COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION

Transcription

1 Area of Study: Construction COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION STUDENT INFORMATION Objectives: Students will build a model of a commercial structure. Related Occupations: Brick, & Block Masons are known collectively as bricklayers and they build and repair walls, floors, fireplaces, and other structures with brick, precast masonry panels, and concrete block. They can be involved in the construction of small jobs such as sidewalks to larger jobs on buildings that range in complexity from completing homes to skyscrapers. A roof truss is maneuvered into place by ironworkers on a commercial construction job. Construction Equipment Operators use machinery to move earth, construction materials, and other heavy objects at construction and mining sites. The operator sets up, inspects, and does some maintenance besides operating the equipment. Structural and Reinforcing Iron and Metal Workers are known as ironworkers. They install steel girders, beams, columns, and other construction materials to form buildings, bridges, and other structures. They also install wire mesh and rebar in concrete forms used in highways and bridges. Key Words and Definitions: 1. Construction: The process of building a structure. 2. Construction Technology: All the technology used in designing and building structures Foundation: The part of the structure below ground that supports the weight of the structure. 4. Beam: A horizontal support in construction usually made out of steel, stone or wood. 5. Tilt-up: Concrete panels are created and tilted into place to form walls of a structure. 6. Specification: Description of work to be done and materials to be used in making something. 7. Structure: Something built or erected that is held or put together in a particular way. 1 Brusic, S. A., Fales, J. F., Kuetemeyer V. F. Commercial Construction 1

2 COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION Occupational Choices Focus: Iron and Metal Workers Classes to take in School: English Spanish Math Drafting Welding Technology After High School: Ironworkers must be at least 18 years old and a high school diploma is preferred. Most contractors in this field will recommend an 3 to 4 year apprenticeship as the way to start learning this trade. The apprenticeship would include working onthe-job and evening classroom instruction. Some workers may just learn on the job and not through an apprenticeship. This way of training will take longer to complete. Earnings: In 2010, people employed as Iron and Metal Workers nationally had an median salary of $44,600. In 2010, the median wage of Iron and Metal Workers in Utah was lower coming in at $36,300. In 2010, yearly earnings ranged nationally from $26,300 to $80,000. Earnings vary by experience and location. The Work: Ironworkers work outside in all kinds of weather. Those who work at great heights do not work during bad weather such as icy, rainy, or windy conditions. The risk from a fall is great, so ironworkers use many safety devices such as harnesses and safety lines. Ironworkers may be walking out on beams several stories up to do their work. They may also be on the ground attaching construction material to be hoisted by crane to the workers above. Ironworkers have to follow a plan from a blueprint and directions from supervisors or foremen. Employment Opportunities Construction Firms Large Contractors Personal Characteristics Good physical condition Can not have a fear of heights Good eyesight Good balance and agility Ability to work in teams Good Communications skills Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook Edition & Career One Stop Commercial Construction 2

3 Materials Needed: Tekton Plaza building set Construction Technology Construction Technology is all the technology used in designing and building structures. A structure is something that is built. There are natural structures ( i.e. wasp nest, beehive) and there are man-made structures ( i.e. dam, road ). The design of the structure depends on it s purpose. Construction System The technology used to build the structure will also vary with the type of structure being built. For example, a dam is going to require a different set of building tools than a shopping mall. No matter what type of structure is being built, building the structure is a system. A system is an organized procedure for doing something which will include four parts. These parts are the input (activities and ideas that go into a system ), processes ( actions to make the structure), output ( completion of the structure ), and feedback (comments on the outputs ). Types of Construction Construction is the process of building a structure. All construction can be divided up into four main types: Civil ( i.e. roads or bridges ), Commercial ( i.e. mall or business ), Industrial ( i.e. factory ), and Residential ( i.e. home ). Each area will have it s own building codes or rules to build by that will need to be followed. For instance, building codes stipulate that public buildings are required to have doors that open-out from a room to allow large numbers of people to exit rooms quickly. Residential homes have doors that open-in to a room because opening a door out, in this instance, would block off the smaller width hallways which would not allow the residents to exit. These particular codes have been established for fire safety reasons. It is the job of a building inspector to make sure these requirements are met. Each construction area has it s own unique building codes. Commercial Construction A strip mall is an example of commercial construction. Commercial construction means to build a structure that will be used for commerce. A few examples of commercial buildings would be malls, supermarkets, retail stores, motels, gas stations, office buildings, airports, schools, health clubs, and hospitals. The key to classifying a building as a commercial building is that goods or services have to be bought or sold. This is easy to understand when groceries, clothing, airline tickets or some sort of tangible good is purchased. However, a person may also go to school to learn, or have their Commercial Construction 3

4 teeth cleaned by the dentist, or even to a health club to workout where they will not leave with anything. Even though a person did not walk out with something physically in their hands, these buildings are also considered commercial buildings because services are performed or provided for the individual. Constructing a Structure Construction is an activity where a series of actions have to be done in the right order. As we stated earlier, there is a system to completing a structure. However within the system, there are tangible steps to follow. The following are a short list of phases or steps that need to be done during a building process. Preparing to Build: The first phase has to do with planning. Once a need for a new building is determined then the architects can start their work. The design is affected by cost, climate, function, style, building codes and laws. Architects and draftsman produce the drawings showing how foundations, walls, floors, and roofs all fit together. They must create drawings for the electrical, plumbing, heating and cooling of the building. Occasionally the architect will need to explain about something more in depth with additional drawings or written details called specifications. As plans are being developed, money must be raised or loans acquired to finance the construction of the building. Many companies will borrow money from the bank to build the structure and to purchase the land. Once finances are set, then a building site must be found. Contractors are hired to erect the building and a General Contractor is hired to oversee the project. Besides getting men and materials to the job-site, contractors must make sure that they follow all codes and specifications during the construction. One of the final steps is to obtain a permit to build the project from the city in which the commercial structure is to be built. A permit is required as the local government wants to make sure that all local building codes and zoning ordinances are complied with. Zoning is a way for local government to control what structures are built and where they are built. They can specify land for residential, commercial, industrial and recreational use. Preparing the Site: The ground must be cleared for the building to be constructed. Trees might need to be removed, and old buildings tore down. The land will be prepared by earth movers and bulldozers. Once the land is ready, survey crews will come in and mark with wooden or steel stakes where locations are for the building. Preparing the site for construction is necessary in any construction project. Commercial Construction 4

5 Creating the Foundation: The foundation is a part of the structure that is below the ground. The foundation is not the basement. A foundation would even be located below a basement. Today, a foundation would usually be made of concrete. The weight of the building rests on the foundation. If there were no foundation, the building could sink into the ground very slowly over a long period of time. Many high rise buildings will have pilings for foundations. These pilings are steel poles that are stuck deep into the ground to support the additional weight of a high rise structure. Building the Frame: The frame of the structure is the part of the structure that we can see above the ground. The way the building is framed will depend on the function of building being constructed. If the building is going to be several stories tall, it will be framed with steel columns and steel beams. Ironworkers rig safety cable as they prepare to add another level to the frame of the future Prudential Building in South Ogden, UT. Mike Breen photo However, in some building designs, the walls are of solid concrete. Many times these are poured on the site and lifted into place with a crane. Walls may also be precast in a factory and moved to the job site. Regardless of whether a wall is precast or poured on-site, this method of construction is called Tilt-up construction. It is used in structures such as malls, large supermarkets, and box stores. Some smaller commercial buildings may be framed with concrete block and/or wood. With tilt-up construction the concrete walls are lifted in place by a crane. The frame generally consists of three parts: the floors, the walls, and the roof. In commercial buildings, the floors are generally poured concrete. Beams will be installed to support each floor and forms installed. A special concrete truck, known as a pumper truck, will be used to get the concrete to the desired place. Commercial Construction 5

6 In commercial buildings, the walls within the building will be made of a lightweight steel stud. A stud is the vertical framework in the wall. The horizontal framework is called a plate. The roof in many commercial buildings will be framed with steel also. Many contractors will use steel trusses. Trusses are engineered to support the loads put on the roof. Not all buildings or sections of roofs uses Checking for level on a window enclosure framed with steel studs. trusses. Many times steel beams and vertical columns are used with trusses to support more complicated types of roof structures. Enclosing the Structure: The frame of the outside structure is then covered in sheathing. Examples of sheathing are insulation board, plywood, or oriented strand board (OSB). The material makes the frame more rigid. Once the sheathing is on, windows and doors are installed. At this point, the weatherproof material such as brick, glass, plastic or aluminum are applied to finish out the outside of the building. The roof of the building is also enclosed. This material may be metal, plywood or OSB, but when it is applied to the roof it is called decking. Finally, the decking will be covered in a layer to keep out the elements Larger roofs are covered in a plastic membrane which is applied over the decking and sealed together to provide a leak proof roof. Installing the Utilities: Utilities are services that come into the building, such as electrical, plumbing, natural gas, telephone and cable services. These are referred to as mechanical systems and must be installed before the interior walls are finished. This phase of installing is referred to as roughing in. These pipes and cables will all be covered and are not usually noticed by the people within the building once it Steel studs are erected and insulation board was added to this building. is finished. Mike Breen Photo Commercial Construction 6

7 Finishing the Interior The first step during the finishing of the interior is insulating the walls. Once the walls are insulated, workers cover up the interior walls of the building with drywall. After the drywall is finished, it is painted. At this point, interior doors are hung and the inside of the windows are finished out. Next, the wood trim is installed such as baseboard at the bottom of the wall, and casing around door and windows. From The foam details are stuccoed to give the finished appearance. here, the tile and carpet can be laid; or the concrete floor can be finished with a sealer. Electrical and plumbing fixtures are also added before the building is done. Finishing the Job Site: The last phase is to haul off the scraps of building materials and to landscape the lot on the commercial building site. The first step during the finishing of the interior is insulating the walls. Once the walls are insulated, workers cover up the interior walls of the building with drywall. After the drywall is finished, it is painted. At this point, interior doors are hung and the inside of the windows are finished out. Next, the wood trim is installed such as baseboard at the bottom of the wall, and casing around door and windows. From here, the tile and carpet can be laid; or the concrete floor can be finished with a sealer. Electrical and plumbing fixtures are also added before the building is done. Impacts on Society & the Environment: Construction of commercial buildings can have negative impacts. Commercial buildings are big and they require more material to build. Demolition to make way for new commercial construction accounts for large amounts of waste which fills up landfills. Many commercial buildings are open for business during long periods of time using electricity for lighting, automated doors, heating/cooling, and computers. In 2003, commercial buildings consumed 18% of all electrical energy in the United States. 2 Commercial Buildings also have positive impacts which benefit people. These buildings provide a place for economic exchange to occur for our modern way of life. The construction of commercial buildings create jobs during the building of the structure, and after the construction crews leave. After the construction is completed, there are jobs that the employer within the commercial building create. Jobs in education, retail sales, and human services allows family members a way to make a living within the walls of these buildings. This encourages countries, cities, and individuals to prosper. 2 Center for Sustainable Systems. Commercial Construction 7

8 Procedure Day 1: Read the booklet and finish answering your questions. If there is time, familiarize yourself with the parts on the next few pages for tomorrow. As an architect, you have designed a commercial building for a client. The client has a meeting with you tomorrow and you have promised a model of the steel building that will be used in the commercial center. Plans for the four story building include a food court, movie theater, and many retail stores as well as several restaurants in the upper floors. There will be spectacular views looking out over the city as patrons of the restaurants enjoy their meal! The plans need to be followed as you put together the model for the client. Study the floor plan and look at the pictures with the following directions: Procedure Day 2: Preparing the Site: 1. Find a table that will allow some room as there are many pieces Creating the Foundation: 2. Take two of the large rectangles and place them end to end on your table as in figure Commercial Center Scale 1:8 Material: Steel Columns & Beams Plan Design: Curious Development Corp. Drawing: 1 of 30 Frame Stucture Details Foundations poured end to end. Figure 2 Commercial center building plans Figure 1 2. Identify which pieces are a column (figure 3) and which pieces are a beam (figure 4). A column Figure 3 A beam Figure 4 Commercial Construction 8

9 Building the Frame: 3. Locate columns as shown in figure Place the columns in all of holes of the foundation so that it looks like figure Connect pairs of columns with a beam. The column is notched and the beam will pop right in as shown in figure 7. The beam should be even with the top of the column if you have inserted it the correct way. Insert columns into the foundation. Figure 5 Columns secured to the foundation. Figure 6 Inserting a beam. Figure 7 6. Finish the first floor so it looks like figure Add posts to the first floor to start the 2nd story as in figure 9. Columns & beams on the first floor. Figure 8 Columns are added to the first floor. Figure 9 8. Continue adding columns and beams until the frame of the building is 4 stories high as shown in figure 10. The frame of the building Figure 10 Commercial Construction 9

10 Remember, in real life these columns and beams are made of steel and very heavy. The frame parts would also be fastened by bolting, screwing or welding them together. Enclosing the Structure: 9. Once the commercial center frame is built, choose panels displayed in figure 11 to enclose the structure. The panels attach by pushing onto three pegs which are located on the columns and beams. Attach all the panels as shown in figure Locate the roof panels as shown in figure 13. 1st Floor 1st Floor Lobby Door Panel Lobby Window Panel Other Floors Utility Panel Window Panel Types of panels available to enclose the structure Figure Add the roof panels and any finishing touches that you believe would sell the project to the client. Finishing the Deal: 12. Make sure to make an appointment with the client before taking the model apart. The client is your teacher. Please show your teacher so you get credit for building the model of the commercial building. Your model should resemble what you see in figures 14 and 15. Wall panels fastened Figure 12 Roof panel Figure 13 Roof panels fastened Figure 14 Finished Commercial Building Figure 15 Commercial Construction 10

11 COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION Student Worksheet Name: Period: Date: Directions: In the blank on the left, write the correct answer to the statement or question. 1. Technology is all the technologies people use in designing and building structures. 2. Construction is the act of building a. 3. A construction system has four parts which are: the input, the process, the, and feedback. 4. There are four main categories of construction and these are: civil, commercial, industrial, and. 5. Commercial construction means to build a structure that will be used for. 6. Examples of commercial structures are malls,, retail stores, motels, gas stations, office buildings, airports, schools, health clubs, and hospitals. 7. is a way for local government to control what structures are built and where they are built. 8. The order that most construction follows is: preparing to build, preparing the site, creating the foundation, building the frame, enclosing the structure, installing the, finishing the interior, and finishing up the job-site. 9. A is a vertical framework within the wall. 10. A positive impact of commercial construction is that it creates. Commercial Construction 11