Activity-Based Costing (ABC) & Activity-Based Management (ABM)

Transcription

1 Chapter 5: Activity-Based Costing (ABC) & Activity-Based Management (ABM) Horngren 13e 5-1 A SIMPLE COSTING SYSTEM 5-2

2 AN ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING SYSTEM 5-3 ABC s 7 Steps Step 1: Identify the products that are the chosen cost objects. Step 2: Identify the direct costs of the products. Step 3: Select the activities and cost-allocation bases to use for allocating indirect costs to the products. Step 4: Identify the indirect costs associated with each cost- allocation base (activity). Step 5: Compute the rate per unit of each cost-allocation base (activity) used to allocate indirect costs to the products. Step 6: Compute the indirect costs allocated to the products. Step 7: Compute the total costs of the products by adding all direct and indirect costs assigned to the products. 5-4

3 COST HIERARCHIES In an ABC system, costs are categorized on the basis of the different types of cost drivers utilized. ABC systems commonly use a cost hierarchy having four levels. These cost drivers differ in their relationship between the indirect cost and the product or service. Output unit-level costs are the costs of activities performed on each individual unit of a product or service. These costs increase as the number of units produced increases. Batch-level costs are the costs of activities related to a group of units of products or services rather than the individual unit. Set-up costs are an example of batch level costs, as this cost is incurred once for each batch, regardless of the size of the batch. 5-5 COST HIERARCHIES Product-sustaining i costs (service-sustaining i i costs) are the costs of activities iii undertaken to support individual products or services regardless of the number of units or batches produced. Design costs are an example of this type of cost. Facility-sustaining tii costs are the costsof activities iti thatt cannot be traced to individual products or services but support the organization as a whole. Examples of this type of cost include general administration, rent, and building security. These costs usually lack a cause-and-effect relationship between the cost and the allocation base. 5-6

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7 13 Learning Objective 1: Explain how broad averaging undercosts and overcosts products or services... this problem arises when reported costs of products do not equal their actual costs 14

8 Learning Objective 1: Explain how broad averaging undercosts and overcosts products or services... this problem arises when reported costs of products do not equal their actual costs 15 Learning Objective 2: Present three guidelines for refining a costing system... classify more costs as direct costs, expand the number of indirect-cost pools, and identify cost drivers True or False Indirect labor and distribution ib ti costs would most likely l be in the same activity- it cost pool. 16

9 Learning Objective 2: Present three guidelines for refining a costing system... classify more costs as direct costs, expand the number of indirect-cost pools, and identify cost drivers True or False Indirect labor and distribution ib ti costs would most likely l be in the same activity- it cost pool. Answer: False Indirect labor and distribution costs would not be in the same activity-costcost pool because their cost drivers are very dissimilar. A cost driver of indirect labor would include direct labor hours, while a cost driver of distribution costs would include cubic feet of cargo moved. 17 Learning Objective 3: Distinguish between simple and ABC systems... unlike simple systems, ABC systems calculate costs of individual activities to cost products Learning Objective 5: Cost products or services using ABC... use cost rates for different activities to compute indirect costs of a product Learning Objective 6: Explain how ABC systems are used in ABM... such as pricing decisions, product-mix decisions, and cost reduction [EXERCISE] 18

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11 Learning Objective 4: Describe a four-part cost hierarchy... a four-part cost hierarchy is used to categorize costs based on different types of cost drivers for example, costs that vary with each unit of a product versus costs that vary with each batch of products 21 Learning Objective 4: Describe a four-part cost hierarchy... a four-part cost hierarchy is used to categorize costs based on different types of cost drivers for example, costs that vary with each unit of a product versus costs that vary with each batch of products 22

12 Learning Objective 7: Compare ABC systems and department costing systems... ABC systems are a refinement of department costing systems into more-focused and homogenous cost pools Learning Objective 8: Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing ABC systems... measurement difficulties versus more accurate costs that aid in decision making 23 Learning Objective 7: Compare ABC systems and department costing systems... ABC systems are a refinement of department costing systems into more-focused and homogenous cost pools Learning Objective 8: Evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing ABC systems... measurement difficulties versus more accurate costs that aid in decision making 24