Tissue- Biomaterial Interactions

Transcription

1 An Introduction To Tissue- Biomaterial Interactions Kay C Dee, Ph.D Tulane University Department of Biomedical Engineering New Orleans, Louisiana David A. Puleo, Ph.D University of Kentucky Center for Biomedical Engineering Lexington, Kentucky Rena Bizios, Ph.D Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Department of Biomedical Engineering Troy, New York WILEY-LISS A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

2 Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii 1 Biomaterials Introduction Definition Metallic Biomaterials Basis of Structure-Property Relationships Corrosion Mechanical Properties Ceramic and Glass Biomaterials Basis of Structure-Property Relationships Degradation Mechanical Properties Polymerie Biomaterials Basis of Structure-Property Relationships Degradation Mechanical Properties Choice of Materials for Biomedical Applications Biomaterials for Implantable Devices: Present and Future Directions Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions 13 2 Proteins Introduction 15 VII

3 VIII An Introduction To Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions 2.2 Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Importance of Conformation Examples Collagen Elastin Fibronectin Fibrinogen Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions/Discovery Activities 35 3 Protein-Surface Interactions Introduction Important Protein and Surface Properties Protein Properties Surface Properties Adsorption and Desorption Conformational Changes Multicomponent Solutions Example Blood-Surface Interactions Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions/Discovery Activities 52 4 Blood-Biomaterial Interactions and Coagulation Introduction The Blood Cell Source: Marrow and Stern Cells Red Blood Cells Formation and Function Deformation and Blood Flow Platelets Formation and Function Platelet Aggregation and the Process of Coagulation The Coagulation Cascades Mechanisms 73

4 Contents Control Points Anticoagulants and Fibrinolysis Biomaterials, Devices, and Thrombosis Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Study Questions Discovery Activities 87 Inflammation and Infection Introduction Historical Observations: Inflammation and Infection 5.3 Nonlymphatic Leukocytes Inflammation and Leukocyte Functions Chemotaxis and Cell Migration Phagocytosis Diapedesis Physiological Explanations for the Cardinal Signs 5.6 Infection Summary References Bibliography/Suggested Reading Study Questions Discovery Activities 107 The Immune System and Inflammation Introduction Lymphocytes Immunogens, Antigens, and Antibodies Cell-Mediated Immunity T Cell Subpopulations and Functions Antigen-Presenting Cells Humoral Immunity B Cell Subpopulations and Functions The Complement System Generating Specificity Clonal Selection Theory "Seif" Versus "Non-self"? Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Study Questions Discovery Activities 126

5 An Introduction To Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions Wound Heaiing Introduction Tissues The Biology of Wound Heaiing of Vascularized Connective Tissue in Adults Pertinent Aspects of Hemostasis and Inflammation Proliferative and Repair Phase Remodeling Phase Scar Tissue Timing Aspects Factors that Affect the Wound Heaiing Outcome An Example of Wound Heaiing Tissue: Skin Chronic Nonhealing Wounds Wound Heaiing Around Implants in Adults Complications Related to Wound Heaiing Around Implants Closing Remarks Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions 147 Biomaterial Surfaces and the Physiological Environment Introduction Surface Characterization Methods Contact Angle Analysis X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Surface Responses to the Wound Heaiing Process Protein Fouling Degradation and Dissolution Calcification Engineering Biomaterial Surfaces Morphologie Modifications Physicochemical Modifications 167

6 Contents XI Biological Modifications Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions/Discovery Activities Biocompatibility Introduction Differences between Biological and Synthetic Materials Tests Prerequisite to Evaluation of Biocompatibility Methods for Testing and Evaluating Biocompatibility In Vitro Testing Animal Models Clinical Trials Attempting to Define Biocompatibility Concluding Remarks Summary Bibliography/Suggested Reading Quiz Questions Study Questions Example 1. Opening Occiuded Vessels: Vascular Grafts, Intimal Hyperplasia 185 Example 2. Replacing Joints and Teeth 191 Answers to Quiz Questions 197 Glossary 205 Index 219