Usos de la fermentación en la producción masiva de compuestos químicos a partir de biomasa

Transcription

1 Usos de la fermentación en la producción masiva de compuestos químicos a partir de biomasa Bioeconomía Argentina 2013: Biomasa, innovación y valor agregado, Buenos Aires, March 21-22, 2013 Ruud A. Weusthuis

2 How can we use fermentation for the production of bulk chemicals? Argentinian Bioeconomy 2013: Biomass, innovation and value added; Buenos Aires, March 21-22, 2013 Ruud A. Weusthuis

3 Why fermentation processes? Example: glucose to ethanol 12 reactions Chemistry: 90% efficiency per step, 28% overall Multiple reactors, high investment costs Fermentation 90% efficiency overall One pot synthesis, low investment costs

4 Market prices Compounds Petrochemicals Polyethylene 700 Fermentation products Acetic acid 400 Ethylene glycol 900 Price /ton Ethanol Lactic acid Citric acid 800 L-glutamic acid 1200 L-Lysine 2000 Itaconic acid 4000

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7 Making bulk chemicals with microorganisms Goal: competitive with fossil derived products Substrat e Substrate Fermentation Product recovery Product Product Yield (substrate efficiency), productivity, titre

8 Production costs /GJ end product Which type of product? Capital Oil/gas Coal Added value: 2-5 times higher

9 Which type of substrate? Side streams, lignocellulose

10 Which type of substrate? Side streams, lignocellulose Complex: Implications for product recovery Fermentation inhibitors present Mixture of carbon sources Low sugar concentrations (~50 g/l) Mixing problems 2-3 times lower oxygen transfer Substrate costs: 2 x as low?

11 What type of fermentation? Anaerobic: Ethanol: 0.95 J/J Lactate: 0.95 g/g Aerobic: L-glutamic acid: 0.62 g/g Itaconic acid: 0.47 g/g

12 Anaerobic fermentations Aerobic Anaerobic Productivity Limited by O 2 transfer No O 2 required Substrate efficiency Limited by cooling capacity Low heat production High biomass production Low biomass production Complete oxidation of substrate to CO 2 No complete oxidation

13 Anaerobic fermentations: challenges Glucose Glucose O 2 Glucose Glucose Protons Electrons Electrons Electrons 2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate Electrons Electrons 2 CO 2 Electrons 2 CO 2 2 Lactate Succinate Water Succinate Hydrogen Succinate gas Aerobic Anaerobic CO 2 -fixating pathways Hydrogen producing pathways

14 3-hydroxybutyric acid Monomer of the polyester PHB PHB competes with polyethylene Anaerobic production: 2 glucose 3-hydroxybutyric acid + 2 ethanol + 4 H CO 2

15 Anaerobic fermentations Yield: 0.95 g/g or J/J Productivity: up to 5 times higher 4 projects running

16 [Product] % of highest concentration Product inhibition Time (% total time) Productivity, titre and yield are limited by product inhibition

17 Prevent product inhibition Strains with improved product tolerance Product tolerance difficult to engineer Isolate strains with high tolerance Convert them into producers of chemicals Example: Isolated strain Monascus ruber LF6 is able to grow in presence of 150 g/l lactic acid at ph 2-3 (WO ) 3 projects running

18 Apply in-situ product recovery Examples: Ethanol production at low pressure 4 g/l/h at atmospheric pressure 40 g/l/h at low pressure Cysewski and Wilke, 1977 Lactic acid in continuous membrane reactor 4-7 g/l/h in normal batch 22 g/l/h in CMR Tejayadi and Cheryan, 1994

19 Prevent product inhibition Productivity: up to 5-10 times higher Titre: up to 5 times higer 2 projects running

20 Product recovery High costs of product separation: Up to 20-40% of total costs Biofuels in fermentation broth Ethanol: Miscible Distillation, 20% of energy Dodecanol (C12): Immiscible Simple separation! Example: LS9, Amyris

21 Phase separations Liquid/liquid Making water immiscible compounds Gas/liquid Volatile compounds, high temperature fermentations Solid/liquid Making polymers: Cyanophycin, polyhydroxyalkanoates Crystals No/less product inhibition!

22 Phase separations 2-4 times as cost effective? 2 projects running

23 Recipe for application of metabolic engineering for production of bulk products 1. Make chemicals, not fuels: 2-5 x more added value 2. Use inexpensive side streams: 2 x lower substrate costs? 3. Use anaerobic fermentations: Yield to 0.95 g/g, J/J Productivity: 5 x as high 4. Prevent product inhibition: Productivity: 5 x as high 5. Use phase separation: 2-4 x as cost effective?

24 Take-home message: Production costs of fermentation products can be reduced below that of bioethanol

25 Thanks to Gerrit Eggink Leo de Graaff Annemarie Hage Serve Kengen Ischa Lamot Audrey Leprince Mark Levisson Astrid Mars Odette Mendes EOS-NEO program BE-BASIC program Bas Meussen Youri van Nulandt John van der Oost Mark Roghair Johan Sanders Peter Schaap Jan Springer Kiira Vuoristo Hetty van der Wal Emil Wolbert

26 End Thank you for your attention

27 Biobased Commodity Chemicals Johan Sanders Biorefinery Marieke Bruins Biobased Process Technology Elinor Scott (Bio)Catalytic Transformations Ruud Weusthuis Fermentation processes