nano.tul.cz Innovation and Development of Study Field Nanomaterials at the Technical University of Liberec

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1 Innovation and Development of Study Field Nanomaterials at the Technical University of Liberec nano.tul.cz These materials have been developed within the ESF project: Innovation and development of study field Nanomaterials at the Technical University of Liberec

2 Technical University of Liberec Nanomaterials for biosensors 2

3 Outlook What is biosensor Biosensor components Nanomaterials in biosensors Thin films Nanoparticles Carbon based biosensors 3

4 What is biosensor A biosensor is a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) which is retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction element. Schematic of biosensor 4 Ibtisam E. Tothill, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2011, 4 (4)

5 What is biosensor Biosensors usually yield a digital electronic signal which is proportional to the concentration of a specific analyte or group of analytes. While the signal may in principle be continuous, devices can be configured to yield single measurements to meet specific market requirements. 5 Biosensors & Bioelectronics (2005)

6 What is biosensor Biosensors and affinity sensor devices have been shown to have the ability to provide rapid, cost effective, specific and reliable quantitative and qualitative analysis. 6 Ibtisam E. Tothill, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2011, 4 (4) Biosensor construction

7 Applications of biosensors Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients Other medical health related targets Environmental applications Remote sensing of airborne bacteria Detection of pathogens Determining levels of toxic substances Detection of toxic metabolites Detection and determining of organophosphate Routine analytical measurements Determination of drug residues in food Drug discovery and evaluation of biological activity of new compounds Protein engineering in biosensors 7

8 Biosensor components 8

9 Nanomaterials in biosensors The use of nanomaterials and structures such as semiconductors and conducting polymer nanowires, and nanoparticles (carbon nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, dendrimers, noble metals nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, superparamagnetic nanoparticles quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles) for biosensor applications is expanding rapidly. 9 Ibtisam E. Tothill, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2011, 4 (4)

10 Nanomaterials in biosensors Unique and novel physical and/or chemical characteristics of nanomaterials can aid the design of bio-sensors with improved analytical characteristics. High surface / volume ratio Novel elctro-optical properties Increased catalytical activity Enhanced electron transfer Silicon nanowire sensors 10 M. Ming-Cheng Cheng, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2006, 10:11 19.

11 Nanomaterials in biosensors Organic based: Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Dendrimers Liposomes Inorganic: Quantum dots Metal nanorods 11 Metal nanoparticles Ibtisam E. Tothill, World Mycotoxin Journal, 2011, 4 (4) Examples of nanoparticles used in sensors developments.

12 Nanomaterials in biosensors - the controlling parameters Cost Detection limit Selectivity Sensitivity Reproducibility Stability 12 Nikos. A. Chaniotakis, Nanomaterials in the design of chemical sensors and biosensors, A bottom up approach, E-MRS Spring 2006

13 DEVICES Nanomaterials in biosensors - disciplines involved in design Chemistry Materials Inorganic Physical Inorganic Macromolecular Biology Polymers Nanoparticles Semiconductors DNA Enzymes Cells Biosensors 13 Nikos. A. Chaniotakis, Nanomaterials in the design of chemical sensors and biosensors, A bottom up approach, E-MRS Spring 2006

14 Thin films for biosensing Nanostructured thin films have opened the possibility to fabricate electrochemical sensors and biosensors with high power of detection due to intrinsic properties associated with their dimensions at nanoscale level. The aim objective behind the utilization of these materials is to combine the high power of detection with preservation of the structural integrity of the biomolecules and, also, maintaining their biocatalytic activity. 14 Roberto A. S. Luz et al. Nanobioelectrochemistry From implantable biosensors to green power generation,

15 Thin films for biosensing The role of the control of depositing monolayers of organic films and their final properties was first studied by Irving Langmuir and Katherine Blodgett in the beginning of XX Century. Langmuir Blodgett films has been considered an important path for biosensors fabrication and many kinds of architecture has been reported in the last decades as very promising approaches for biosensors development. Schematic of Langmuir Blodgett monolayer film 15 Roberto A. S. Luz et al. Nanobioelectrochemistry From implantable biosensors to green power generation,

16 Thin films for biosensing Deposition of a Langmuir Blodgett multilayer Formation of an ordered monolayer at the air water interface 16 F. Davis, S.P.J. Higson / Biosensors and Bioelectronics 21 (2005) 1 20

17 Thin films for biosensing Polysilicon nanowire biosensors fabricated using a top-down process may be used to determine the binding constant of two inflammatory biomarkers. Nanofabrication process is based on simple and mature photolithography, thin film technology, and plasma etching, enabling an easy route to mass manufacture. Antibody-functionalized nanowire sensors were used to detect the proteins interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) over a wide range of concentrations, demonstrating excellent sensitivity and selectivity. 17 Reprinted with permission from Mohammad M. A. Hakim et al. Nano Lett., 2012, 12 (4), pp Copyright (2012) American Chemical Society

18 Thin films for biosensing DNA hybridization and receptor ligand binding to microfabricated cantilevers produce surface stress changes that may be measured directly for detection of analytes. A biosensor is made by functionalizing one side of the cantilevers with receptor molecules and then detecting the mechanical bending induced by the binding of a ligand. 18 C. Jianrong et al. / Biotechnology Advances 22 (2004) A section of a microfabricated silicon cantilever array.

19 Thin films for biosensing A force amplified biological sensor (FABS) capable of detecting biological species such as cells, proteins, toxins, and DNA at low concentrations. A cantilever-beam force transducer senses the presence of magnetic beads, the number of which is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample. Concept of a force amplified biological sensor (FABS) 19 C. Jianrong et al. / Biotechnology Advances 22 (2004)

20 Nanoparticle based biosensors 20 Schematic of some of the optical and electrical detection alternatives that are being used for DNA, proteins and cells analysis thanks to the use of nanoparticles A. Merkoc / Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26 (2010)

21 Nanoparticle based biosensors 21 Example of nanostructured electrocatalytic membrane synthesized using a combination of three methods. PAMAM dendrimers with cobalt hexacyanoferrates-modified gold nanoparticles were alternated with poly(vinylsulfonic acid) layers on ITO (indium tin oxide) electrodes. This film was used as substrate for immobilization of glucose oxidase in the presence of bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde as cross - linker. The modified electrode was successfully applied as a biosensor for the amperometric measurement of glucose. F.N. Crespilho et al. Electrochemistry Communications 8 (2006) Schematic representation of reaction of glucose at ITO (PVS/PAMAM Au)3@CoHCF GOx electrode.

22 Nanoparticle based biosensors A magnetic probe captures a target using either monoclonal antibody or complementary oligonucleotide. Target-specific gold nanoparticles sandwich the target and account for target identification and amplification. The bar-code oligonucleotides are released, and detected using the scanometric method. The target can be DNA, RNA or protein. 22 M. Ming-Cheng Cheng, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2006, 10:11 19

23 Carbon based biosensors The utilization of carbon nanomaterials allows to increase the charge transfer in bioelectrochemical devices. These includes the modification of electrodes with several kinds of carbon at nanometre range like carbon powders, carbon nanotubes, graphene sheets and carbon capsules. 23 Roberto A. S. Luz et al. Nanobioelectrochemistry From implantable biosensors to green power generation,

24 Carbon based biosensors carbon nanotubes Chemical sensor consisting of a single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistor (swcn-fet) with a nanoscale layer of single stranded DNA (ssdna) adsorbed to the tube's outerwall. These sensors have been able to detect methanol, trimethylamine, propionic acid, dimethyl methylphosphonate (a simulant of sarin), and dinitrotoluene (a derivative of TNT) at the ppm level. 24 DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensor

25 Carbon based biosensors carbon nanotubes Penicillin biosensor based on a capacitive field-effect structure functionalized with a dendrimer / carbon nanotube multilayer. Nanoarchitecture based on capacitive field effect transistor-modified with LBL of PAMAM and CNTs as sensing platforms for penicillin G detection 25 Siqueira Jr, J.R., et al. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25 (2009)

26 Carbon based biosensors carbon nanotubes Glucose biosensor using CNTnanoelectrode ensembles. The CNT array was fabricated by growing CNTs directly on the patterned catalysts. The density of the CNT array can be adjusted by changing the density of the catalysts. The GOx molecules were attached to the open-ended tips of the CNTs by forming amide linkages between their amine residues and carboxylic-acid groups on the CNT tips via carbodiimide chemistry. Glucose sensor based on carbonnanotube (CNT) nanoelectrode ensembles 26 Jun Wang, Yuehe Lin, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 27, No. 7, 2008

27 Carbon based biosensors buckypaper Mediator-free electrochemical biosensor based on buckypaper with enhanced stability and sensitivity for glucose detection. Buckypaper is a thin sheet made from an aggregate of carbon nanotubes. (a) a titanium plate sputtered with a thin layer of gold; (b) gold interaction with chitosan; (c) attachment of buckypaper to the gold surface by chitosan; (d) activation of buckypaper; (e) immobilization of enzymes; (f) the fabricated biosensor 27 Ahmadalinezhad et al. / Biosensors and Bioelectronics 30 (2011) Buckypaper made of carbon nanotubes

28 Carbon based biosensors fullerenes Fullerenes is a very promising family of electroactive compounds. There are some unique characteristics that make this new type of compound very promising as mediators in amperometric biosensors. They have multiple redox states in a wide range of potentials, very low solubility in aqueous solutions, and are stable in many redox forms. Fullerene C V.G. Gavalas, N.A. Chaniotakis / Analytica Chimica Acta 409 (2000) Nikos. A. Chaniotakis, Nanomaterials in the design of chemical sensors and biosensors, A bottom up approach, E-MRS Spring 2006

29 Carbon based biosensors fullerenes Operational principles of light induced fullerene mediated biosensor with operational potential decreased to mv 29 Nikos. A. Chaniotakis, Nanomaterials in the design of chemical sensors and biosensors, A bottom up approach, E-MRS Spring 2006

30 Quantum dots based biosensors In semiconducting nanomaterials such as CdS and CdSe, electrons in the basal state can be promoted to an excited level by shinning light with energy equal or higher than the bandgap. The electrons can then return to their initial state by losing energy in the form of light. As a consequence, nanocrystals of semiconducting materials are highly fluorescent, a feature that is particularly interesting for sensing and in vivo imaging. Quantum Dots with emission maxima in a 10-nm step 30 R. de la Rica et al. / Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 64 (2012)

31 Quantum dots based biosensors (A) Schematic illustration of optical coding based on wavelength and intensity multiplexing. Large spheres represent polymer microbeads, in which small coloured spheres (multicolour quantum dots) are embedded according to predetermined intensity ratios. (B) Ten distinguishable emission colours of ZnScapped CdSe QDs excited with a near-uv lamp. (C) Fluorescence of a mixture of CdSe/ZnS QDtagged beads emitting single-color signals. 31 A. Merkoc / Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26 (2010)