What's New With Title 24

Transcription

1 What's New With Title 24 Introducing the 2005 Energy Efficiency Standards for Nonresidential Buildings 79 slides

2 Welcome! 2 This is an introductory online module, where you will : Get a brief overview of the new energy-efficiency requirements for Envelope Lighting Mechanical Acceptance Testing Receive references to specific code provisions and additional information sources You can move through the module at your own pace You can the instructors for answers to your questions at T24Pres@energydesignresources.com

3 About the Standards 3 The Building Energy Efficiency Standards are Part 6 of the California Building Standards Code The California Building Standards Code is a 11 part code, and is also referred to as Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations For the purpose of this module, we will use the shorthand Title 24 or T24 to refer to the Building Energy Efficiency Standards

4 Why the changes to Title 24 in 2005? 4 The California Energy Commission (CEC) adopted the 2005 changes to Title 24, for a number of compelling reasons*: Respond to the recent Energy Crisis, promoting energy savings To respond to the AB 970 (Statutes of 2000) urgency legislation to adopt and implement updated and cost-effective building energy efficiency standards To respond to the SB 5X (Statutes of 2001) urgency legislation to adopt energy efficiency building standards for outdoor lighting; and To emphasize energy efficiency measures that save energy at peak periods and seasons * Information adapted from content on the CEC website

5 2005 Title 24 Standards Adoption Schedule 5 The Energy Commission adopted the 2005 Building Energy Efficiency Standards on November 5, 2003 The Building Standards Commission adopted them on July 21, 2004 The Standards became effective October 1, 2005 The Standards are enforced as part of the California Building Code Enforcement Process

6 Scope of the 2005 Title 24 Standards 6 The provisions of the 2005 Title 24 standards apply to all residential, non-residential, hotel/motel and high-rise residential buildings: That are of Occupancy Group A, B, E, F, H, M, R, S, or U of the California Building Code; and Whose application for approval or renewal is filed after October 1, 2005; and That are: Unconditioned, indirectly or directly conditioned by mechanical heating or mechanical cooling or process spaces; or Low-rise residential buildings that are heated with a wood heater or another non-mechanical heating system Outdoor lighting function areas in residential and nonresidential buildings This module concentrates on requirements for nonresidential and high-rise residential buildings only.

7 Compliance Options in Title 24 7 Mandatory requirements As the name suggests, these measures have to be installed in buildings, and sets minimum standards that all building components must meet (at least when they're being installed) Prescriptive approach The standards provide list of measures for each CA Climate Zone Applies to individual systems and permits e.g. Lighting requirements for stand-alone electrical permits Limited tradeoff allowed between envelope measures in the Overall Envelope method No Tradeoffs allowed between envelope and other measures Limited lighting power density trade-offs allowed between various spaces No Tradeoffs allowed between lighting and other measures

8 Compliance Options in Title 24 continued 8 Performance Approach Allows one to choose any combination of measures, provided they meet or exceed the mandatory requirements individually The energy budget for the proposed building is calculated using Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) Energy Budget refers to the total TDV energy usage estimated for heating, cooling, water heating, lighting, ventilation and other regulated loads in the building on an annual basis. The building complies with the T24 requirements if the TDV energy usage of the proposed design is lower than the standard budget The standard budget is the energy usage calculated for a minimally code compliant design that shares the same geometry, location, orientation and equipment type as the building being permitted

9 So what is Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)? 9 TDV is the most significant concept underlying all the 2005 Title 24 code changes, although it will be transparent to most users TDV affects the way energy trade-offs in the performance approach are valued It does that by changing the way energy is valued based on the time of use of that energy Formerly, T24 energy use estimates had a constant value regardless of whether the use was at night or day TDV assigns higher value for on-peak savings, lower value for off-peak, and is neutral for savings that are both

10 So how is TDV energy calculated? 10 The energy use values for the proposed and standard designs are estimated for each hour The difference between these values are multiplied by the TDV value for that hour TDV values vary for each hour of the year and by Energy fuel type (electricity, natural gas or propane), California climate zone, and Building type (low-rise residential or nonresidential, high-rise residential or hotel/motel) The TDV value for a hot summer weekday afternoon hour is worth many times the value of a nighttime hour

11 11 Flat Energy Value used in previous standards Time Dependent Energy Value in 2005 Standards With TDV value a kwh saved during a high-cost peak hour is valued more highly than a kwh saved during an off-peak hour Energy value With flat energy value a kwh saved is valued the same for every hour of the day Monday Friday

12 So why is TDV important to you? 12 TDV favors technologies that save more energy on-peak than off-peak So there is greater credit than before for measures such as: Better EER air conditioners Better duct insulation (in unconditioned spaces) Daylighting controls for lighting Greater penalties than before for measures such as: West-facing glass Oversized windows/skylights Generally neutral or lower credits for measures such as: Economizers Envelope insulation These will affect your trade-off choices under the performance approach

13 2005 Title 24 Code Change Specifics 13 Now that we have reviewed the basics, let us look at the specific code changes in the following categories Envelope Measures Lighting Measures Mechanical Measures Acceptance Testing Requirements Field Verification of Measures

14 Envelope Measures Changes to compliance requirements for envelope measures in the 2005 Title 24 Standards

15 Construction Assembly Specification 15 Rule-sets for construction assemblies have been simplified in the 2005 standards Default U-factors for various wall, floor and roof construction assemblies have been specified in the Joint Appendix IV of the Alternative Compliance Manual (Tables IV-1 through IV-27) These default values must be used for all prescriptive, overall envelope and performance method compliance options If a given assembly for your building is not adequately represented in the appendix tables, choose an assembly that has similar energy performance, and be prepared to justify your choice to the local building department OR, seek permission from the CEC for approval to use the assembly For more information call the CEC Energy Efficiency Hotline (toll free in California)

16 Sample Envelope U-Factor table 16 Here is an excerpt from the table for U-factors of wood framed attic roofs in the Joint Appendix IV document Choose your assembly U-factor based on the rated R-value of continuous insulation, and the R-value of the attic insulation

17 Construction Assembly: Mandatory Measures 17 Overall, the new values for U-factors in the appendix tables are more stringent than the equivalent 2001 requirements. Assumption of framing percentage increased from 15% to 25%, thus decreasing assembly R-value and increasing overall U-factors for the assemblies Metal Framed Roofs Roofs with metal framing will have to meet an insulation level of an equivalent wood framed roof Based on overall U-factor of the assembly And not on the R-value of insulation alone Slab-on-grade Floors Heated slab-on-grade floors must be insulated both Vertically at the slab edge, and Horizontally between the heated slab and foundation wall

18 Construction Assembly: Prescriptive Measures 18 The U-factor of your construction assembly must be equal to or lower than the values specified in: Table 143-A: For Nonresidential buildings, and Relocatable Classrooms rated for specific climate zones Table 143-B: For Hotel/Motel and High-rise Residential buildings Table 143-C: For Relocatable Classrooms rated for all CA climate zones Calculate the U-factor of your assembly in accordance with the Joint Appendix IV procedures A good description of the procedure is found in the Nonresidential Compliance Manual section 3.3

19 Construction Assembly: Excerpt from Table 143-A 19 Below is an excerpt of the prescriptive requirements by climate zone for roof, wall, and floor/soffit Climate Zones 1, , , 15 Roof/Ceiling U-factor R-value Wall R-value or U-factor Wood Frame Metal Frame Metal Building Mass/7.0 HC<15.0 Mass/15.0 HC Other Floor/Soffit R-value or U-factor Mass/7.0 HC Other

20 NFRC Label 20 NFRC stands for the National Fenestration Rating Council A non-profit organization Administers the uniform, independent rating and labeling system for energy performance of windows, doors, and skylights Graphic Courtesy: NFRC website

21 Fenestration: Mandatory Requirements 21 For all fenestration products except sitefabricated windows: The manufacturer needs to certify the product, to meet U-factor and SHGC requirements set in Section 116 U-factor: Either use default value in Table 116-A or be rated in accordance with NFRC 100 SHGC: Either use default value in Table 116-B or be rated in accordance with NFRC 200 or NFRC 100

22 Fenestration: Mandatory Labeling Requirements 22 Every manufactured and site-built fenestration product is required to have A clearly visible temporary label that lists the U-factor, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of that product, and the method used to derive those values Fenestration products rated using the NFRC rating procedure are required to have A permanent label stating the U-factor and SHGC of the product Site-fabricated products are exempted from this requirement

23 Fenestration: Prescriptive Requirements Title 24 limits the maximum window area for West-facing windows to no greater than 40% of the gross west-facing exterior wall area, or Six feet times the west-facing display perimeter, whichever is greater; and Combined total of window area on all orientations to no greater than 40% of the total gross exterior wall area for all orientations, or Six feet times the display perimeter on all orientations, whichever is greater Display perimeter is the length of an exterior wall used for displaying merchandise that immediately abuts a public sidewalk

24 Fenestration: Prescriptive Requirements contd 24 The standards also limit the window U-factor and SHGC values to those specified in Tables 143-A, 143-B, and 143-C The U-factors have been reduced slightly from the 2001 standards to account for a revised NFRC rating procedure There is no change to the type of windows that comply Remember these are Prescriptive requirements You may decide to choose a higher U-factor or SHGC or greater window area However, you will have to make up the lost energy savings by using greater efficiencies in other building components

25 Relocatable Classrooms 25 Relocatable classrooms must meet building envelope requirements the same as other buildings If they are moved, they must still meet the requirements of the new location Relocatable classrooms can be rated for The whole State using the values in Table 143-C, Or For a specific climate zone, using values in Table 143-A Manufacturers will need to label each unit with a identification label stating whether Unit is rated for all California climate zones, or List the climate zones it is rated for

26 Ceiling Insulation Placement 26 Title 24 no longer recognizes insulation placed on top of suspended ceilings (Lay-on insulation) Instead, Title 24 requires that insulation be always placed in contact with a continuous roof deck or ceiling, Either above or below the roof deck, or Above a drywall ceiling Small conditioned spaces within bigger unconditioned spaces Small space ceilings exempted if: A combined area no greater than 2,000 sf enclosed within a larger unconditioned space; and The distance from ceiling to roof more than 12

27 Ceiling Insulation Placement 27 Insulation at roof deck: OK Lay-on Insulation: NOT ALLOWED PLENUM Suspended Ceiling = Insulation SPACE

28 Skylighting in Big-Box Spaces 28 New prescriptive requirement: At least half of the area of big-box spaces to be lit with skylights [Section 143 (c)] The conditions that trigger this requirement are spaces that are Large, single story, conditioned or unconditioned, enclosed spaces, with Greater than 25,000 sq.ft of area enclosed under a roof Greater than 15 feet high, and where The installed lighting power density is greater than or equal to 0.5W/sq.ft Requires at least % Skylight Area to Daylit Floor Area Requires diffusing glazing in skylights, and Requires Multi-level Automatic Daylighting Controls in the Daylit Area

29 Skylighting in Big-Box Spaces: Daylit Area 29 Daylit Area is defined as the floor area that is illuminated through skylights as specified in Section 131 (c) The daylit area under skylights shall be the rough opening of the skylight plus, In each of the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the skylight, the lesser of 70% of the floor-to-ceiling height, or The distance to the nearest 60-inch or higher permanent partition, or One half the horizontal distance to the edge of the closest skylight or vertical glazing Whichever is least

30 Daylit Area Illustration 30 Skylight Length = 8 Skylight Width = 4 Height = H x x 0.7 = 14 Daylit Area under the skylight Daylit Area Width = =32 Daylit Area Length = = 36 Daylit area= 32 x36 = 1,152 ft 2

31 Skylighting in Conditioned Big-Box Spaces 31 If the space is conditioned, the skylights must meet the requirements of Section 146 (a) 6 or 143(b), which state: Skylight U-factors and SHGC not to exceed prescriptive values in tables 143-A, 143-B or 143-C depending on occupancy type Skylight area to total gross roof area not to exceed 5% Remember, all these requirements are Prescriptive requirements So they only apply if you plan to use the Prescriptive or Overall Envelope methods of compliance In the Performance method, you may choose not to use skylights, But the standard budget will assume skylights and daylighting controls And you would need to use higher efficiencies in your lighting, envelope or HVAC systems to make up for the loss of lighting savings due to skylights

32 Cool Roof Requirements 32 Title 24 encourages the use of Cool Roof technologies that reflect heat, and lower cooling loads in the space Approved Cool Roofs have either High thermal emittance, and high solar reflectance; OR Low thermal emittance, and exceptionally high solar reflectance The 2005 T24 standards require Cool Roofs for low-slope roofs (defined as roofs with slope of 2:12 or less) This requirement applies to re-roofing too This is a prescriptive requirement, and can be traded-off if not desired However, Cool Roof will be included in the standard energy budget, and You will have to make up for the lost energy savings through other measures

33 Lighting Measures Changes to compliance requirements for lighting measures in the 2005 Title 24 Standards

34 Changes to Lighting Measures: Overview 34 Lighting requirements in Title 24 are in two forms: Limits on Lighting Power Density (LPD in Watts/sf) Lighting Controls Requirements and Credits Allowable Lighting Power Density limits are set three different ways: Whole Building Method: LPD is specified for the whole buildings, and depends on the building type Can use only where the whole building has the same occupancy type Area Category Method: LPD requirements vary by type of space within a given building Used where the type of occupancy varies by space Tailored Method: A special method that sets different LPDs for general and display lighting by space, depending on the task in the space Used mostly for unusual applications that require special lighting considerations Tailored allowances are use-it-or-lose-it and cannot be traded with the area category method

35 Whole Building Method 35 The lighting standards add new building types to the Whole Building Method The method is applicable to buildings where More than 90% of the total area has the same typeof-use occupancy For retail and wholesale buildings, method can be applied only to Single tenant buildings, or Buildings with multiple tenants if 100% of space is used for retail and wholesale at time of permit, and Only if merchandise sales function area is 70% Hotel/Motel and High-rise residential buildings cannot use Whole Building Method 2005 Title24 reduces the allowable LPD for a number of spaces The new LPD limits are in Table 146-B of the standards

36 Whole Building Method Revised LPDs 36 Building Type Complete Building LPDs (W/sf) Auditorium Convention Centers Financial Institutions General Commercial High Bay Medical Buildings & Clinics Office Buildings Parking Garages Religious Facilities Retail and Wholesale Schools 2001 Stds n/a n/a n/a n/a Stds 1.5 (new) 1.3 (new) 1.1 (new) (new)

37 Area Category Method 37 The Area Category method can be used when there are multiple type-of-use occupancies in a building The total allowed lighting power for the building is the sum of all allowed lighting powers for all areas of the building The area is defined as a contiguous space occupied with one of the primary functions listed in Table 146-C The 2005 revisions add a number of primary function areas to the list The new standards also lower the allowable LPD s for a number of primary function areas

38 Area Category Method Revised LPDs 38 Excerpts from Table 146-C compared to values in 2001 Standards Primary Function Types Area Category Method LPDs (W/sf) Auditorium Auto Repair Civic Meeting Place Convention Financial Institution General Commercial High Bay Multifamily Common Areas Senior Housing Common Areas Hotel Function Areas 2001 Stds n/a n/a n/a Stds (new) (new) 1.5 (new) 1.5

39 Area Category Method Revised LPDs 39 Excerpts from Table 146-C compared to values in 2001 Stds. Continued Primary Function Types Area Category Method LPDs (W/sf) Kitchen Hotel Lobby Medical and Clinical Office Religious Worship Retail and Wholesale Tenant Lease Space Transportation 2001 Stds n/a n/a 2005 Stds (new) 1.2 (new)

40 Tailored Method 40 Requirements for the Tailored Method have been simplified and thoroughly re-written The method can be used for a maximum of 30% area of the building area that is otherwise using the Area Category Method Exception: Retail Merchandise Sales and Museums can use the tailored method for up to 100% of building area Exception: If a single function area exceeds 30% of building area, then the tailored method can be used for that entire function area alone Tailored and Area Category methods cannot be used for same floor area No trade-offs are allowed between the Tailored Method and Area Category Method The Tailored Method allowances are use-it-or-lose-it allowances that cannot be traded off against other allowances

41 Tailored Method LPD Allocations The revised Tailored Method Special Lighting Power Allowances are presented in Table 146-D. The table sets lighting power allowances for General Illumination Sets the IESNA illumination category for the primary function area; corresponding LPD values are in Table 146-F Wall Display Qualified wall display lighting must be mounted within 6 feet of the display wall Floor Display Qualified floor display lighting must be mounted more than 6 feet from the walls Ornamental/Special Effects Lighting These are special purpose light sources, and cannot be the only light source in the space Very Valuable Display For lighting of display cases that carry highly valuable merchandise only 41

42 Tailored Method LPD Allocations 42 Apart from General Illumination, all other allowances are use-it-or-lose-it allowances and cannot be traded off e.g. If you do not plan to have Very Valuable Display lighting, the LPD limits for that usage type do not apply to you, and you will not be able to use the LPD for that usage in the general illumination or other use All the LPD allocations are also dependent on ceiling height of the space being 12 or less Table 146-E gives adjustments to the LPD requirements when the mounting height of light fixtures is higher than 12 feet

43 Mandatory Lighting Controls 43 The 2005 standards require multi-level lighting controls in spaces: Over 100 square feet in area, and Using at least 0.8 w/sf of lighting energy i.e., Most spaces Multi-level lighting controls reduce the lighting power by either dimming or switching the lamps so that there is At least one level with 50-70% of maximum lighting power consumption, and At least one level with less than 35% of maximum lighting power consumption (including completely off for a bi-level control)

44 Mandatory Daylighting Controls 44 For daylit areas under skylights, the standards also require the use of daylighting controls For daylit areas greater than 250 sf, half the lighting in the daylit area is required to be on a separate dimming or switching control These controls can be manual controls (switches, sliders etc) For daylit areas greater than 2,500 sf, the general lighting in the daylit area is required to be automatically controlled by Automatic multi-level daylighting controls, OR Automatic multi-level astronomical time switch Manual controls do not qualify

45 Lighting Control Credits What are they? 45 In order to encourage the use of automated lighting controls such as occupancy sensors, and daylight sensors, the standards also provide Lighting Control Credits in the form of Power Adjustment Factors (PAF) to the general lighting allowable LPD limits The PAF is not a Mandatory requirement but is intended as an optional incentive for an exemplary control system The PAF reduces the total installed lighting wattage value used for compliance calculations equal to the product of the PAF credit and the total controlled lighting wattage i.e. [installed wattage for compliance calculations] = [actual installed wattage] - [PAF x controlled wattage]. Savings are recovered through the operation of the automatic controls, providing cost savings and power reductions to the building owner and the California electricity grid.

46 Changes to Lighting Control Credits 46 Table 146-A lists the various lighting Power Adjustment Factors (PAF), and a number of changes have been made to the type of controls eligible for PAFs: The 2005 Standards no longer provide PAFs for regular occupancy sensors Instead, the standards give PAFs for occupancy sensors that have built-in multi-level control capabilities. The standards no longer give PAFs for automatic time switch control devices The PAFs for combined controls, i.e. controls that have both occupancy and daylight based controls, have been updated to reflect the changes above The PAFs for combined occupancy and programmable multiscene dimming controls are no longer offered Instead, PAFs are offered for combining bi-level enabled occupancy sensor with manual dimming with electronic ballasts

47 New PAF: Multi-level Occupancy Sensors 47 A new PAF of 0.20, for a newly defined Multi-level enabled occupancy sensor, for Any space less than or equal to 250 sf enclosed by ceiling height partitions, Any size classrooms, Corridors, Conference or Waiting rooms To be eligible for this credit, the qualifying sensor must be capable of providing either Manual On or Automated ON for the first level (50% or less) of the installed fixtures, A separate user action (like pressing a switch) to get full light output Automatic shut-off of all lighting when the occupants leave the space

48 New Lighting Control Credits in New PAF: Bi-level Occupancy Sensor PAF of 0.25 for Hallways of Hotels/Motels PAF of 0.15 for Commercial & Industrial Storage Stacks (max. 2 aisles per sensor) PAF of 0.15 for Library Stacks (max. 2 aisles per sensor) To be eligible for this credit, the qualifying sensor must be capable of providing either Automated reduction of lighting power to no more than 50% of maximum output when no persons are present Automated full light output when persons enter the space

49 New Lighting Control Credits in New PAF: Manual dimming with automatic load control of dimmable electronic ballasts PAF of 0.25 for all building types Automatic load control refers to the ability to reduce lighting power consumption for peak demand savings New PAF: Combined Credits Additional credits are available if either daylighting controls or manual dimming controls are also used on the same circuits that have multi-level occupancy sensors Refer to Table 146-A of the standards for more details

50 Outdoor Lighting Standards 50 Responding to a legislative mandate, the Title 24 Standards have been modified to include Lighting in unconditioned buildings and Lighting for particular outdoor function areas No tradeoffs are allowed between indoor lighting and outdoor lighting Outdoor lighting requirements are Prescriptive requirements only, and are NOT included in the Performance method For more detailed information, please refer to the module on outdoor lighting standards on the EDR website.

51 Mechanical Measures Changes to compliance requirements for mechanical measures in the 2005 Title 24 Standards

52 Changes to Mechanical Measures 52 A number of significant changes have been made to Modeling of mechanical equipment, and Required efficiencies In the following slides, we will look at the following changes More credit for EER improvements Cooling tower certification Ventilation changes Ducts Airside measures Hydronic measures

53 Modeling Cooling Efficiency 53 There are two metrics for modeling cooling efficiency Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) SEER is an efficiency at 82 degrees Approximates the average efficiency of the unit over the entire cooling period Includes losses at part load due to compressor cycling Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) EER is efficiency at 95 degree outdoor temperature This is the ARI test condition A steady-state value at full load For small air conditioning systems (less than 65,000 Btu cooling capacity) Both the SEER and EER values can be specified No change here from the previous standards For large air conditioning systems Only the EER value is specified (SEER value not used) Same as in the previous standards In addition, now you can specify custom efficiency curves More on this on the next slide

54 Improvements to the EER Modeling Rules 54 For large air conditioners (greater than 130,000 Btu cooling capacity), in addition to the EER value at ARI rated conditions, you can now enter: A series of manufacturer supplied kw vs capacity values for various outdoor air and indoor air temperature and humidity conditions in the Performance Method This allows one to model the true efficiency of the unit at various temperature conditions Potentially resulting in greater compliance margins If the true efficiency of the unit is higher than the EER value Why is this going to result in compliance improvements? The air conditioner efficiency modeled in the compliance software is temperature dependent If only the EER value is used, at temperatures greater than the ARI test conditions, the modeled efficiency of the unit is lower By specifying custom curves, one can force the software to model the real (greater) efficiency for that unit Combined with the TDV regimen this will result in greater compliance credits than those for just EER improvements Of course, if the real efficiency of the unit is lower than the EER value, you will take a compliance penalty!

55 Cooling Tower Certification 55 Factory assembled cooling towers are now required to be tested and certified per the Cooling Tower Institute test procedures Table 112-G specifies the following certification requirements: Propeller or Axial Fan Cooling Towers Require greater than or equal to 38.2 gpm/hp performance rating per CTI ATC-105 and CTI STD-201 test procedures Centrifugal Fan Cooling Towers Require greater than or equal to 20.0 gpm/hp performance rating per CTI ATC-105 and CTI STD-201 test procedures Air Cooled Condensers Require greater than or equal to 176,000 Btu/h hp performance rating per ARI 460 test procedure

56 Cooling Tower Requirements: [Section 144 (h)] 56 Fan Speed Control Each fan powered by a motor of 7.5 hp (5.6 kw) or larger shall have the capability to control fan speed based on water temperature or refrigerant pressure. This would include: Two speed fan motors, Smaller pony motor Variable Frequency Drive Adjustable blade pitch for axial (propeller) fans Tower Flow Turndown Open cooling towers configured with multiple condenser water pumps shall be designed so that all cells can be run in parallel with the larger of: The flow that s produced by the smallest pump, or 33% of the design flow for the cell. Centrifugal Fan Cooling Towers Restricts the use of centrifugal fans to cooling towers with less than 300 Ton capacity

57 Variable Volume Systems [Section 144 (c) ] 57 Total Fan Power Index (FPI) at design conditions of each fan system with total horsepower over 25 horsepower Shall not exceed 1.25 watts per cfm of supply air Individual Variable Air Volume (VAV) fans with motors 10 horsepower or larger are required to have: Variable speed drive; Vane-axial fan with variable pitch blades; or Controls that limit the fan motor demand to no more than 30% of rated power at 50% of flow

58 Variable Volume Systems contd 58 Static Pressure Sensor to be located such that Controller set point is no greater than one-third the total design fan static pressure Set Point Reset If there are DDC controls with communication to individual zone boxes, then Static pressure set point to be reset based on the zone requiring the most pressure Series fan powered VAV boxes now are required to have electronically commutated motors or Minimum motor efficiency of 70%

59 Demand Control Ventilation Requirements 59 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) saves ventilation energy by Cutting back ventilation automatically when space is unoccupied It uses CO2 sensor technology to maintain indoor air quality Requirements for DCV have been greatly enhanced by requiring DCV for Single Zone HVAC systems Having outside air economizers, and serving Heavily occupied spaces e.g. auditorium, theater With occupant densities in excess of 25 persons/1000 sf Exceptions to the requirements include All classroom spaces Spaces with high exhaust needs Spaces that generate hazardous fumes and do not have local exhaust systems

60 Demand Control Ventilation Requirements 60 Section 121 (c) 4 of the standards requires CO2 sensors In each room where the system uses DCV The CO2 sensor must be mounted between 1-6 from the floor Section 121 (c) 4 requires the DCV strategy to Maintain CO2 levels less than or equal to 600 ppm plus the outside air CO2 levels Outside air CO2 ppm can either be Assumed to be 400 ppm without any direct measurement, or Measured with a outdoor CO2 sensor near the outdoor air intake CO2 sensors need to be certified by the manufacturer for Accuracy not less than 75 ppm, and Factory calibrated or calibrated at start-up, and Certified to maintain calibration for 5 years

61 Natural Ventilation Requirements 61 Section 121(b)1 specifies that spaces that use natural ventilation in lieu of mechanical ventilation Must be permanently open to and within 20 feet of operable windows or skylights open to the outdoors It further sets a minimum requirement on the operable area in such windows or skylights to be At least 5% of the conditioned floor area of the naturally ventilated space When louvers or blinds cover the openings, the operable area includes only the portion of the opening that is unobstructed The means for opening windows or skylights should be within easy reach of the occupants at all times of occupancy

62 Mandatory Duct Insulation Measures 62 For portions of supply and return ducts in unconditioned or indirectly conditioned spaces Section 124 (a) mandates a minimum insulation of R-8 for ducts located: Outdoors, or Space between the roof and an insulated ceiling, or Space directly under a roof with fixed vents or openings to the outside or unconditioned spaces, or Unconditioned crawlspace; or Any other unconditioned space For portions of supply and return ducts in all other spaces except above Section 124 (a) mandates a minimum insulation of R-4.2, or Require these portions to be completed enclosed in a directly conditioned space

63 Prescriptive Duct Sealing Measures 63 Section 144 (k) requires all duct systems to be tested and sealed to a leakage rate not to exceed 6% of the fan flow rate if the duct system: Is connected to constant volume, single zone, air conditioners, heat pumps or furnaces, and Serving less than 5,000 square feet of floor area; and Having more than 25% duct surface area located Outdoors, or Directly underneath a roof where the ceiling insulation is greater than the roof insulation The leakage rate is required to be confirmed through field verification and diagnostic testing In accordance with procedures set forth in the Nonresidential Manual This is a Prescriptive requirement and can be traded off in the Performance method Though the lost energy efficiency would need to be recovered through other measures

64 Hydronic System Measures 64 HVAC chilled and hot water pumping with more than 3 valves requires fluid flow control so that Flows are reduced by at least 50% or to manufacturer's minimum recommended flow rate. [Section (144(j)1] Water loop heat pump systems require variable speed pumps when pump power exceeds 5hp [Section 144(j)5] Similar requirement for variable speed pumps exists for all variable flow systems that have pump power exceeding 5hp [Section 144(j)6]

65 Multiple Chillers or Boilers 65 When a hydronic system has more than one chiller or boiler, it is required to have controls that Shut down water flow through a chiller or boiler that is shutoff While maintaining supply through the chillers or boilers that are operational. [Section 144(j)2 and 144(j)3] Large capacity (>500,000 Btu/h) chilled and hot water systems also require Automated controls that reset supply water temperatures based on building loads or outside temperature. [Section 144(j)4]

66 Domestic Hot Water Measures 66 High-rise residential buildings fall under the preview of the non-residential standards for Envelope and HVAC measures However, the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) measures are governed by the residential standards [Section 151(f)8] For units having individual water heaters, The water heaters need to meet efficiency requirements of sections 111 and 113, and No recirculation pumps are allowed For units having a central recirculating DHW system, The water heaters need to meet efficiency requirements of sections 111 and 113, and Automatic controls that shut-off the circulating pump when there is no need for hot water are required The Performance Method also uses a recirculating central DHW system with time-based automatic shut-off controls as the basis for standard DHW budget

67 Acceptance Testing Requirements

68 Acceptance Testing Requirements 68 The 2005 Standards introduce a new set of mandatory performance verification criteria called Acceptance Testing Requirements Acceptance testing is required for lighting and HVAC controls that are prone to miscalibration and failure A responsible person performs the test and certifies on the compliance test forms that the equipment passes A responsible person is a licensed architect, engineer, contractor or other person certified to inspect buildings under the Business and Professions Code Most of these tests do not require third party verification Acceptance testing must be completed before the building official issues the certificate of occupancy

69 Acceptance Testing Requirements 69 The requirements are embedded in various sections of the 2005 standards document An handy reference is Section 8.0 of the Nonresidential Compliance Manual that: Explains the standards provisions and their intent in simple terms Provides detailed instructions on the procedures required for the Acceptance Testing Provides a handy list of forms and associated code sections Table 8-1 which we have included in the following slides Provides sample test procedures with time and labor estimates The actual test procedures are found in the Nonresidential Alternative Compliance Manual (NACM) Appendix NJ

70 Measures Requiring Acceptance Testing 70 Table Acceptance Forms of the Nonresidential Compliance Manual Section Lighting Form Name LTG-1-A-05 Certificate of Acceptance LTG-2-A-05 Lighting Controls LTG-3-A-05 Automatic Daylighting Standards Reference (d) and 131(d) 119(e) ACM Manual Appendix # N/A NJ 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 NJ 6.1 Mechanical MECH-1-A-05 Certificate of Acceptance N/A MECH-2-A-05 Ventilation Systems Variable and Constant Volume 121(b)2 NJ 3.1 and 3.2 MECH-3-A-05 Packaged HVAC Systems 121(b)2 NJ 4.1

71 Measures Requiring Acceptance Testing 71 Table Acceptance Forms of the Nonresidential Compliance Manual.. Contd. Section Mechanical Form Name MECH-5-A-05 Air Distribution Systems Standards Reference 144(I) ACM Manual Appendix # NJ 5.1 MECH-4-A-05 Economizer 144(e) NJ 7.1 MECH-6-A-05 Demand Control Ventilation MECH-7-A-05 Supply Fan VFD 121(c)4.E. 144(c) NJ 8.1 NJ 9.1 MECH-8-A-05 Hydronic Systems Control 144(j)6 NJ

72 Field Verification of Measures 72 New duct systems in unconditioned spaces are prescriptively required to have tested and field verified sealed ducts. Typically the installer will test the tightness of ducts and fill out the MECH-5-A acceptance testing form Must be third-party verified by a certified HERS rater who may sample 1 out of 7 systems One could bypass duct sealing by using the performance method But you would have to make up for the lost energy savings through other efficiency measures

73 Field Verification of Measures (continued) 73 Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV) and airflow Performance method credit is given to air conditioners that have a TXV installed, and have sufficient airflow TXV is a precision component in the refrigeration system that controls the rate of refrigerant flow into the evaporator Credit requires correct airflow and TXV verification by a third party certified HERS (Home Energy Rating Service) rater

74 Summary

75 So what s the big picture? 75 More insulation required in metal construction Skylights and automatic daylighting controls required in large open spaces like warehouses and big box retail spaces. Cool roofs required for low slope roofs Allowable LPD s have been reduced this reflects more efficient lighting sources Increased control requirements for mechanical and lighting systems Acceptance tests required for many automated mechanical and lighting controls

76 Where can you read the Requirements? 76 There are three main documents that collectively specify the standards and explain all the details 2005 Building Energy Efficiency Standards This is the official code language for all the provisions of the 2005 Title 24 standards 2005 Nonresidential Energy Standards Compliance Manual This is a very useful reference guide that explains the code provisions, implementation procedures and compliance procedures 2005 Nonresidential Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Approval Manual and related Appendices These documents contain instructions for the compliance software vendors on how to implement the code provisions in the compliance software It is also very useful to understand details of each of the code provision

77 Where to Find Documents 77 All the three documents are available for free on the California Energy Commission (CEC) website at: You can also call the CEC Energy Efficiency Hotline at: Phone: or Phone: (toll free in California)

78 Additional Resources 78 The Energy Design Resources website has various other resources for Title 24 information, including: Module on Outdoor Lighting Provisions in the 2005 California Title 24 Standards Case Study illustrating the impact of the 2005 California Title 24 standards on a nonresidential building EDR Lights an online course on energy efficient lighting and lighting controls Links to Energy Code websites The California Investor Owned Utilities that sponsor EDR also provide Title 24 training at their respective Energy Centers For more information, visit:

79 So that s a summary of the 2005 CA Title 24 Standards Good luck, make better buildings, and save a lot of energy!