Nanotechnology and Wood The Green Connection

Transcription

1 Nanotechnology and Wood The Green Connection Robert Moon Materials Research Engineer US Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Adjunct Assistant Professor Materials Engineering Purdue University Hill Seminar, March 2, 2009

2 Outline Forest Products Industry What is Nanotechnology National Nanotechnology Direction Forestry Sector Nanotechnology Path Forward Nanotechnology in Forestry Research Snip-its Don t Touch me!

3 Outline Forest Products Industry What is Nanotechnology National Nanotechnology Direction Forestry Sector Nanotechnology Path Forward Nanotechnology in Forestry Research Snip-its A NEED for Antibacterial Paper Yuck, Moon Germs! Don t Touch me!

4 Smart Paper Packaging Replace Plastics Sensing Memory Computing Display Communication Oder Control I'm expired Seal is broken! I'm Too Hot I contain Salmonella Too heavy, I may tear Modified from: Li-Rong Zheng KTH, 2004

5 No Mold Growth Products Lumber Plywood Drywall/Gypsum Ceiling tile Paper Flood/Water Damage

6 Video in Magazine On/Off Video & Power generation within paper

7 Multifunctionality Tailored Functionality Super Hydrophobic Surfaces Nanophotonics Nanotagging- Barcodes & RFID Self-Power Generation Self Barcode & RFID

8 Possible Through NanoForestry New Functionality Green Solve Problems with New Functionality Staying Green Sustainable Non-Petroleum Based Carbon Neutral Low Health & Environmental Risks &

9 America s Forest Resource 300 million hectares (749 million acres) 2/3 forests east of the Mississippi River ~3/4 of private forests are in the East.

10 Several Forest Products Industries Tree Lumber Packaging Engineered Wood Paper Wood-Polymer Composites Complementary Industries: Adhesives Coatings/Sealants/Paints Preservation etc.

11 Forest Products Industry ~ $260 Billion sector in the US economy Six percent of the US manufacturing output Employs over 900,000 people

12 Comparison of Selected Industries * Percent of Total Manufacturing GDP Forest Products 6.2% Fabricated metal products 8.6% Machinery 7.3% Computer and electronic products 8.9% Motor vehicles, bodies and trailers, and parts 6.3% Other transportation equipment 4.7% Electrical equipment, appliances and components 3.2% Petroleum and coal products 4.2% Chemical products 13.8% Plastics and rubber products 4.5% * Data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005

13 Driving Forces for Change Globalization Energy Green/Sustainable/Non-Petroleum Based Changing Wood Resource Wood Waste Utilization & Recycling Plantation/Short Rotation Woody Crops Genetic Selection/Genetically Modified Species Small Diameter

14 The Reality A Necessary Change For the US to retain its dominance in the Forest Products Industry, discover new markets, and direct innovative change within this industry, fundamental R&D programs in new technologies are needed. The race for global leadership in biomaterial nanotechnology is underway!

15 What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is not an end to itself,..its a mechanism to do science and engineering

16 What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Involves: imaging, measuring, modeling and manipulation Allows NEW: Properties & Function Characterization Techniques Opportunities in Solving Problems

17 Source: The Scale of Things

18 The Scale of Wood Things Growth Ring: 1-10mm Termite: ~5 mm Wood cell diameter: ~50 µm Bondlines: µm Paper: µm Ink: <1 µm Cell wall: 1-5 µm Paper Coatings: 10 µm Cellulose Crystals Length: nm Clay particles: ~50nm thick Ag particles in Wood: nm Cellulose Crystals diameter: 2-10nm 200nm Cellulose repeat unit: 1nm Nanoparticle Coatings: ~1nm Carbon Atom: < 0.1nm 10 nm Jakes, FPL

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20 Nanotechnology Offers? Products: Make Existing Products better New Functionality & Capabilities Sunscreen Example: Zinc Oxide Particles Opaque Microsized Nanosized Transparent Solar Rx

21 National Nanotechnology Direction 2001: National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) 2003: 21 st Century Nanotechnology R&D Act 2008: Reauthorization

22 National Nanotechnology Initiative Multi-Agency Framework Multidisciplinary Program Develops Infrastructure Promotes Education Knowledge Diffusion Commercialization

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24 US-FS Representatives in NNI Representatives in NNI Chris Risbrudt Ted Wegner World Nieh 62 Total Department and Agency Representatives Increase awareness of lignocellosic materials in nanotechnology research

25 NNI Infrastructure Collaboration: Government, Academia and Industry NNI User Facilities: at Federal Labs NNI Centers & Networks: at Universities NNI 08budget ~50 centers

26 NNI Strategic Plan Advancing Nanotechnology Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes Nanomaterials Nanoscale Devices and Systems Instrumentation Research, Metrology & Standards Nanomanufacturing Major Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition Societal Dimensions Forestry Nanotechnology only Different by: Material System(s) Applications Funding

27 Supplement to the President's Budget

28 Forestry Sector Nanotechnology NNI Approach Leverage Programs Partnerships Government Universities Industry Use Existing Technologies FS Small Program Big Potential

29 Forestry Sector Nanotechnology Key Linkages: Federal Agencies (NNI-NSET) AF&PA Agenda 2020 (Industry & Government) Universities with Emphases on Nanotechnology Industry Start-up Companies USFS Providing Direction Industry Forums on Nanotechnology Annual Nanotechnology Conference Research Priority Areas

30 Priority Forest Products Industry Focus Areas Higher strength, lighter weight materials/products Forest nano-materials (e.g. cellulose nanocrystals) Controlling water / lignocellulosic interactions Producing hyper-performance nano-composites Capturing/enhancing photonic and piezoelectric properties Reducing energy use and capital costs in processing

31 Key Nanotechnology Themes Cellulose Nano Building Blocks Self Assembly, Interface Functionalization, Nanocomposites Water Interaction Dynamic Dewetting Functional/Barrier Coatings Water, Oil, Vapor, Gases, Breathable, Weathering, Fire resistance, Thermal Smart Paper Display Information printed electronics/hybrid media photovoltaic paper, electro-chromic paper Bio-Active / Nano biocides Decay resistance; Self sterilizing surfaces Sensors Smart building materials; RFID Monitors: moisture, temperature, forces, decay, termites

32 Technology Gaps Nanoscale Metrology Nanostructures Nanoparticle Processing & Dispersions Nanoparticle Composites Processing Self-Assembly Relate Size Scale to Properties Predictive Multiscale Modeling Sensors Detection & Signaling : Chemicals, Energy, Strain Incorporation into products: Paper, Bondlines Biomimetic Structures Photonics Composite Design

33 Path Forward for Nanotech R&D FS Leadership Setting Agenda (conference, work shops, R&D) Expand FS Participation Increased Awareness (wood science, markets) Build Key Linkages Federal Agencies (NNI-NSET) Academia Industry (AF&PA Agenda 2020) Build R&D Investments Funding $ million/year National Center Nanoscale Sci. and Eng. in Forest Derived Materials

34 Center Members Established and Working Multi-Institution Center Directed R&D Minimize Overlap Parallel and Contrasting Build on Individual Strengths Large Scale Funding Federal State Industry Collaboration with industry and federal agencies Leverage extensive existing infrastructure including: DOE National Labs NSF National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) NSF Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN)

35 Seeding Forestry Nanotechnology FS Scientists at Universities 2007 FS relocated 1 Scientist to Purdue University Build Upon Purdue Strengths Multidisciplinary Approach Link with Several Departments Link with State Industry Establishing Forest Products Nanotechnology Research Cellulose Nanocrystal Technology Sensor Technology Predictive Modeling Informational Forestry NanoHUB

36 Annual Nanotechnology Conference FPS/TAPPI Initiated in 2006 Government, Industry, Academia Steering Committee Participants Attendees Increased Awareness to FP Industry Bringing in Different Disciplines

37 Nanotechnology in Forestry? Its more then Making NanoTrees Ghim Wei Ho and Prof. Mark Welland, Nanostructure Center, University of Cambridge.

38 Nanotechnology In Forestry For Forest Products Industry Improve Performance & Function Incorporation of Nanomaterials New Markets From Forest Products Industry New Applications, Products & Industries Cellulose Nanocrystals Sony

39 Nanotechnology For Forestry Improve Performance & Functionality Incorporate Nanomaterials into Products Nanomaterials Coatings Electronics on Wood/Paper Products Paper & Pulp Packaging Engineered Panel Products Lumber Sensors Adhesives Fillers Ink-Printing, E-ink Active Papers, E-paper Barriers

40 Nanotechnology For Forestry Tree Lumber Packaging Engineered Wood Paper Wood-Polymer Composites Complementary Industries: Adhesives Coatings/Sealants/Paints Preservation etc.

41 What is needed to make it work? Help in Fundamental R&D to Industry Deployment Capabilities at Universities uses other then in forestry Need to link the Capabilities with Forest Products Industry Funding for Prototypes Scale up processing too costly for industry along Industry- National Forestry Nanotechnology Center Promote Fundamental R & D Create new Links: Federal-Academic-Industry Fund Prototypes Leverage Programs for Industry Support US Industry Creates the Higher Value Products

42 Nanotechnology From Forestry Cellulose Disordered 1nm

43 Nanotechnology From Forestry Disordered Crystalline Cellulose Nanocrystals Acid Hydrolysis

44 Cellulose Nanocrystals CNC Source Length Cross-Section Algal >1000nm 10-20nm Bacterial 100 to >1000nm 5-10nm by 30-50nm Cotton nm 5nm Tunicate 100 to >1000nm 10-20nm Wood nm 3-5nm Beck-Candanedo et al., Biomacromolecules, 2005, 6, 1048 Source: Allen Potter, FPInnovations.

45 Ideal GREEN Nanoparticle CNC Functional Unit uniform building block High Aspect ratio Good Mechanical properties Reactive surface Availability Sustainability Biodegradable Non-petroleum Based Renewable Carbon Neutral Carbon Sequestering Low Health Risk Environment Animal

46 Nanotechnology From Forestry New Functionality & Properties New Applications & Products Cellulose Nanocrystals Self Assembly Magnetic Field Alignment Optical Properties New Family of Composites Molecular Filters Flexible Displays Piezoelectric Properties

47 What is needed to make it work? Help in Fundamental R&D to Industry Deployment Funding For Large Scale Processing of CNCs Limiting Step in the Development of CNC composites Standardize the Process Allow US Universities Free access to CNCs Need Metrology of CNCs Develop tools/techniques to characterize CNCs Assist in Predictive Modeling National Forestry Nanotechnology Center Fund CNC processing Establish processing standards One master source Leverage Programs for Industry Support US Industry Creates the Higher Value Products

48 Summary: Nanotechnology Can!! For Forest Products Improve performance New functionality From Forest Products CNCs are a new green nano material Real opportunities for may new products Need National Forestry Nanotechnology Center Promote Fundamental R & D Create new Links: Federal-Academic-Industry Fund Prototypes, CNC processing, etc. Leverage Programs for Industry Support US Industry Creates the Higher Value Products $ Million/year Program Strengthen a $260 Billion Industry

49 Research Snip-its

50 Controlled Released Biocide Coating effective against mold growth Partnership between Industry-Academic-USFS Funded by SBIR Grants, Phase I & II Company: NanoDynamics Bad Good Carol Clausen Supervisory Microbiologist US Forest Service- Forest Products Laboratory SBIR= Small Business Initiative Research Grant Bad Good

51 Biocompatible Antimicrobial Polymers Broad Spectrum (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi) Overcomes multi-drug resistance Active against airborne bacteria (coughs) Low toxicity and biocompatible E. Coli O157H7 Activity Biocompatibility Could be used for: Antimicrobial paper Environmentally friendly wood preservative (eliminate use of chromium, copper and arsenic) Protein Adsorption (Å) Adsorption Hemolysis VP Content (wt %) Optimum Hemolysis Prof. Jeff Youngblood Purdue University School of Materials Engineering

52 Nanosensors Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles Porous SiO 2 shell used for Biomolecule immobilization for sensing applications Fe 3 O 4 core used for particle recovery This core-shell nanosensor can be recharged and reused Applications in Paper and Packaging SEM Image TEM Images 100 nm Prof. Lia Stanciu Purdue University School of Materials Engineering Fe 3 O 4 core: 13 nm Silica shell: nm

53 Microcapsules-Nanosensors Double Emulsion Drops Control function of core and wall materials Control capsules size: microns & shape Control wall thickness & core diameter Microcapsules could contain nanosensors Applications in Paper and Packaging Microcapsule Processing Optical Images Osmotically Driven Assembly of Colloidal Particles Oil Particles Osmotic pressure drives water out of inner drop Oil Removal Prof. Carlos Martinez Purdue University School of Materials Engineering 250 μm

54 Cellulose Nanocrystal Research Cellulose Processing Methods (bioenergy byproduct) Scaling up Processing Methods Property Characterization Surface Functionalization Cellulose Nanocrystal Composites Polymer Blend & Processing Methods Dispersion/Distribution Texture/Orientation Imaging/ Characterization Techniques Interface Science Macroscopic Sample Production

55 Cellulose Nanocrystals Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Since 2005 USFS-Forest Products Lab has been making CNCs Processing conditions on final CNC morphology, surface chemistry, and yield CNC surface chemistry modification A. Rudie and R. Reiner is leading the research CNC Spheres Surface Modification USFS-Southern Research Station CNC surface chemistry modification influence on: nanostructure morphology water interactions and retention J. Zhang, N. Jiang, Z. Dang, T Elder, A. Ragauskas are leading the research Unmodified Oxidized Sulfonated

56 Cellulose Nanocrystal Imaging Metrology techniques for imaging cellulose nanocrystals and films Aspect Ratio of Cellulose Clearly seen Partnership between NIST & USFS Isolated Crystals SPM Image Thin Film M. Postek, A. Vladar, J. Dagata, N. Farkas, B. Ming National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) R. Sabo, R. Moon, A. Rudie, T. Wegner US Forest Service-Forest Products Laboratory SPM= Scanning Probe microscopy HIM= Helium Ion Microscopy SEM= Scanning Electron Microscopy

57 Cellulose Nanocrystal Properties Metrology techniques for measuring cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) properties Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to estimate the elastic properties of CNCs Indentation & Finite Elemental Modeling (FEM) Partnership between Purdue University & USFS AFM Image Zoom-in Indent Data FEM Simulation AFM Tip Mica Substrate CNC Blue crosses make indent locations from which the Force vs. Displacement data shown in part C was obtained R. Lahiji, R. Wagner, X. Xu, A. Raman, R. Reifenberger Purdue University R. Moon, A. Rudie US Forest Service-Forest Products Laboratory

58 Optical Properties with Cellulose Cellulose Nanocrystals Self Assemble Unique Optical Properties Could this be used for new green imaging displays? Source: Arthur Ragauskas, GIT

59 Flexible Displays with Cellulose Nanocellulose fibers used as a reinforcement network to control the in-plain dimensional stability Sony

60 Coatings- Chemical Modification Use chemical treatments of surfaces to improve: water repellency, UV protection, self cleaning, biocides Multifunctional surface properties are needed: i.e. combined with wear resistance Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydrophobic Surface Wood Surface Wood Surface OHOHOH OHOH Wood Surface Wood Surface

61 Oil Repellent, Hydrophilic Surfaces Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces Coatings repel oil (high contact angle) & accept water (low contact angle) Self-Cleaning Useful for Water easily removes oil from treated surfaces, but not on glass or fluoroglass Oil-water Separation (Active Ingredient Density) Useful for Could be used for: Oil-resistant washable paper Easily cleaned wood finishes Cellulosic filtration for fuel/contaminate recovery After oily water is passed through coated filter, filtrated is as clear to eye (98% removal) as pure water Prof. Jeff Youngblood Purdue University School of Materials Engineering

62 Coatings- Nanoparticles Wear resistant coatings The smaller particle size improves wear resistance by: Smaller particle separation distance Increased homogeneity Lower amount of particles needed for improved wear, <5wt% Coatings are transparent, allowing for wood substrate to be seen clearly Microcomposite Nanocomposite 1 µm <100 nm

63 Coatings - Paper Coatings on Pulp Bond Strength Water Interaction Chemical & Nanoparticles Coatings on Paper Brighter & Sharper Colors Improved coating hold out Improved print quality Photonic Biomimetics SEM image of Paper 200 µm Jun Yong Zhu, FPL Good Bad EKA Chemicals Inc.

64 Flexible Batteries Carbon Nanotube Impregnated Paper New Market for Paper Functional Paper Conducting Paper Chris Lee, ars Technica 2007.

65 Nanoparticle Catalysts Biomass to Liquid Fuel Catalyst Tailor chemistry for desired reaction Fe core for particle recovery Reuse particle Partnership between University of Wisconsin & USFS TEM Image Optional Coating I Optional Coating II Fe Fe Jakes, FPL 10 nm Fe Optional Coating III 10-30nm Fe Catalyst Fe P. Kersten US Forest Service-Forest Products Laboratory

66 Hierarchical Properties Many composites have several layers of structures: biological materials (wood, plants, sea shells, insect wings, etc) Multilayered fiber reinforced composites To understand the role of changes at the nanoscale to macroscopic properties: it is necessary to track the changes from the nanoscale, to the microscale and then to the macroscale. When doing so it is also necessary to choose the appropriate measurement techniques that fits within the given structure. We are using indentation to do such testing: AFM for nanometer indentation Nanoindentation for 1-5 micron sized indentation Various indentation techniques for micro and macro testing Expanding capabilities of techniques: Edge effects, creep, environment, etc. D. Stone University of Wisonsin-Madison R. Wagner, A. Raman Purdue University J. Jakes, R. Moon, J. Beecher, C. Frihart US Forest Service-Forest Products Laboratory A series of indents on wood cell wall completed by Nanoindentation.

67 Contacts Dr. Robert Moon Materials Research Engineer USDA Forest Service, Birck Nanotechnology Center 1205 W. State Street, BRK 1019 West Lafayette, IN Phone: Fax: