Chemistry 121 Winter 17

Transcription

1 Chemistry 121 Winter 17 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: ; Contact me trough if you have questions Online Tests on Following days December 16, 2016: Test 1 (Chapters 12-13) January 23, 2017 : Test 2 (Chapters 14-16) February 10, 2017 : Test 3 (Chapters 17-19) February 22, 2017 : Test 4 (Chapters 20-22) February 23, 2017: Make Up Exam: Chapters 12-22) 1

2 Chapter 22 and GHW#11 Questions Nucleic Acid

3 Chapter 22: Nucleic Acids 22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids, Nucleotide Building Blocks, Nucleotide Formation, Primary Nucleic Acid Structure, The DNA Double Helix, Replication of DNA Molecules, Overview of Protein Synthesis, Ribonucleic Acids, Transcription: RNA Synthesis, The Genetic Code, Anticodons and trna Molecules, Translation: Protein Synthesis, Mutations, Nucleic Acids and Viruses, Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering, The Polymerase Chain Reaction, 838 CHEM 121 Winter 2013 Silde 3

4 Nucleic acids A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides. There are two Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Found within cell nucleus for storing and transfering of genetic information that are passed from one cell to other during cell division RNA: Ribonucleic Acid: Occurs in all parts of cell serving the primary function is to synthesize the proteins needed for cell functions. pentose Nucleotide

5 Heterocyclic Bases Deoxyribose Phosphate Ribose

6 Nucleotide Formation guanine guanine

7 Nucleotides

8 1) Give the names of names of pentose sugars written in Fisher projections (linear form) below

9 2) Give the names of names of pentose sugars written in Haworth projections (cyclic hemiacetal form) below. (Label the carbon atoms)

10 Four types of DNA nucleotides

11 3) Give the names of names of bases and identify them as purines and pyrimidines (Label the atoms in the ring)

12 Naming DNA Nucleotides Name Base Nucleoside 5'-Nucleotide damp Adenine 2'-Deoxyadenosine 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'- monophosphate dcmp Cytosine 2'-Deoxycytidine 2'-Deoxycytidine-5'- monophosphate dgmp Guanine 2'-Deoxyguanosine 2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'- monophosphate dtmp Thymine 2'-Deoxythymidine 2'-Deoxythymidine-5'- monophosphate

13 4) a) What is phosphate and phosphate mono/di-esters? b) What is a nucleotide? c) Draw the structure of damp and GMP

14 Primary Structure

15 DNA Double Strands (secondary stucture)

16 DNA Double Strand Complimentary Base Pair Hydrogen Bonding Weak Hydrogen Bonding

17 5) Draw the following a) Backbone of a nucleic acid b) DNA sequence 5'-TGA CGG TAC CC-3'

18 6) What are the difference between DNA and RNA? number of strands sugar used bases used base pairs possible locations full name DNA RNA

19 Current Interests DNA structure and types Gene Expression Gene Replication Genome Project Cancer and Aging Forensic and Archeology Epigenetic Biotechnology Recombinant-transgenic DNA Cloning and Stem Cell Research Bio-ethics

20 Replications Prokaryotic Human Chromosomes Eukaryotic

21 Gene Expression The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product: Proteins Transcription RNA processing RNA export Translation Folding Protein transport

22 Five types of RNA RNA molecules found in human cells are categorized into five major types, distinguished by their function. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnrna), Small nuclear RNA (snrna) Messenger RNA (mrna) Ribosomal RNA (rrna) Transfer RNA (trna).

23 RNA Functions

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25 7) Write the type of RNA used for each of the following functions: a) Makes up parts of the ribosome b) Delivers amino acid to the ribosomes c) Codes for proteins

26 Triplet Nucleotides Codons Second nucleotide U C A G U C A G UUU Phenylalanine (Phe) UCU Serine (Ser) UAU Tyrosine (Tyr) UGU Cysteine (Cys) U UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys C UUA Leucine (Leu) UCA Ser UAA STOP UGA STOP A UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG STOP CUU Leucine (Leu) CCU Proline (Pro) UGG Tryptophan (Trp) CAU Histidine (His) CGU Arginine (Arg) U CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg C CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Glutamine (Gln) CGA Arg A CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg G AUU Isoleucine (Ile) ACU Threonine (Thr) AAU Asparagine (Asn) AGU Serine (Ser) U AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser C AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lysine (Lys) AGA Arginine (Arg) A AUG Methionine (Met) or START GUU Valine Val ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg G GCU Alanine (Ala) GAU Aspartic acid (Asp) GGU Glycine (Gly) U GUC (Val) GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly C GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glutamic acid (Glu) GGA Gly A GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly G Third nucleotide G

27 64 Triplet Nucleotides Codons

28 8) What is the name given to the short (6 &10 bp) sequence of bases in the RNA prior to the start of transcription to which the RNA polymerase binds? Promoter (3) : 6 &10 base pairs

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30 Protein Synthesis 3-base code (triplet) is an anticodon Protein molecule Attached amino acid that is carried from cytoplasm to ribosomes

31 t-rna

32 9) (a) How many nucleotides make up a codon? (b) How many different codons are there? (c) How many different amino acids are there?

33 10) Write the RNA sequence transcribed from the following DNA sequence. Then write the amino acid sequence of the protein translated from that RNA. 5'-TGA TTT CGG TAC GAT TAA CAA CCT CGA ATT CC-3 5'-ACU AAA GCC AUG CUA AUU GUU GGA GCU UAA GG-3 Thr-Lys-Ala-Start-Leu-Ile-Val-Gly-Ala-Stop

34 11) What causes the variation in traits that is the basis for evolution?

35 13) (a) What is gene expression? (b) Why is gene expression regulated?

36 14) For each of the following mutations in the DNA sequence below, show and explain the effect that the mutation will have on the RNA and protein sequence and, if applicable, on the protein in general. (The numbers for each correspond to the arrows above the sequence.) 5'-TGA TTT CGG TAC GAT TAA CAA CCT CGA ATT CC-3' a) T in GAT is replaced by C b) T in TAA is replaced by C c) first A in TAA is replaced by G d. C in CAA is replaced by Ae) delete CAA f) delete T in GAT

37 Epigenetics the term refers to gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, hence the name epi- (Greek: επί- over, above). neo-lamarckism: genetic materials in the cytoplasm: environment led to adaptive changes that were passed on. Genogrphics: Mitochondrial Eve

38 Genogrphics