light was not statistically significant. At the end of the exposure period after 6 months, the decrease in the concentrations of the active substances was substantially and statistically significant (around 1.5%, 4.5%, respectively), as a result of photodegradation and not return to the forces of luck and coincidence or analytical errors. No decrease was noticed in the concentration of the active ingredients when the tablets exposed to light within the white blister even after 6 months in the cabinet, and the differences were insignificant (Table 5). TABLE 5: COMPARING STATISTICAL RESULTS IN TABLETS AFTER LIGHT EXPOSURE Average of concentrations Ciprofloxacin Lomefloxacin Time Time 1 month 3 months 6 months zero zero 1 month 3 months Dark Dark Direct light Direct light Difference - insignificant insignificant Significant Difference - insignificant Insignificant Dark Dark Blister Blister Difference - insignificant insignificant Insignificant Difference - insignificant Insignificant 6 months Significant Insignificant For the eye drops, the degradation was clear since the first month of the direct exposure to light (about 30%.84%, respectively), as well as when exposing the drop to light within both the amber and plastic containers, where the decrease in the concentration of the active substances was substantially and statistically significant after one month (about 2% in both containers for ciprofloxacin, 1.5% in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3651

7 amber container respectively), as well as when exposing the drop to light within both the amber and plastic containers, where the decrease in the concentration of the active substances was substantially and statistically significant after one month (about 2% in both containers for ciprofloxacin, 1.5% in the amber container and 9% in the plastic container for Lomefloxacin) as a result of photodegradation (Table 6). TABLE 6: COMPARING STATISTICAL RESULTS IN EYE DROPS AFTER LIGHT EXPOSURE Average of concentrations Ciprofloxacinn Lomefloxacin Time zero 1 month 3 months 6 months Time zero 1 month 3 months Dark Dark Direct Direct light light Difference - significant significant Significant Difference - significant significant Dark Dark Amber Amber Plastic Plastic Difference - significant significant Significant Difference - significant significant 6 months Significant Significant CONCLUSIONS: A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods have been used for the determination of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin in tablets and eye drops dosage forms. The methods were suitably validated and studied for their stability-indicating. The degradation products were well separated from the peak of the active substance. The results of the stability study indicate that white blister can protect tablets from degradation induced by light. They also show that transparent containers should be avoided in eye drops formulations, instead of amber or plastic containers can be used, with an emphasis on the need to keep the eye drops within the outer package and not only within the inner package. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Many thanks for the coworkers in Al-Fares factory for pharmaceutical industries-syria for their help and support. REFERENCES: 1. Fitton A. The Quinolones. An overview of their pharmacology. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1992; 22: Emami S., Shafiee A., Foroumadi A. Quinolones: Recent Structural and Clinical Developments. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2005; 3: Tillotson G.S. Quinolones: structure-activity relationships and future predictions. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1996; 44: De Sarro A., De Sarro G. Adverse Reactions of Fluoroquinolones. An Overview on Mechanistic Aspects. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2001; 8: Fish DN. Fluoroquinolone Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions: Specific Adverse Effects. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: Torniainen K, Tammilehto S, Ulvi V. The effect of ph, buffer type and drug concentration on the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin. International journal of pharmaceutics. 1996; 132: De Vries H, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. Photochemical decomposition of Lomefloxacin in vitro and in vivo. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology B: Biology. 2000; 58: Andriole V. The Quinolones. Academic Press. Third Edition. Pages 33-98, United States Pharmacopoeia ( USP ) 10. Santoro M., Kassab N., Singh A. Quantitative determination of gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin and pefloxacin fluoroquinolonic antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2006; 40: International Conference on Harmonaization Q2 (R1). Validation of Analytical procerdres: Text and Methodology. Finalised Guideline November Nilsen C. Managing the Analytical Laboratory. Interpharm Press, Inc International Conference on Harmonaization Topic Q1B. Photostability Testing of New Active Substances and Medicinal Products. Finalized Guideline November How to cite this article Md. Al-Mardini A and Mando Z: Studying the Accelerated Photostability of Ciprofloxacin and Lomefloxacin in Tablets and Eye Drops. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2014; 5(9): doi: /IJPSR (9) \\\ All 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This article can be downloaded to ANDROID OS based mobile. Scan QR Code using Code/Bar Scanner from your mobile. (Scanners are available on Google Playstore) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3652