The Essentials of Tissue Engineering

Transcription

1 Growth! Modification of existing techniques in tissue engineering-ryan Alexander In-Vitro meat: don't have a cow! Janice O Brien Grow a brain- Anonymous student CE

2 The Essentials of Tissue Engineering

3 Importance and Impact The focus of tissue engineering is to create three dimensional tissue cultures. These cultures can be used to create functional tissue grafts for transplants, derive proteins from tissues, and further studies in the development of tissues and the diseases that affect them. Basically, this is very important and the impact of improving tissue engineering can affect a wide variety of areas.

4 The Essentials of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Informational templates for 3-D cultures Stem cells and cell seeding Decellularized tissue vs. Electrospun nanofibers Images removed due to copyright restrictions..

5 The Essentials of Tissue Engineering cont'd Biochemical and mechanical stimulation of tissue cultures. Bioreactors Images removed due to copyright restrictions..

6 The Essentials of Tissue Engineering cont'd Growth factors, microrna mediated repression Removal of dead cells: magnetic beads coated with antibodies (existing technology), apoptosis Courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Wang, Q., et al. "mir cluster accelerates adipocyte differentiation by negatively regulating tumor - suppressor Rb2/p130. " PNAS 105, no. 8 (February 26, 2008): Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

7 Knowns and Unknowns Knowns Not dealing with hazardous materials MiRNA (especially mirna mimic) is relatively cheap. Trying to improve existing techniques that are already known to be cost effective. Unknowns Don't know how feasible it is to use mirna mediated repression in 3-D cell cultures. Don't know if engineering damaged cells to undergo apoptosis is comparable to using magnetic beads.

8 Welcome to the world of meat!

9 In-Vitro Meat The focus of this idea is to develop a method for growing meat in a laboratory environment, using a protein matrix, animal muscle cells, and a nutrient delivery/waste removal system. Courtesy of the Tissue Culture and Art Project. Used with permission.

10 In-Vitro Meat: Impact and Importance Economic reasons-1/3 of crops produced become feed crops Environmental reasons-livestock emissions, deforestation for grazing land Ethical Reasons: No butchering Cleaner meat: grown in clean environment, no unnecessary antibiotics or growth hormones C02 Methane Nitrous Oxide Can be engineered to give certain advantages (built-in barbecue flavor!, extra vitamins, etc.) Could offer people a chance to try exotic meats without worrying about poaching or endangered animals Land Surface Area Cropland Emissions Global Warming

11 Competition! potential competitor- all-nutrition plants competitor-real meat Competitor-plant-based protein products (soy) Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Box of Newkirk Nuggets Soybeans. Courtesy of Clearly Ambiguous on Flickr.

12 Courtesy of James King. Used with permission. Yummy! Image James King

13 Knowns and Unknowns KNOWNS: Extremely costineffective compared to current products, but cost could be reduced by use of bioreactors Need protein matrix to grow it in-collagen UNKNOWNS: Taste will it taste as good as real meat (no blood or fat)? Consistency how to grow structured tissue Will certain genes need to be turned on?

14 Growing a Brain

15 Making Neuron Babies Photo of neurons removed due to copyright restrictions..

16 Why? Regeneration of damaged neural tissue Parkinson's Alzheimer's Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Aging

17 Impact QUALITY OVER QUANTITY!

18 Questions/Unknowns How do we induce neural cell division? Modification of epigenome after division? Configuration for desired connections? Best pathway to do this?

19 What we know Modifications in cancerous cells lead to uncontrolled cell division Stem cells undergo controlled cell division Stem cells in the hippocampus can differentiate and integrate themselves

20 Current Work Skin cells turned into embryonic stem cells: Kathrin Plath et. al News release: February 11, Paper: Lowry W E, Richter L, Yachechko R, Pyle A D, Tchieu J, Sridharan R, Clark A T, Plath K. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from dermal fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A ; 105(8):

21 First Small Step Design a simple neural network with neurons that can divide and integrate themselves into the existing network

22 Start Here and End There Look at normal processes that control cell division Work backwards: how does it get stopped? Look in nature: existing agents that can induce cell division

23 Summary Modifying existing technology and techniques used in tissue engineering. Growing unstructured muscle cells in bioreactors using protein matrixes for support. Inducing cell division in differentiated neurons

24 MIT OpenCourseWare Introduction to Biological Engineering Design Spring 2009 Modification of existing techniques in tissue For engineering-ryan information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, Alexander visit: Vitro meat: don't have a cow! Janice O Brien Grow a brain- Anonymous student CE