Livro: Technology Innovation in Underground Construction. 1. Introduction. 3.4 Rule base for tunnel pre-design. 1.1 Motivation

Transcription

1 Livro: Technology Innovation in Underground Construction 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problems 1.3 Vision Design Processes Equipment and materials Maintenance an repair 1.4 Contents of the book 2. UCIS Underground construction information system 2.1 Introduction 2.2 UCIS Underground construction information system Objectives Architecture Design and development Data model D ground model 2.3 Introduction 2.4 Contribution to the overall project 2.5 Workflow 2.6 Geometrical data: software implementation 2.7 Geological & geomechanical attributes: classification 2.8 Geological & geotechnical database 2.9 Data link geometrical data geological/ geotechnical objects 2.10 Subsurface models UCIS Applications 2.11 KRONOS tunnel information system 2.12 KRONOS-WEB monitoring data reporting and alarming system 2.13 Decision support system for cyclic tunnelling 2.14 Web-based information system on underground construction projects 2.15 Virtual reality visualisation system 2.16 Summary 3. Computer-support for the design of underground structures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 State-of-the-art in tunnel design 3.3 The applied design concept Design method Analysis of the possible degree of automation Automation concept 3.4 Rule base for tunnel pre-design Determination of the ground behaviour Determination of suitable excavation methods and support measures 3.5 Key input parameters 3.6 Support classes 3.7 Energy classes 3.8 Excavation methods 3.9 Refinement for shield tunneling General workflow embedded in the rule base Determination of time and costs 3.10 Integrated optimization platform for underground construction Realization/implementation 3.11 Graphical user interface D-Ground model 3.13 Rule base 3.14 Numerical simulation software Background information and software technology 3.15 Summary 4. A virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction 4.1 Introduction Virtual reality Augmented reality Mixed reality Capacity of today s VR-, AR- and MR-systems 4.2 A Virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction Objective Input data VR software VR hardware Application example 4.3 Summary 4.4 Outlook, augmented reality in tunnelling 5. From laboratory, geological and TBM data to input parameters for simulation models 5.1 Introduction 5.2 A hierarchical, relational and web-driven Rock Mechanics Database Introduction

2 5.2.2 Test data reduction methodology A failure criterion for rocks Example calibration of lab test rock parameters to model parameters of the HMC constitutive model (Level-B of analysis) Structure of the rock mechanics database 5.3 Geometrical and geostatistical discretization of geological solids Introduction Solid modeling Geostatistical modeling 5.4 A special upscaling theory of rock mass parameters Introduction A special upscaling theory for rock masses Illustrative upscaling example 5.5 Back-analysis of tbm logged data Introduction Basic relationships An example of backward analysis 5.6 Conclusions 6. Process-oriented numerical simulation of mechanised tunnelling 6.1 Introduction Requirements for computational models for mechanised tunnel construction Novel computational framework for process-oriented simulations in mechanised tunnelling as part of an integrated decision support system 6.2 Three-phase model for partially saturated soil Theory of porous media Governing balance equations Constitutive relations for hydraulic behaviour Stress-strain behaviour of soil skeleton 6.3 Finite element formulation of the multiphase model for soft soils Spatial and temporal discretization Object-oriented implementation 6.4 Selection of soil models and parameters Saturated soil model Unsaturated soil model Cemented soil model Double hardening soil model 6.5 Verification of the three-phase model for soft soils Consolidation test Drying test 6.6 Components of the finite element model for mechanised tunnelling Heading face support Frictional contact between TBM and soil Tail void grouting Shield machine, hydraulic jacks, lining and backup trailer 6.7 Model generation and simulation procedure Automatic model generation Mesh adaption for TBM advance and steering of shield machine Interface to IOPT Parallelisation concept 6.8 Sensitivity analysis and parameter identification Numerical approximation of sensitivity terms Analytical sensitivities derived by the direct differentiation method Adjoint method for deriving analytical sensitivities Implementation of analytical sensitivity methods Optimisation of process parameters Inverse analyses for estimation of unknown parameters Current state and outlook for further developments in sensitivity analyses 6.9 Selected applications of the simulation model for mechanised tunnelling Numerical simulation of compressed air support Numerical simulation of changing pressure conditions at the heading face Numerical simulation of the Mas Blau section of L9 of Metro Barcelona 6.10 Conclusions 7. Computer simulation of conventional construction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A new simulation paradigm 7.3 Preprocessor 7.4 The boundary element method Sequential excavation 7.5 Example sequential tunnel excavation Non-linear material behavior 7.6 Non-linear BEM 7.7 The non-linear solution algorithm 7.8 Hierarchical constitutive model 7.9 Example Heterogeneous ground and ground improvement methods 7.10 Introduction 7.11 Consideration of geological conditions 7.12 Pipe roofs 7.13 Examples Rock bolts 7.14 Introduction 7.15 Fully grouted rock bolts 7.16 Discrete anchored bolts 7.17 Examples Shotcrete and steel arches 7.18 Introduction 7.19 Shotcrete as an assembly of shell finite elements 7.20 Steel arches as an assembly of beam finite elements

3 7.21 Optimization of code and adaptation to special hardware Computational complexity Iterative solvers Fast methods Modern hardware parallelization 7.22 Practical application The koralm tunnel 8. Optical fiber sensing cable for underground settlement monitoring during tunneling 8.1 Introduction Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machines Risk associated to tunneling in urban areas State of the art Research frame Settlement to be measured Developed solutions 8.2 Sensors based on deformation of optical fibres General principles Brillouin technology Fiber embedded at the periphery of a cable or a tube Cable environment Development of an industrial process 8.3 Sensing element mm diameter cable mm diameter cable 8.6 Sensors based on slope measurement 8.7 Sensor validation Geometric validation in open air 8.8 Bench test 8.9 Optical fiber validation 8.10 TBMSET validation Geometric validation in buried material cairo tests 8.11 Presentation of cairo project 8.12 Test area 8.13 Settlement gauges network 8.14 Installation of the test area 8.15 On site data acquisition from sensing elements 8.16 Job site data 8.17 Settlement gauges 8.18 Validation of pipe behavior inside the ground 8.19 Impact of grout injection on the settlement 8.20 Optical fiber results 8.21 TBMSET results 8.22 Conclusion 9. Tunnel seismic exploration and its validation based on data from TBM control and observed geology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Seismic exploration during tunneling Challenges Finite-difference simulations of seismic data 9.3 Description of the discrete model 9.4 Modeling results Short outline of seismic data processing 9.5 Pre-processing 9.6 Migration and velocity analysis 9.7 Use of TBM data and geology for seismic data validation 9.8 Conclusions 10. Advances in the steering of Tunnel Boring Machines 10.1 Introduction Motivation Solution concept 10.2 Analysis of relevant steering parameters TBM control and monitoring systems state of the art 10.3 Systems for subsidence monitoring 10.4 Monitoring systems for geodetic survey of the machine position and orientation 10.5 Steering system for the control parameters of the tunnelling machine Induced surface deformations and control parameters during shield drive 10.6 Subsidence in front of the cutter head (advanced subsidence) 10.7 Subsidence in the area of the shield 10.8 Subsidence associated with annular gap grouting 10.9 Subsidence after hardening of the annular gap mortar (subsequent subsidence) Expert rules for subsidence control Steering system Requirements Solution concept and system architecture Fuzzy logic expert system and reasoning Rules Fuzzy logic data evaluation Software system developed verification and validation Incident management system General Causes for incidents Geology and hydrology Shield machine Operation errors Development of the incident catalogue Description of the incident management system Showcase example in detail Automated detection of incidents Conclusion 11. Real-time geological mapping of the front face 11.1 Introduction 11.2 State of the art

4 11.3 Technological solution Objectives Specifications Technological choices 11.4 Disc cutter and housing 11.5 Overall description 11.6 Monitored parameters 11.7 Disc cutter modeling 11.8 Mobydic monitoring 11.9 Applications Lock ma shau tunnel A Conclusion 12. Reducing the environmental impact of tunnel boring (OSCAR) 12.1 Introduction 12.2 State of the art Historical context Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machine Soil conditioning for EPB machine 12.3 Research project description Objective The overall objective of these tests isto define the specific additive properties versus specific situations, e.g. soil, confinement pressure, soil permeability, and to develop adapted foams. A computer program has been written for the right selection the foam dosage. Selected tests 12.4 Oscar reactor OSCAR general view The reactor Screw conveyor Baroïd water loss filter (Garcia, IFP) Direct output Foam production (Fig. 11) 12.5 Test results Soil 12.6 Soil types 12.7 Clay 12.8 Silt 12.9 Sand Mixed soil Soil with gypsum content Soil conditioning Additives Surfactants Foam design rules Specifications of foams Polymers Other additives Specification of foams Input required and calculation of foam parameters Atmospheric tests Hyperbaric Tests Foam dosage computation Proposed draft standard Ground sampling Cutter head sealant Soil conditioning test Step 1: Atmospheric tests Step 2: Atmospheric tests Step 3: Pressurized tests Conclusion 13. Safety assessment during construction of shotcrete tunnel shells using micromechanical material models 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Modeling cementitious materials in the framework of continuum micromechanics Fundamentals of micromechanics Representative volume element (RVE) Micromechanical representation of cementitious materials Elasticity and strength of cementitious materials 13.3 Morphological representation of hydration products in cement paste 13.4 Strength of cement paste 13.5 Strength of shotcrete 13.6 Experimental validation of micromechanics-based material models Mixture-dependent shotcrete composition Experimental validation on cement paste level Experimental validation on shotcrete level 13.7 Micromechanics-based characterization of shotcrete: Influence of water-cement and aggregate-cement ratios on elasticity and strength evolutions 13.8 Continuum micromechanics-based safety assessment of natm tunnel shells Water-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety Aggregate-cement ratio-dependence of structural safety 13.9 Conclusions 14. Observed segment behaviour during tunnel advance 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Organization of the chapter 14.3 Forces on the EPB machine Excavation mode Ring mounting mode 14.4 Eccentricity of the Jack s total thrust 14.5 Backfill mortar injection pressures 14.6 Study of several cases Collection and treatment of data Geological considerations

5 Comparison between theoretical and EPB machine registered thrusts Registered eccentricities Tests to measure the pressure on the segments using pressure sensors 14.7 Conclusions Definition of the forces acting on the EPB machine Effects of the eccentricity of the resultant of thrusting forces Distribution of the backfill mortar pressures 15. Optimizing rock cutting through computer simulation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Tool rock interaction 15.3 Wear of rock cutting tools 15.4 Thermomechanical model of rock cutting 15.5 Wear model 15.6 Determination of rock model parameters 15.7 Simulation of rock cutting laboratory test 15.8 Simulation of rock cutting with wear evaluation D simulation of the laboratory test of rock cutting Simulation of the linear cutting test Conclusions 16. Innovative roadheader technology for safe and economic tunnelling 16.1 Roadheaders state of the art Tunneling with roadheaders The principle of roadheader operation Roadheader components 16.2 Overview 16.3 Cutter head, picks Roadheader application Roadheader selection 16.4 Rock parameters 16.5 Profile size mode of application 16.6 One-step face excavation 16.7 Multi-step excavation of larger sections 16.8 Application in difficult ground conditions Application example: Mont Cenis Tunnel/France Italy Application example: Metro Montreal Project, Lot C 04/Canada 16.9 The new roadheader generation features and benefits New technology Integrated guidance system Introduction System principle Improved sandvik cutting technology Introduction Pick-rock interaction Numerical simulation Outlook 17. Tube-à-manchette installation using horizontal directional drilling for soil grouting 17.1 Introduction 17.2 development of an articulated double packer 17.3 development of a blocking system for the sealing grout 17.4 design of the test 17.5 test development Phase 1: Initial works Phase 2: Horizontal directional drilling Phase 3: Steel casing installation Phase 4: Steel casing extraction Phase 5: Injection of the grout bag Phase 6: Annular sheath grouting Phase 8: Ground injection 17.6 Summary 18. TBM technology for large to very large tunnel profiles 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Two mixshields for the railway tunnel access route to the brenner base tunnel 18.3 Two double shielded hard rock TBMs for the Brisbane North South Bypass Tunnel (NSBT) 18.4 Trend of very large diameter tunnel profiles Largest earth pressure balance shield (Ø15.2M) used for the M30 road tunnel project in Madrid Largest mixshield (Ø15.4 m) used for the Changjiang under river tunnel project in Shanghai 18.5 Tunconstruct activities 19. Real-time monitoring of the shotcreting process 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Monitoring the shotcreting process Pumping variables Spraying variables 19.3 Final remarks 20. Environmentally friendly, customised sprayed concrete 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Performance-based approach 20.3 Indicators chosen and their meanings Constituent materials and mix proportions Full scale sample preparation and tests conducted 20.4 Advantages of the approach: selected results 20.5 Final remarks and conclusions 20.6 Abbreviations 21. Innovations in shotcrete mixes 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Innovations New components materials PB criterion New special superplasticizer and nozzle accelerator 21.3 Special superplasticizer 21.4 Nozzle accelerator

6 New SM Automation of shotcrete machine New admixture dosing unit 21.5 Shotcrete simplified mix design rules program MDR (Mix Design Rules) SMD (Shotcrete Mix design) RER Validation factor 24.3 Rock mass characterization with the stackable logging tools Field tests Rock quality estimation and borehole geophysical logging 24.4 Summary and conclusions 21.6 Summary 22. High performance and ultra high performance concrete segments development and testing 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Development and laboratory testing Basic recipe development Derivation of design parameters and re-calculation Comparative calculations Checking of fire resistant behavior Testing of industrial segment production 22.3 Real scale tests General Segment load bearing test 22.4 General 22.5 Test stand (Fig. 22.8) 22.6 Measurement 22.7 Conducting the segment load bearing test Diaphragm load test 22.8 General 22.9 Test stand (Fig ) Measurement Conducting the diaphragm load test Torsional rigidity test General Test stand (Fig ) Measurement Conducting the torsional rigidity test First test results Summary 23. Robotic tunnel inspection and repair 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Dragarita robot for fast inspection 23.3 IRIS: Integrated robotic inspection and maintenance system Maintenance operations Integrated process automation Laboratory and field tests 23.4 Conclusions 24. An innovative geotechnical characterization method for deep exploration 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Background