1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars Tabs and Highlights

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1 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars Tabs and s These 1 Exam Prep Tabs are based on the CRSI Placing Reinforcing Bars Recommended Practices, 9 th Edition. Each 1 Exam Prep tabs sheet has five rows of tabs. Start with the first tab at the first row at the top of the page; proceed down that row placing the tabs at the locations listed below. Place each tab in your book setting it down one notch until you get to the last tab. Then start with the highlights. 1 Exam Prep Tab Page # Table of Contents None Definitions 2-1 Pile Foundations 3-2, 3-3 Location in Concrete 5-1 Continuous Beams 5-4 Shrinkage 5-7 Column Ties 5-8 Deformed Specs 6-1 Grades/Size of 6-2 Bars Bar ID Marks 6-3 Fabrication 6-15 Tolerances Overall Diamters 6-21 Bundling & Tagging 6-21 Spreader Beam Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 1

2 1 Exam Prep Tab Page # Choker Tension 8-16 Bar Supports 10-1 Concrete Cover 11-3 Lowering/Raising Bars 11-3 Splices Shear Screw Coupling Types of Ties General Principles Standard Column Ties Zinc Coating 18-5 Glossary G-1 Index Index I-1 This concludes the tabs for this book. Please continue with the highlights on the following page. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 2

3 2-1 Steel for reinforced concrete is usually deformed bars, varying from 3/8 inch to 2¼ inches in diameter. Reinforced concrete is a combination of both reinforcing steel and concrete using the best properties of each, namely the compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength, or pull resistance, of steel. 3-2, 3-3 Pile Foundations: Piles are used where the subgrade is not firm enough to provide adequate bearing for a footing. Piles are driven to the required depth, and support the load partly by end-bearing and partly by friction of the subgrade material against the surface of the pile (called skin friction). The common types of piles are: (a) reinforced precast concrete, (b) reinforced precast-prestressed concrete, (c) concrete cast in driven steel casings, (d) cast-in-place concrete in holes drilled or bored into earth, (e) steel pipes or steel H-beams, and (f) timber, plain or treated. 3-6 Flat Plate Floor Systems: This type of floor system permits the columns to be spaced irregularly. Figure 3-11: Flat Plate Floor Systems 5-1 Location in Concrete: Standard plastic molds are used which form the concrete into test cylinders 6 inches in diameter at about 90,000 pounds load, as shown in Fig Stirrups in Beams: To resist diagonal tension, small U-shaped or closed-shaped reinforcing bars called stirrups are used and are placed vertically across the beam. Because shear is usually at a maximum near the support spaced increasingly farther apart toward mid-span. Reinforcement in Continuous Beams: This requires tension reinforcing steel in the bottom of the beam between supports and in the top of the beam over the supports. 5-7 Shrinkage & Temp. Reinforcement 5-8 Fig Column Ties and Spirals: Note and highlight the illustration for Buckled Column Bars. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 3

4 5-9 Fig Closed Stirrup-Ties in a Beam: Note and highlight the illustration for Tension Bars Concrete Cover: The concrete cover is measured from the exterior face of the concrete to the outside of the reinforcement. 6-1 Deformed Reinforcing Bars 6-2 Table 6-1 ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars Reinforcing Bars: Types and Grades of Steel: Reinforcing bars in the United States are readily available in two different types of steel: carbon-steel and low-alloy steel. To obtain uniformity throughout the United States, the ASTM has prepared standard specifications for reinforcing bars. They are shown in Table 6-2, where the grade designation is equal to the minimum yield strength of the reinforcing bar in kips per square inch (ksi). 6-3 Table 6-2: ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bar Specifications and Grades Figure 6-2: Reinforcing Bar Markings 6-15 Tolerances in Fabrication 6-21 Table 6-6: Approximate Overall Diameters of Reinforcing Bars - Note: #8 [#25] Bundling & Tagging 6-25 Fig. 6-10: Sample Numbering Schemes for Columns and Footings. Note and highlight illustration (a). 8-2 Surface Condition of Bars 8-3 The tight rust an scale remaining on the bar is normal and does not have any harmful effect on the bond. 8-5 When hoisting bundles of reinforcing bars roughly 30 feet or longer, it is usually necessary to use a spreader beam, as shown in Fig 8-3, so the reinforcing bars will not bend excessively. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 4

5 8-5 When bundles of reinforcing bars are being hoisted, a tag line shall be used unless its use creates an unsafe condition. 8-6/ 8-8 Figure 8-4: Hand Signals for Hoisting 8-10 Table 8-1: Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings with Fiber Core 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope with Fiber Core (`FC) 8-11 Table 8-2: Rated Capacities for Single Leg Slings with Independent Wire Rope Core 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 Classification Improved Plow Steel Grade Rope with Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) 8-16 The greater the angle from the vertical, the greater the tension in the choker. To determine the maximum lifting capacity of a combination of chokers, it is necessary first to determine the tension on each choker for a given load. The tension in each choker may be computed by using the formula: T = (W x L) / (N x V). 9-8 Figure 9-4: Typical Joist Schedule. The final column in the schedule lists the number of 5 lengths of 1 1/2 inch longitudinal beam bolsters. 9-9 Joist Schedule: The last two columns in the schedule indicate the bar supports, the joists chairs shown in the Typical Joists Construction Detail The height of a bar support is taken as the distance is a normal construction tolerance Wire Bar Supports: Wire bar supports are classified in terms of their ability to protect the concrete surface on which they rest from visible rust spots or similar blemishes directly caused by their means use Fig Minimum Concrete Cover 11-3 Where not specified, the following minimum concrete cover (outside of bar to face of concrete) should be observed: Note and highlight each. Tolerances in Placement: For example, lowering the top bars or raising the bottom bars by ½ inch more than specified in a 6-inch deep slab could reduce its load carrying capacity by 20 percent. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 5

6 11-12 Field Bending of Reinforcing Bars. Reinforcing bars should not be field bent or straightened in a manner that will reduce their strength or ductility. Bars with kinks or improper bends should not be used. No reinforcing bars partially embedded in hardened concrete should be field bent, except for: Note and highlight each Bars are ordinarily stocked in 60-foot lengths Lap Splicing: Lap splicing of #14 and #18 [#43 and #57] bars is not permitted by the ACI Building Code, except in compression and only to #11[#36] and smaller bars Figure 11-27: Shear Screw Coupling Sleeve Welded Splices: Welded lap splices are recommended only for #6 [#19] bars or smaller. Indirect welded lap splices, using a back-up plate, may also be used Tests have shown that tack welding can reduce the strength of a bar by 35-40%. Size of Tie Wire. Wire used for tying reinforcing bars is usually No. 16½ or No. 16 gauge black, soft-annealed wire. In some cases, a heavier No. 15 or No. 14 gauge tie wire (or 2 wires, doubled, of either No. 16½ or No. 16 gauge) may be used when tying bars in heavily-reinforced caissons or walls to maintain the proper position of the reinforcing bars Detail B. The Wrap and Snap Tie is normally used when tying wall reinforcement, holding the bars securely in position so that neither the horizontal nor the vertical bars can shift during the construction process or during concrete placement. This tie can also be used to prevent the bent bar ends of either horizontal or vertical bars from twisting out of position. Detail D. The Wrap and Saddle Tie is similar to the saddle tie except that the wire is wrapped 1½ times around the first bar, then completed as described for the saddle tie. This type of tie can be used to secure heavy mats that are lifted by crane It is not necessary to tie reinforcing bars at every intersection. Tying adds nothing to the strength of the finished structure. In most cases, tying every fourth or fifth intersection is sufficient. Ends of finished ties should be kept clear of the concrete surface. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 6

7 12-1 In footings, where the reinforcing bars are usually located 3 inches clear above the bottom, precast concrete block bar supports (dobies) are commonly used, as shown in Fig Not less than 4 blocks are used for each footing mat and are spaced about 5 feet on center, each way Field Bending, Straightening, and Rebending of Dowels. Sometimes, in spite of all the care taken, dowels are misplaced. After the concrete has hardened, corrections can be very costly. If the discrepancy is not great, the solution may be to offset bend the dowels with a pipe and hickey (not a sledge hammer). A bend of about 20 or 3 inches per foot with the vertical is about the maximum acceptable. It may be necessary to dig or chip out concrete in front of the dowel in order to move it over. Such field bending or partially embedded dowels may require the Engineer s approval Mat or Raft Slab Foundations Generally, a raft is reinforced with a mat of reinforcing bars in two directions, the bottom bars being located 3 inches above the subgrade (or mud slab) with a similar mat of top reinforcing steel located 2 inches below the top of the slab As a general rule, every bar should be tied in at least three places in its length Recommended practice for usage for slabs of total thickness: 2. More than 2 feet and up to 4 feet - Standees using #5 [#16] bars Columns Fig Typical Column Ties 13-8 Temperature Reinforcement: If reinforcing bars are used, they are placed on top of all other bars, with support bars underneath them parallel to the joists bars Welded wire reinforcement (see Fig.13-8), where used, is also typically placed on the outer most layer of bars Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Reinforcing Bars: Construction operations at the jobsite should be conducted so damage to the coating is minimized. G-1 Glossary 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 7

8 G-4 Bundled Bars - A group of not more than four parallel reinforcing bars in contact with each other, usually tied together. G-22 Yield Strength - The load limit to which a reinforcing steel will stretch and return to its original length. 1 Exam Prep Placing Reinforcing Bars, 9 th Edition 8

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