HANDBOOK OF PORT AND HARBOR ENGINEERING

Transcription

1 HANDBOOK OF PORT AND HARBOR ENGINEERING GEOTECHNCAL AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS Gregory P. Tsinker, Ph.D., RE. E3 CHAPMAN & HALL International Thomson Publishing New \ork Albany Bonn ^Boston Cincinnati Detroit London Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Pacific Grove Pari? San Francisco Singapore Tokyo Toronto Washing!n

2 Dedication Preface Introduction Contributors v xix xxv xxxvii 1 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON PORT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Introduction General 1 1:1.2 Seawater and Fouling Water-level Variations Weather Factors Wind General 12

3 viii Wind Parameters Currents Waves General The Sea State Parameters Wave Theories Design Wave Ice Introduction Ice Covers Effects of Ice on Port Operations Cold Temperature and Ice Effects on Marine Structures Design 54 References 61 PORT (HARBOR) ELEMENTS: DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS General Port Classification Port Details and Definitions Ships and their Influence on Port Design Ships Ship Influence on Port Design Access (Navigation) Channel General Navigational and Operational Parameters Environmental Parameters Layout Channel Cross Section Economic Considerations 96

4 ix 2.4 Port (Harbor) Entrance Port Water Area (Harbor) Basin Sizes Location, Orientation, Size, and Shape of the Port Selection of Port Location Size and Orientation of Marine Facilities Harbor Area Requirements Quay Basin Offshore Installations Offshore Bottom-Fixed Marine Facilities Single-Point Offshore Moorings Port-Related Marine Structures Land Requirements Dust and Noise Control Berth Requirements Structures Selection of the Most Cost Effective Structure for Dock Construction Constructability Structural Materials Structural Concrete Underwater Concreting Precast Concrete Structural Steel in Port Engineering Structural Timber Breakwaters In-Harbor Slope Protection Aids to Navigation Mooring Accessories 205

5 2.15 Fender Systems Timber Fenders Solid Rubber Fenders Pneumatic Fenders A Foam-Filled Fenders Other Fender Systems Fenders Failure General Principles in Fender System Selection and Design 226 References DESIGN LOADS General Environmental Loads Wind Currents Waves Mooring Loads Mooring Lines Arrangement Mooring Line Materials Mooring Forces Loads From Cargo Handling and Hauling Equipment and Uniform Distributed Loads General Considerations Design Load Assumptions 269 ~~~ Uniform Distributed Cargo Loads and Miscellaneous Live Loads Rubber Tire and Crawler Track Mounted Equipment Rail-Mounted Cargo Fixed-Base Equipment Ship Impact (by M. Shiono in collaboration with G. Tsinker) Ice Loads General Environmental Driving Forces Ice-Crushing Load Loads Due to Ice Bending Mode of Failure 297

6 3.6.5 Forces Due to Ice Sheet Adfreeze to the Structure Vertical Loads on Piles or Piers Due to Changes in Water Level Ice Load of Thermal Origin Other Ice-Induced Loads Seismic Loads (by W. S. Dunbar) Seismic Ground Motion Descriptions of Ground Motion Design Ground Motion Estimation Design Loads Load Combinations 319 References GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS General Subsurface Investigation Soil Liquefaction and Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential (by G. Tsinker and W. S. Dunbar) Basic Design and Construction Considerations Modern Trends Bottom-Fixed Structures Safety Considerations Construction Procedure Soils and Bedrock Gravel and Sand Silt and Clay Bedrock Properties and Characteristics of Soils Shear Strength Compressibility (Consolidation) Permeability 357

7 4.7 Lateral Soil Pressure Active Earth Pressure Effects of Wall Movement Effects of Time-Dependent Changes in Soil Effect of Ambient Temperature on Earth Pressures Effects of Backfill Freezing Passive Earth Pressure Earth Pressure at Rest Compaction-Induced Pressure Friction Forces on Walls Dynamic Soil Pressures Mononobe-Okabe Formulation Effect of Saturated Backfill Hydrodynamic Pressures 385 "* Effect of Wall Inertia Selection of Ground Motions Effect of Wall Movements 387 References GRAVITY-TYPE QUAY WALLS General Basic Structural Arrangements Blockwork Structures Quay Walls Composed of Floated-in Concrete Caissons 409"~ Quay Walls Composed of Large-Diameter Cylinders Cribwork Quay Walls Steel Sheet-Pile Cell Bulkheads Quay Walls Gravity-Type Walls Basic Design Considerations Loads and Forces Load Combinations Basic Static Principles Design of Blockwork Quay Walls Basic Design Principles 478

8 xiii Design Phase Design Phase Design Phase Design Phase Design of Quay Walls Comprised of Floated-in Concrete Caissons Basic Design Principles Buoyancy and Buoyant Stability of a Caisson Buoyancy and Stability of a Damaged Caisson Caisson Launch Towing and Sinking Structural Design Design of Quay Walls Composed of Large-Diameter Cylinders Design of L-Shaped Walls Basic Requirements Design of Cantilever Walls Design of Counterfort Wall Design of Wall Constructed from Prefabricated Components with Internal Anchorage Design of Wall Constructed from Prefabricated Components with External Anchorage Design of Cellular-type Steel Sheet-pile Bulkheads Introduction Conventional Design Method Horizontal Shear (Cummings') Method Brinch Hansen Method Seismic Design of Cellular Bulkheads Deflection of Cellular Bulkhead Effects of Concentrated Horizontal Loads on Sheet-Pile Cell Design of Cribwork-type Quay Walls Reinforced Earth Quay (by D. Weinreb and P. Wu) General Concept Design of Reinforced Earth Marine Structures Construction of Reinforced Earth Walls Underwater 536 References 542

9 xiv 6 SHEET-PILE BULKHEADS Introduction Sheet-Piling Background Anchoring Systems Sequence of Construction Sheet-Piling Structural and Driving Aspects Timber Sheet Piles Steel Sheet Piles Concrete Sheet Piles Selection of Sheet-Pile Section Anchor Systems Anchor System Comprised of Tie-Rods and Anchorages Anchor System Comprised of Raked Piles Ground (Rock) Anchors Wall Capping Construction Methods Construction Sequence Sheet-Pile Driving Pile Jetting Earthwork Earth Pressures on Flexible Walls: State-of-the-Art Review Design of Sheet-pile Walls Design Criteria Design of Cantilever Walls Design of Anchored Bulkheads Design of Sheet-Pile Bulkheads Anchored by Raked Piles Sheet-Pile Bulkheads Built on Creep Soils Cantilever Sheet-Pile Bulkhead Single-Anchor Sheet-Pile Bulkhead Multianchor Sheet-Pile Bulkhead Anchorage Design 665

10 xv Piled Anchorages Sheet-Pile Anchor Wall Individual Vertical Anchor Piles Deadman (Plate) Anchor Waling and Tie-Rod Design Ground (Rock) Anchors Overall Stability Seismic Design of Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls (by W. S. Dunbar) Observed Failure Modes Seismic Design Procedure 683 -, Assumption Factor of Safety Against Failure by Rotation Size and Location of Anchor Block Balanced Design Procedure Sheet-Pile Wall Failure 686 References PILED WATERFRONT STRUCTURES Introduction General Structural Schemes and Structural Components Prefabrication Open Pile Structures With Suspended Decks Open Piled Offshore Piers Piling Suspended Deck Structures for Marginal Wharves Basic Design Principles Suspended Deck Structures Founded on Large-Diameter Cylindrical Piles Protection from Ship Impact 722

11 xvi Pile Anchoring in Foundation Soil and the Deck Structure Relieving Platforms Structural Elements Pile Foundation Superstructure Underdeck Slope Pile-Soil Interaction General Piles Under Axial Static Load Pile Settlement Laterally Loaded Piles 820 ~ General Conventional Design Methods Broms' Method '.4 Subgrade Reaction Approach Laterally Loaded Socketed Piles Piled Marine Structures Design Methods Design Criteria Design Methods 838 References OFFSHORE DEEP WATER TERMINALS Layout Dry Bulk Loading/Unloading Facilities Liquid Bulk Loading/Unloading Terminals Mooring System Basic Structural Concepts Dolphins and Platforms Breasting Dolphins Piled Breasting Dolphins Gravity-Type Dolphins 896

12 xvii Steel Jacket-Type Structures Fenders Mooring Dolphins Loading/Unloading Platforms Access Trestles and Catwalks Structural Design Marine Foundation and its Effects on Structural Design Basic Design Procedures 903 References MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING MARINE FACILITIES Introduction Modernization of Mooring Structures Modernization of Gravity-Type Quay Walls Modernization of Piled Wharves Modernization of Sheet-Pile Bulkheads V 4 New Wall Construction Modernization of Waterfront Structures: Characteristic Examples Gravity-Type Quay Walls Modification of Piled Coal-Loading Pier No. 6 at Norfolk, Virginia Use of Piled Structures and Sheet-Pile Walls for Modernization of Existing Structures Construction of, Brand New Structures 949 References BREAKWATER DESIGN (by S. Takahashi) Historic Development of Breakwaters Structural Types Conditions for Breakwater Selection Comparison of Sloping- and Vertical-Type Breakwaters Historical Development of Breakwaters Design of Conventional Vertical Breakwaters 977

13 Examples of Conventional Vertical Breakwaters Wave Transmission and Reflection by Vertical Walls Wave Forces on Vertical Walls Design of Rubble-Mound Foundation Rubble-Mound Toe Protection Against Scouring Design of New Types of Vertical Breakwater Perforated Wall Breakwater Inclined Walls Design of Horizontally Composite Breakwaters Wave Transmission and Reflection Wave and Block Load on a Vertical Wall Stability of Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks Design of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters Wave Transmission and Reflection Design of Armor Layer Inner Layers, Core, Toe, and Wave Screen 1034 References 1036 Index 1045