PERFORMANCE OF LATERITE AGGREGATE CONCRETE SALEM MOHAMED ELAYESH UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Transcription

1 PERFORMANCE OF LATERITE AGGREGATE CONCRETE SALEM MOHAMED ELAYESH UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

2 iv PERFORMANCE OF LATERITE AGGREGATE CONCRETE SALEM MOHAMED ELAYESH A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JUNE 2009

3 To my beloved father, mother and all my family members. vi

4 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, praise belongs to Allah, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful Who has created the mankind with knowledge, wisdom and power. Being the best creation of Allah, one still has to depend on others for many aspects directly or in directly. In preparing this project report, I was in contact with many people. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. I am greatly indebted. In particular, to my supervisor, Assoc Professor Dr. Abdul. Rahman Mohd Sam for encouragement, guidance, critics, advices, and help during the development of this project report. I am especially grateful for his assistance in providing me with ample reference materials at early stage of this study. To my mother, who continues to nurture, grow and develop and who has been a source of encouragement and inspiration to me throughout my life, a very special thanks to you. To my father, for providing a support and for teaching me through the years. To my family members and relatives who offered me unconditional love and support throughout my live. To all of my classmates which helped me during my studying here especially Zaid Abdul Abbas, Omar Elmukhtar and Ahmed Budiea. To my biggest brother AbdulKarim, for everything he has done for me.

5 viii ABSTRACT Concrete is one of the oldest manufactured construction aterial used in construction of various structures around the world. Due to its high demand the material used for concrete production depleting every year. Thus, around the world new construction materials are being investigated. In this study local laterite aggregate was used as replacement of coarse aggregate. In this study, a total of three mixes were made of crushed granite aggregate as control mix, crushed granite aggregate replaced with 25% laterite aggregate and 25% laterite aggregate with the combination of 2.5% silica fume, and 30% slag replacing part of cement content, respectively. The scope of study includes the investigation on the compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. The main objective of the research is to study the mechanical properties of laterite aggregate concrete compared with crushed granite aggregate. However, before all of those tests were conducted the samples were tested using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) equipment to determine the pulse velocity. The method of study to be carried out is through the appropriate test of aggregates. The types of test done were sieve analysis, flakiness index and elongation index, and aggregate crushing value test. All the tests have been carried out and the results had been recorded and analyzed in appropriate table and graph. The experimental results show that the strength of normal laterite concrete is lower than the normal crushed granite concrete.

6 ix ABSTRAK Konkrit adalah bahan binaan yang paling lama telah digunakan dalam proses pembinaan di seluruh dunia. Oleh kerana permintaan yang tinggi terhadap bahan ini, sumber ini semakin berkurangan saban tahun. Oleh itu, bahan binaan baru untuk konkrit semakin giat dikaji. Dalam kajian ini agregat laterit tempatan telah digunakan bagi menggantikan agregat kasar. Dalam kajian ini, sebanyak tiga campuran konkrit telah disediakan iaitu campuran batu granit hancur, campuran batu granit yang digantikan dengan 25% agregat laterit dan 25% agregat laterit bersama kombinasi 2.5% wasap silika, dan 30% slag menggantikan sebahagian kandungan simen. Skop kajian merangkumi ujian terhadap kekuatan mampatan, kekuatan lenturan dan kekuatan tegangan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji sifat mekanikal konkrit dengan agregat laterit berbanding batu granit hancur. Sebelum semua ujian dijalankan, sampel telah diuji menggunakan Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) bagi menentukan kelajuan denyutan. Kaedah kajian dijalankan menggunakan ujian yang bersesuaian untuk agregat. Ujian berbentuk analisis tapisan, ujikaji indeks flakiness dan pemanjangan dan juga ujian nilai hancur agregat. Kesemua ujikaji telah dijalankan dan hasil ujian telah direkodkan serta dianalisa dalam bentuk jadual serta graf. Keputusan ujikan menunjukkan kekuatan konkrit menggunakan agregat laterit addah kurang berbanding konkrit normal menggunakan agregat granit.

7 x LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE CERTIFICATION OF NOTES CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR TITLE PAGE AUTHOR S DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xiii xv xvii 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Aim and Objectives of Research Significance of the Research Scope of the Research 3

8 xi 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Laterite Distribution in the World Laterite Distribution in West Malaysia General Information of Aggregate Properties of Concrete Influenced by Aggregate Properties Particle Shape Particle Surface Texture Bond and Strength of Aggregate Coarse Aggregate RESEARCH METHODOLGY Introduction Selection of Material Cement Supplementary Cementitious Materials Silica fume GGBF Slag Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Water Tests on Aggregate Sieve Analysis Test Aggregate Crushing Value Flakiness and Elongation Index Test Mix Proportions and Details of Samples Measurement of Workability by Slump Test Curing Tests on Hardened Concrete 28

9 xii Compressive Strength Test Flexural Strength Test Equivalent Cube Test Splitting Tensile Strength Test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 32 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction Coarse Aggregate Tests Results Sieve Analysis Test Results Elongation and Flakiness Index Test Result Aggregate Crushing Value Test Results Slump Test Result Compressive Strength Result Flexural Strength Results Modified Compressive Strength Test Results Splitting Tensile Strength Results Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Results 48 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Introduction Conclusions Recommendations 53 REFERENCES 54

10 xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Properties of concrete influenced by aggregate properties Particle shape classification of BS 812: Part 1: 1975 with Examples Surface texture of aggregates Compressive strength of test samples at different ages General properties and specifications of silica fume Chemical analysis of GGBF slag Sieve sizes used in this study according to BS 812: Part : Quantities of the constituents per cubic meter The tests, number of specimens for every age Results of sieve analysis of crushed granite aggregate Results of sieve analysis of laterite aggregate Results of elongation and flakiness index of crushed 38 granite and laterite aggregate 4.4 Percentage of elongation and flakiness index Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test results Compressive strength results Flexural strength results Comparison between cube (1) and modified (2) 47 compressive strength results 4.9 Splitting tensile strength results (MPa) 48

11 xiv 4.10 Relationship between Compressive strength and pulse 50 velocity 4.11 Relationship between flexural strength and pulse velocity 50

12 xv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Laterite aggregate Distribution of the earth s eight major terrestrial of biomes Silica fume GGBF Slag Coarse aggregate Crushed granite aggregate replaced with 25% laterite aggregate Fine aggregate used in the study Standard apertures Cylindrical mould and a plunger used in ACV test Metal length gauge Metal thickness gauge Slump test procedure Compressive strength test Flexural strength test Modified compressive strength test Splitting tensile strength test 31 32

13 xvi 3.15 Ultrasonic pulse velocity equipment Grading graph of laterite and crushed granite aggregate Slump test result Compressive strength results for different mixes Mode of failure of laterite concrete and crushed granite 44 concrete 4.5 Flexural strength result for different mixes Relationship between compressive strength and pulse velocity Relationship between flexural strength and pulse velocity 49 50

14 xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Abbreviations: BS = British Standard ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials DOE = Department of Environment SF = Silica Fume GGBFS = Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag Symbols: SiO 2 = Silicon Oxide Fe 2 O 3 = Ferric Oxide Al 2 O 3 = Aluminum Oxide Ca (OH) 2 = Calcium Hydroxide C-S-H = Calcium Silicate Hydrate

15 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Concrete is one of the oldest manufactured construction material used in constructing of various structures around the world and the most widely used in all types of civil engineering works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, defence installations, environment protection and local/domestic developments [1]. It is a construction material obtained by mixing a binder (such as cement, lime, mud etc.), aggregate (sand and gravel or shingle or crushed aggregate), and water in certain proportions [2]. Through this combination of materials, three quarters of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate [3]. The aggregate itself is categorized as fine and course aggregates. Since aggregates occupy three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it is to be expected that properties of the aggregate have a major effect on the properties of concrete [4], as aggregate with undesirable properties cannot produce strong concrete, but the properties of aggregate greatly affect the durability and structural performance of concrete [3]. Crushed stone, sand and gravel are the three main types of aggregate commonly used in the manufacture of Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete, used in

16 2 buildings, bridges, highways, dams and airports [2]. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. However, in recent years the wisdom of our continued wholesale extraction and use of aggregates from natural resources has been questioned at an international level. This is mainly because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection. In light of this, the availability of natural resources to future generations has also been realized [1]. Therefore, natural aggregate are non-renewable resources that may be depleted in the future. Thus, number of other materials has been studied throughout the world in search for aggregate replacement materials [5]. In this study, the scope of research will be focused on the use of laterite aggregate as coarse aggregate. Figure 1.1 Laterite Aggregate

17 3 1.2 Aim and Objectives of Research The objectives of this present research are to study the suitability of laterite aggregate as coarse aggregare in concrete and investigate the performance of concrete replaced by 25% laterite aggregate and 25% laterite aggregate with combination of 2.5% silica fume and 30 % slag replacing part of cement content, and compare it with normal concrete composed of 100% crushed granite aggregate. 1.3 Significance of the Research In construction industries, aggregates are the most important material as main composition of concrete. However, natural aggregate are non-renewable resources. Thus, the results of this research will be useful in search of alternative material to be used as aggregates. The advantages of this study are:- i) To provide some information about the use of laterite aggregate in concrete. ii) Compare between laterite concrete and normal concrete performance. 1.4 Scope of the Research The construction industries are becoming more challenging than ever before. To be competitive, the field of engineering related to the industries has to be established. One of the areas that can be established is the use of material in the construction industry. This study focuses on investigating the properties of laterite aggregate and studies the performance of concrete with laterite aggregate.