T h i r d e d i t i o n For Instructors

Transcription

1 T h i r d e d i t i o n For Instructors I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P l a n t B i o t e c h n o l o g y H. S. C h a w l a

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3 Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Third Edition

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5 T h i r d Edition I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P l a n t B i o t e c h n o l o g y H.S. C h a w l a Genetic & Plant Breeding Department G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar, India DAT HOC THAI NGUYEN TRUWGTAMHQCL1?U % S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth

6 Science Publishers Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire United States of America General enquiries : info@scipub.net Editorial enquiries: editor@scipub.net Sales enquiries : sales@scipub.net Published bv Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands Printed in India 2009 reserv ed ISBN Library of Congress Cata1oging-in - Pub1ication Data Chawla, H.S. Introduction to plant biotechnology/h.s. Chawla.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Plant biotechnology. I. Title. TP P55 C '233-dc All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the test is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

7 P r e f a c e t o t h e T h i r d E d i t i o n In view of the developments in the field of biotechnology, the scope of this textbook has been broadened in this revised edition, but the basic philosophy remains the same. Protocols are given in the chapters where laboratory exercises are essential for the students. References have been quoted at the end of each chapter. Emphasis is placed on application of a technique, its contribution and impact on crop improvement. Chapters on plant tissue culture have been suitably amended wherever needed but the basic aspects remain the same except for few additions. Chapters on genetic material, organization of DNA in the genome and basic techniques for understanding the recombinant DNA technology remains the same. The recombinant DNA technology part in this revised edition has been broadened to a large extent. Chapter on gene transfer methods has been expanded with emphasis on gene silencing and development of marker free transgenics. A new chapter on chloroplast and mitochondrion DNA transformation has been introduced. Chapter on Transgenics in Crop Improvement has been revised with some recent examples of transgenics developed for various characters and its implications have been added as new chapters. Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology chapter details the status of biotech crops and arguments made in favor and against the GM crops in detail and in other role of rdna technology in other fields of biotechnology. Biosafety issues on biotech crops are taking a centre stage and so many concerns have been raised. Great emphasis has been laid on a chapter on biosafety and regulatory framework. Issues and controversies arisen at different times on biosafety have been given. Regulatory frameworks for the release of transgenic crops and biotech products in different countries of the world have been explained. Chapters on Bioinformatics and Intellectual Property Rights have been expanded to great length. IPR issues as such and with respect to biotechnology and protection mechanism for plants in the form of breeders rights have been explained. Molecular markers and marker assisted selection chapter has been expanded to give more information on some of the new molecular markers, genetic fingerprinting and further updated by giving some recent examples. Other chapters on gene cloning, in vitro mutagenesis, transposons and gene tagging, gene isolation and genomics have been amended, updated wherever some lacunas were there. Metabolomics portion has been added in the chapter on genomics. I am grateful to the reviewers of the previous editions. It enabled me to improve this book. I am thankful to my well wishers, colleagues and innumerable students who have made great contributions directly or indirectly by giving suggestion for improvement in one way or the other for this revised edition. Nothing can move without the will of God. I am lucky and fortunate enough to have the blessings of my gracious Almighty God to complete the task of writing this book. I am grateful to my elders for giving me strength and support, and to my wife and children, Komaljit and Jasmit for their perseverance. January, 2009 H.S. Chawla

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9 Preface t o the First E d i t i o n Plant biotechnology has emerged as an exciting area of plant sciences by creating unprecedented opportunities for the manipulation of biological systems. We are seeing the genes and genomes of a wide range of different organisms being manipulated by the use of new techniques for the benefit of man. One of the key techniques in genetic engineering is gene transfer, which encompasses a variety of methods for returning cloned genes to cells and to generate transgenic plants. Cell and tissue culture are the innovative breeding techniques applied to meet the increasing need for improved crop varieties. Tissue culture techniques can shorten the time and can lessen the labor and space requirements needed to produce a new variety. Cell and plant tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology constitutes an important aspect of plant biotechnology. Further, to understand gene technology it has become essential to understand the basic structure of gene and its organization in plant cell. Courses on biotechnology are offered at various levels of undergraduate and graduate studies in various departments of Botany, Genetics, Plant Breeding, Horticulture, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Plant Science, Biotechnology and Bioscience. A good understanding of genetic engineering and plant tissue culture at the undergraduate level has become very critical for realizing the full potential of biotechnology. There are a number of books which deal with specialized aspects of plant tissue culture, cloning of genes and genome organization, but, I expect it will be useful to have a book describing the basic aspects of gene and genome organization in plant cells, basic tissue culture techniques and the fundamentals of cloning, gene transfer approaches and molecular markers. Basic tissue culture courses usually include history of the technique, laboratory organization, nutrition media, micropropagation, organ culture, cell suspension culture, anther culture, somatic fusion, secondary metabolite production and cryopreservation. I have given information on variability generated by tissue culture as somaclonal variation in one of the chapters. Gene cloning, gene transfer techniques, genome mapping and molecular markers have been described in relation to plants. A chapter on intellectual property rights has been included to give basic information on various aspects of patenting, copyright and plant breeders right. Plant breeders are striving to meet the challenge of increased production by developing plants with higher yield, resistance to pests, diseases and weeds and tolerance to various abiotic stresses. I have tried to give suitable examples of transgenics developed for various characters in one of the chapters so that a student is aware of the impact of biotechnology on crop improvement. In most of the chapters protocols for conducting laboratory exercises have been given. A very important point is that in most chapters emphasis is placed on application of a technique and its contribution and impact on crop improvement. I would very much appreciate receiving your suggestions, criticism and research contributions (as reprints) which relate to different aspects relevant to this book. It will be most helpful during the penetration of a revised edition. Please mention the errors you find with page numbers and describe mistakes. I'll highly appreciate your assistance in this regard.

10 viii Introduction to Plant Biotechnology I am thankful to Mr. Vijay Upadhaya and Mr. Fahim for their patience and agreeing to my suggestions for making diagrams. I am thankful to innumerable students who have made great contributions in one way or the other during the preparation of manuscript. I am thankful to my elders whose continuous support and inspiration led me to complete this work. I am fortunate in having a family which understands the preoccupation that goes with such projects. I am grateful to my wife and to my children, Komaljit and Jasmit for their perseverance and help. March, 2000 H.S. Chawla