thirteen membrane, net & shell structures Membrane and Net Structures Membrane and Net Structures Membrane and Net Structures
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1 APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS DR. ANNE NICHOLS FALL 2013 lecture thirteen Membrane and Net Structures form follows pressure or tension membrane, net & shell structures Denver Airport Birdair.com Membrane, Nets & Shells 1 Lecture 13 Applied Architectural Structures F2009abn Membrane, Nets & Shells 2 Membrane and Net Structures types fabric cables Membrane and Net Structures sensitive to aerodynamic effects of wind fluttering pneumatic inflated stabilization rigid supporting framework prestressing of surface Membrane, Nets & Shells 3 Membrane, Nets & Shells 4 1
2 Membrane and Net Structures tensile stress and tangential shear stresses occur Pneumatic Structures internal pressure air-supported: entire volume air-inflated: cavities ribs dual walls Membrane, Nets & Shells 5 Membrane, Nets & Shells 6 Air-Supported Structures pressure slightly higher than atmospheric light loads greater spans than air-inflated Air-Inflated Structures higher degree of pressurization pressure doesn t directly balance loads buckling or folding results in collapse flexibility in space Membrane, Nets & Shells 7 Membrane, Nets & Shells 8 2
3 Loads & Behavior snow accumulation shape heat loss avoid large concentrated loads wind loads suction tension buckling Membrane Stresses pressure is constantly applied stress Membrane, Nets & Shells 9 Membrane, Nets & Shells 10 Membrane Stresses enough pressure to prevent folding large radius, large stress Supports air-supported need airtight seal resists uplift and thrust inverted arch containment rings Membrane, Nets & Shells 11 Membrane, Nets & Shells 12 3
4 Profile Selection lower profile higher stresses lower air volume can be used to avoid wind pressure effects Air-Inflated Members prestressed in tension structural stresses added increase in tension Membrane, Nets & Shells 13 Membrane, Nets & Shells 14 Punctures fracture or rip from redistribution of stresses air-supported low pressure gradual deflation air-inflated isolated cells deflate design in suspension Net and Tent Structures low curvatures, high stress (big radius) avoid flat areas carefully place high & low points Basic Types of Tensile Structures ( Tentech) Membrane, Nets & Shells 15 Membrane, Nets & Shells 16 4
5 Support Conditions compression masts uplift at ground free edges can be stiffened with cables stress reduction at high points by a cable ring Form Development modeling software Membrane, Nets & Shells 17 Membrane, Nets & Shells 18 Materials strength tear resistant bi-directional durability ultraviolet effects creep corrosion in metals Shells similar to membranes, domes & vaults THIN rigid Membrane, Nets & Shells 19 Membrane, Nets & Shells 20 5
6 Shells Empire State Performing Arts Center, Ammann & Whiney Shell Types shape classifications developable: singly curved (vault) synclastic doubly curved same direction anticlastic: doubly curved opposite curvature free form Membrane, Nets & Shells 21 Membrane, Nets & Shells 22 Synclastic surface of revolutions Shell Stresses in-plane tension compression shear insignificant bending suitable for distributed loads can t handle concentrated loads well Membrane, Nets & Shells 23 Membrane, Nets & Shells 24 6
7 Spherical Shells arch of revolution compression some tension bow Forces in Spherical Shells similar to plates two directions of forces shear maintain curvatures meridional arch direction hoop radial direction can see tension holes redistribute stresses edges need reinforcement Membrane, Nets & Shells 25 Membrane, Nets & Shells 26 Meridional and Hoop Forces meridional force per unit length: W N 2 2πR sin hoop force per unit length: 1 N θ Rw cos 1 cos Membrane, Nets & Shells 27 Distribution and Concentrated Forces size distributions cos( 51 49' 0. 62R concentrated force causes Membrane, Nets & Shells 28 )R N 0.62 R 7
8 Support Conditions absorb horizontal thrust tension ring being pushed out need to be continuous can be used as foundation top (crown) rings in compression Support Conditions buttresses edge restraint effects deformations different fixed edges bending stress deep section pinned edges still induces bending post-tensioning helps stiffen Membrane, Nets & Shells 29 Membrane, Nets & Shells 30 Buckling & Lateral Loading instability compression moment of inertia low stress levels local snap-through lateral loading shear Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church Wright, 1956 Membrane, Nets & Shells 31 Membrane, Nets & Shells
9 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church Wright, 1956 Cylindrical Shells can resist tension shape adds depth not vaults barrel shells Membrane, Nets & Shells 33 Membrane, Nets & Shells 34 Kimball Museum, Kahn 1972 Kimball Museum, Kahn 1972 outer shell edges Membrane, Nets & Shells 35 Membrane, Nets & Shells 36 9
10 Kimball Museum, Kahn 1972 skylights at peak Anticlastic Shells (Hyperbolic Paraboloid) saddle or ruled shapes surface generated with straight lines tension follows cable drape compression follows arch Membrane, Nets & Shells 37 Membrane, Nets & Shells 38 Anticlastic Shell Behavior edge conditions offer restraint tie rods useful shears Zarzuela Hippodrome, Torroja Membrane, Nets & Shells 39 Membrane, Nets & Shells 40 10
11 Zarzuela Hippodrome, Torroja 1935 Heilmajer Memorial Bandstand Kramer, 2002 Membrane, Nets & Shells 41 Membrane, Nets & Shells 42 Heilmajer Memorial Bandstand Kramer, 2002 Heilmajer Memorial Bandstand Kramer, 2002 Membrane, Nets & Shells 43 Membrane, Nets & Shells 44 11
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