Characterization, conservation and domestication of indigenous edible and medicinal mushrooms on agricultural residues Report

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1 Characterization, conservation and domestication of indigenous edible and medicinal mushrooms on agricultural residues Report Call For Report Call for final report Africa-Brazil Projects funded in the 2011/12 Report Status Submitted Title Characterization, conservation and domestication of indigenous edible and medicinal mushrooms on agricultural residues ID 2897 Thematic Area Productivity Enhancing Technologies Reporting period 07 Nov May 2015 Co-leader Institutions Embrapa Genetic Resources & Biotechnology & CSIR-Food Research Institute Project Co-leaders Mrs. Arailde Urben & Mrs. Mary Obodai Type of African Co-leader Institution Research Summary Many forests in the tropics and sub-tropics are endowed with abundant genetic resources of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Some of these mushrooms have been characterized by phenotypic, genotypic and phytochemical means. This is however lacking for a greater extent in Ghana and other countries. For centuries now, mushrooms have not only been used as foods and therapeutics in folk medicine but in the present-day has found clinical uses. There is a growing interest in mushrooms on their dietetic, pharmacological, production of secondary metabolites and their bioactive properties. With the current rate of desertification, overgrazing and bushfires in Ghana the rationale for the project is to characterize the mushroom germplasm in four forests in Ghana with the view of conserving this rich genetic material some of which contents will serve as a good nutritional diet and as raw material for the nutraceutical and functional food industries. Also it will create job opportunities for the youth and the unemployed in the communities surrounding these forests by cultivating the cultivable mushrooms on agricultural residues. Country(ies) of Implementation Ghana & Brazil Project Results 1. Indigenous knowledge from four regions were documented namely Eastern in 3 villages, Volta in 3 villages, Brong Ahafo in 8 villages and the Western in 9 villages. A total of approximately 1500 questionnaires were administered in these regions. Some questions asked were: types of mushrooms eaten, perception of mushrooms in the region and uses among others. 2. Four forest were visited within the period. A report of which has already being submitted. Sixty macrofungi were collected from the four forests visited out of which 51 were identified. New species of mushrooms were recorded for the first time in Ghana, namely Pleurotus sajor caju, P. albidus, Tremella mesenterica, Oudemansiella canarii, Pycnosporus sanguineensis and Favolus brasiliensis. These mushrooms have were photographed in situ, dried and are currently been stored in a refurbished Research Lab. 3.Diversity of mushrooms available for the market: Pleurotus sajorcaju strain PSCW-1, Lentinus squarrosullus strain sqw-10 and Pleurotus tuber-regium are now cultures in the National Mycelium Bank which is kept in CSIR- Food Research Institute. Experiments carried out on Pleurotus sajor-caju strain PSCW-1 showed that the yields are comparable to that of P. ostreatus strain EM1 which is currently on the market. Shelf-life studies will be conducted and then this variety will be released on the local market. Also results of morphological characteristics of mycelia growth of Lentinus squarrosullus strain sqw-10 has been published. 4.The selected mushrooms from this project when analyzed showed high levels of antioxidants and rich nutritional value, these results have been published in a high impact factor journal 5 Grass cutting machine has been fabricated and is been used in trainings in the Institute. 6. Juncao technology (use of grass) is now available for extensive technology transfer to the villages. Two user friendly hand-outs on this technology have been developed to be used for training 7. A total of 97 persons have been trained in the Juncao technology at the CSIR-Food Research Institute as part of the training in mushroom cultivation carried out. This included a trainer of trainers workshop in which 16 participants were trained from 13th-15th May, Participation in a workshop - VII International Symposium on Mushrooms in Brazil and VI National Symposium on Edible Mushrooms, organized by The National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil from 12th to 15th October, A poster was presented titled 'First record of Favolus brasiliensis, Aphyllophorales, in Ghana (Africa)' Scalability and replicability CSIR-Food Research Institute has a Mushroom Unit where there is production of mushroom spawns (mushroom seed) for production of fresh mushrooms.

2 The spawns of the new strains of mushrooms obtained from this project ie. Pleurotus sajor-caju strain pscw-1, Lentinus squarrosullus strain sqw-10 and Pleurotus tuber-regium is now available for multiplication and sale to existing mushroom farmers for propagation after shelf-life studies have been conducted. There will therefore be a diversification of edible mushrooms on the Ghanaian market with subsequent potential for export. Replication of this technology (juncao and sawdust plastic bag methods) to other parts of the country will be carried out to five neighbouring communities when funds are obtained for technology transfer. Impacts of project results 1. The use of the Juncao technology, adapted by Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and modified to suit growing conditions in Ghana, inaddition to the sawdust plastic bag method will be used as important techniques for the cultivation of mushrooms in Ghana and beyond. 2. The cultivation of three species (Pleurotus sajor-caju strain pscw-1, Lentinus squarrosullus strain sqw-10 and Pleurotus tuber-regium) obtained on this project will be taught during training programmes and then will be cultivated by the youth and the unemployed and this will eventually give them a means of income. 3. The mushroom cultivation using agricultural residues is an important strategy for the biotransformation, where organic waste can be transformed into nutriceuticals and food. As a future perspective, the marketing of these mushrooms and their benefits to human health could be used by the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Sustainability of project CSIR-Food Research Institute has a Mushroom Unit where there is production of mushroom spawns. Therefore the cultivable mushrooms that have been identified on this project will be reproduced and sold to existing mushroom farmers for propagation. There will therefore be a diversification of edible mushrooms on the Ghanaian market with subsequent potential for export. Also there will be replication of the Juncao and sawdust plastic bag methods to other parts of the country when funds are obtained for technology transfer. Issues in project implementation The key issues faced during the implementation of the project were: 1) The an anticipated time used in the fabrication of the grass cutting machine. 2) Contamination encountered using the Juncao technology for cultivation of the mushrooms (oyster- Pleurotus sajor -caju strain PscW and strain EM-1, wood ear - Auricularia spp. and monkey seat mushrooms- Ganoderma sp.). This was resolved after a lot of trials on the sterilization time and the point of inoculation of the mushroom spawns. Lessons Learned The key lessons learnt during the implementation of this project are: 1. Under estimation of the challenges in introducing a new technology not tested out before (Juncao technology) 2. Time management a problem in the case of fabrication and installation of the grass cutting machine 3. Utilization of grass which is less expensive or at no cost, and also readily available 4. Faster mycelia growth rate of grass as compared to sawdust Suggestions for improvement 1. Consideration of new inoculation method using solely the borer, instead of pouring into a bowl, which increases rate of contamination 2. Should consider raising the percentage of the lime to reduce contamination 3. Should consider inoculating from the top, other than the sides Publications 1. Mary Obodai, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Ângela Fernandes, Lillian Barros, Deborah L. Narh Mensah Matilda Dzomeku, Arailde F. Urben, Juanita Prempeh & Richard K. Takli (2014). Evaluation of the Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Wild and Cultivated Mushrooms of Ghana. Molecules 19 (12) Narh Mensah DL & Obodai, M. (2014). Morphological characteristics of mycelia growth of two strains of the indigenous medicinal mushroom, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont.(Singer), on solid media. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 9(23): Figueirêdo, V.R., Urben, A.F., Souza, E., Obodai, M., Dzomeku, M., Takli, R. (2013). First record of Favolus brasiliensis, Aphyllophorales, in Ghana (Africa). VII International Symposium on Mushrooms in Brazil and VI National Symposium on Edible Mushrooms, organized by The National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil from 12th to 15th October, 2013 (Poster presentation) 4. Domestication of an indigenous Ghanaian edible mushroom-pleurotus sajorcaju: variations in the proximate, and mineral contents of the wild and cultivated species (CSIR-FRI Technical report) 5.A comparative study on the indigenous knowledge of macrofungi in the Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana (in progress) 6 Mushroom diversity and their uses in Ghana: Case study in the Volta and Eastern regions (in progress) 7. Studies on ten mineral contents and proximate composition of some wild and cultivated Ghanaian mushrooms (in progress) 8. A comparative study on the indigenous knowledge of macrofungi in the Brong Ahafo and Western regions of Ghana (in progress)

3 Quantitative Project Results Quantitative - Project Results Number of Key Project Outputs Knowledge Generated Technologies Products Services y Training and Technical Visits Name Country/city Number of Days Gender Trainer of trainers workshop Ghana/Accra 3 9 males, 7 females VII International Symposium on Mushrooms in Brazil and VI National Symposium on Edible Mushrooms, organized by The National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil from 12 th to 15 th October, Brazil/Manaus 4 1 male, 1 female z z z z w w w w Events Organized Event Name Country/City Event Type Year (workshop, forum, symposium, etc.) Intensive Training Course in Mushroom Cultivation Ghana/Accra workshop 2013 Intensive Training Course in Mushroom Cultivation Ghana/Accra workshop 2013 Intensive Training Course in Mushroom Cultivation Ghana/Accra workshop 2014 Intensive Training Course in Mushroom Cultivation Ghana/Accra workshop 2015 Germplasm Exchange Species Number of Recipient Country Accessions x x x Number of Participating Professionals (in the project team as a whole) y y y z z z w w w Female Male 7 8

4 Attachments (photos and other documents) FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE REPORT ON TRAINER of TRAINERS WORKSHOP HELD AT APESIWA CONFERENCE ROOM, CSIR-FRI, GHANA by Mary Obodai, Deborah Narh, Matilda Dzomeku, Richard Takli and Juanita Prempeh 13 th -15 th MAY, 2013 INTRODUCTION In January, 2012 a project was initiated with the research title Characterization, conservation and Domestication of indigenous Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms on agricultural residues (CDEMM). This project is under the sponsorship of Africa Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace, with FUNARBE as financiers. The CDEMM project is a collaborative project between the Mushroom Unit of the CSIR-FRI and EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, in Brazil.

5 As part of this project a three-day intensive trainer-of-trainers workshop on mushroom cultivation using the Juncao Technique was held from Monday 13 th to Wednesday, 15 th May 2013 at both the Apesiwa Conference Room in CSIR-FRI and the Mushroom Research Facilities at the CSIR-FRI Mushroom Unit. The workshop participants included all members of the CSIR-FRI Mushroom Unit, a member of the CSIR-FRI Nutrition and Socioeconomics Division, three Post Graduate students and a Brazilian who had just completed his PhD thesis (Table 1). The workshop included both lectures and hands-on practical sessions. WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES The overall objective of the workshop was to train members of the Mushroom Unit on mushroom cultivation using the Juncao technique in order to equip them as trainers of mushroom farmers in Ghana as part of the CDEMM project. The specific objectives of the workshop are listed below: To inform participants about the diversity of mushrooms available world wide To give indebt information about tissue culture and spawn preparation To teach participants the steps in mushroom cultivation using the Juncao technique To demonstrate appropriate methods and techniques involved in the production of high quality fresh mushrooms. WORKSHOP CONTENT The content of the workshop is detailed in the programme attached. Ten lectures on Introduction to mushrooms, formulation and preparation of culture medium, mushroom cultivation by Juncao technique, cultivation of Pleurotus spp., etc. were delivered by Drs Arailde Urben Fontes and Edison de Souza during the period. These lectures were interspersed with practical aspects which gave the participants a practical feel of the information given during the lectures. DETAILS OF DAILY ACTIVITIES Details of the activities held daily are summarized in the ensuing paragraphs. A prayer was said to begin each day s activities by a participant upon request. Each participant was asked each day to inform the class about a lesson learnt from the previous day s lectures and/or practicals. Brazillian partners being introduced to participants by Unit Head

6 DAY 1: After the arrival of guests and participants and the distribution of the course materials, there was a brief welcome address by the Head of Unit. An opening prayer was said after which each participant introduced him/herself to the group and Dr. Obodai introduced the three Brazilian partners in the name of Dr. Arailde Fontes Urben, Dr. Edison de Souza and Dr Vinicius de Figueirêdo to the house to familiarize participants and the resource persons. A group picture was taken at the end of the opening ceremony. The first lecture delivered by Dr. Urben on the General notions of mushrooms preceded a 15 min coffee break. This was followed by a second lecture given by Dr. de Souza on the Formulation and preparation of culture medium. Both resource persons jointly gave practical sessions involving the formulation, preparation and inoculation of culture medium and spawns following a 1hr lunch break. The day ended with tissue culture preparation in the newly created Research Lab of the Mushroom Unit. Group picture at the end of the opening ceremony Participants and Resource person during practical session Dr Fontes Urben during her presentation Resource person during tissue culture preparation

7 Dr de Souza during his presentation DAY 2 The day started with the practical training in the morning followed by the lectures in the afternoon due to some technical hitches with the LCD. This arrangement went well though it was not the preferred trend. The practical session included substrate formulation using chopped and dried elephant grass, rice bran and quick lime and bagging using the Juncao technique in large heat-resistant polypropylene bags. Bag sterilization was done for 3 hrs in the autoclave in the Mushroom Unit during the lunch break and the classroom lectures. Lectures given were on the topics, Mushroom cultivation by Juncao technique and Cultivation of Pleurotus spp. Resource person during practical session Participants during practical session

8 DAY 3 Lectures given on the last day of the workshop included Cultivation of Lentinula edodes, Agaricus blazei and Ganoderma lucidum and Functional mushrooms and their importance in human health. The lectures were intersperced with a coffee break and a lunch break, during which participants interacted. Other members of staff were invited to listen to the lecture on Functional mushrooms and their importance in human health given by Dr. Urben. Members of staff could not attend due to the timing of the lecture. Dr Obodai gave a short address at the end of the final lecture followed by a vote of thanks given by Ms. Deborah Narh. A group photograph was then taken. Participants were promised copies of the PowerPoint presentations to end the classroom activities. A final activity held was the inoculation of the sterilized compost bags. CONCLUSION A total of 15 participants were trained in the use of different grasses in the cultivation of various species of mushrooms. The lectures were interesting and the resource persons were very knowledgeable in their disciplines. All the participants were appreciative of the contents of the workshop and were determined to practice what they had learnt. Resource person during the lecture period Participants during coffee break

9 Participants during lectures Group picture after the training workshop

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