1/31/2013. OWTFA - Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses

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1 OWTFA - Metal Plate Connected Wood 1

2 OWTFA - Metal Plate Connected Wood 2

3 3

4 TPIC is a consensus based technical committee comprised of the plate manufacturers, provincial associations and design engineers. The technical committee is responsible for providing the design criteria to ensure conformance with the building code (NBCC, OBC) and CSA Standard O86 Engineering design in wood. TPIC is referenced in Table and article of the 2006 OBC. All technical committee members must be professional engineers. 4

5 Based on the grass roots knowledge of what worked, the value of using trusses was discovered long before engineering science defined the concepts involved. As early as 1570, trusses were used in timber bridges. The Italian architect Andrea Palladio ( ) developed three forms using the basic truss element the rigid triangle. These forms shown here are believed to be the earliest examples of trusses used scientifically. 5

6 Heavy Timber are made from timbers, or from manufactured wood products, such as glulam, having the dimensions of timbers (5 inches or more in both thickness and width). Connections for members are made by using bolts and plates, split rings, and special brackets and hangers. Heavy Timber can be used where long spans are required, provided the height can be accomocated. Glynco Blimp Hangar (Glynco, Georgia) 300 ft wide x 200 ft tall x 1000 ft long. The arrow points to a worker below the truss to indicate scale. 6

7 One of the early innovators was Ohio born architect Carroll Sanford. A pioneer of the modern building components industry, Sanford grew tired of fighting with local building code officials on behalf of his innovations. When the Miami building department turned down his concept for homes with glued and nailed trusses, claiming the glue line on those trusses would not survive the Florida climate, Sanford was inspired to create the first engineered light metal plate connected truss system. In 1952, working in half of a small garage in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Sanford developed the Gri P Late shown here. Punched with short barbs to reduce the number of hand nails needed to manufacture wood trusses, Sanford s Gri P Late thrilled Miami building officials. Directly or indirectly, the impetus for many of the leading companies in the machinery and truss plate business today is attributed to Sanford s original Gri P Late Company and Sanford Industries. 7

8 Though the majority of wood trusses used in industry today are found in residential construction, the applications are sometimes far from typical, as shown here. can be used economically to create complex roof patterns and shapes, beyond the standard gable roof. 8

9 Cathedral and vaulted ceilings can be done easily with trusses to provide a sloped ceiling profile. 9

10 Attic trusses can be built to accommodate extra rooms above the garage or upper floor spaces. Turrets can be built by using a combination of girder and jack trusses 10

11 Piggyback trusses are used when the roof trusses are too tall to be manufactured and/or delivered. 11

12 Engineered floor trusses are effective for long spans, where the need for intermediate bearing walls, beams, columns and footings can be reduced. The open web configuration provides space for plumbing, electrical and mechanical runs. 12

13 Condo s and apartments 13

14 Knox Presbyterian Church Waterloo, Ontario Inverted bowstring trusses were used to create the architectural ceiling profile. 14

15 Montana s Cookhouse 2 ply trusses at 48 o/c 15

16 Microtel Inn Parry Sound 16

17 Public Works building Brampton, ON 17

18 Farm buildings are commonly built with long span trusses up to 100 long. 18

19 OBC provides the designer the minimum design loads and reference standards for member design CSA 086 provides the designer the with the methods to calculate the individual member and connection strengths TPIC provides the truss designer with the requirements for design of the truss as a whole and combines the OBC and CSA O86 requirements into one document. 19

20 The roles and responsibilities can be found in TPIC2007 and TPIC

21 21

22 22

23 The truss package contains the: 1. Truss placement drawing 2. Truss design drawing (TDD) 3. Standard installation details 4. Connection hardware information 23

24 24

25 Project specific information is shown on the truss placement drawing, including: 1. Manufacturer 2. Project location 3. Dimensional information (ft in sx) 4. Truss identification/location 5. Hardware schedule 25

26 Dimensions are typically shown in ft in sixteenths for imperial and mm for metric. 26

27 Truss identification is marked on the truss placement drawing and corresponds to the identification on the truss design drawing. 27

28 28

29 Not all truss manufacturers use the same truss design software. Each software package displays their design drawings in a proprietary manner, which creates a handful of different looking drawings in the market place. Be aware that TPIC provides minimum guidelines on what information must be displayed on the printout, which means that though the drawings may look different, the required information is always there. 29

30 General information on the truss design drawings includes: 1. Job name 2. Truss identification/name 3. Quantity 4. Number of plies 30

31 The truss profile shows: 1. Roof slope (and ceiling slope if vaulted) 2. Dimensional information ft in sixteenths for imperial or mm for metric 3. Joint information including plate sizes and alignment 31

32 Specified design loads are indicated on the drawings. 32

33 Building code compliance is shown with reference to Part 4 or Part 9 design (termed commercial or residential). 33

34 Factored reactions and required bearing lengths are shown. 34

35 Point loads are typically shown on the truss profile and also listed in the notes. 35

36 Permanent web bracing (also known as Continuous Lateral Braces (CLB) or Continuous Lateral Restraints (CLR)) locations are shown in the truss profile. Top chord and bottom chord bracing is always detailed in the notes along with special web bracing requirements. 36

37 All 3 planes of a truss must be correctly braced both temporarily and permanently. The Building Designer is responsible for specifying the permanent bracing for the entire structure and that includes the truss system. Truss designers indicate if any particular webs require permanent bracing but the transfer of loads from that bracing into the larger structural system are the responsibility of the Building Designer. The following are examples of how the three planes are braced permanently. 37

38 Top chords of roofs are most often permanently braced with properly sized and fastened sheathing. This is the best way to provide stability in the two dimensional roof plane. The sheathing membrane is referred to as a roof diaphragm and acts like a thin, wide beam that can transfer loads from the roof into the side walls. It s important to remember that the top chord sheathing is performing a crucial structural function and is not just there just for the benefit of the shingles. 38

39 Sheathing is not rated for use in wide on center framing applications, generally over 24 inches on center. In these cases, the truss top chord is stabilized by regularly spaced purlins which act like permanent continuous lateral braces. But just like all other CLBs, they need to be tied off with diagonals (shown in red). Typical for use with farm buildings. 39

40 The application of gypsum board directly to the bottom chord creates a ceiling diaphragm and is usually sufficient permanent bracing for this plane. 40

41 However, if trusses are located in areas where high wind uplift forces or large lateral load transfers are anticipated, lateral and diagonal bracing must also be installed in addition to the gypsum board ceiling diaphragm. This bracing should also be installed in applications where the gypsum board sheathing is not directly applied to the bottom chord such as with exposed bottom chords or suspended ceilings. 41

42 When lateral and diagonal bottom chord bracing is required, the permanent lateral bracing must be installed at the required spacing indicated on the truss design drawing and/or as specified by the building designer with a maximum 10 o/c spacing. Diagonal braces should be spaced at a maximum of 20 ft o/c. 42

43 The continuous lateral bracing (CLB) also known as continuous lateral restraint (CLR) shortens the effective buckling length of the webs. This increases the compression strength of the member. 43

44 In order for this CLB to function properly it should be installed in a series of at least three adjacent identical trusses. The approximate location of this bracing on the braced web member is indicated on the Truss Design Drawings at either mid point or one third points. The Building Designer is responsible for determining the size, grade, and connection of this bracing to the web member, as well as the means of stabilizing this bracing to prevent the simultaneous lateral movement of the braced webs in the same direction. 44

45 The easiest way to stabilize permanent lateral bracing on web members is to install diagonal bracing at maximum 20 foot intervals. 45

46 This photo shows an installation of web plane bracing at the gable end. 46

47 If the truss layout does not have three of the same trusses in a row for lateral bracing, the buckling capacity of the web member can be enhanced by adding a T brace. Technically, this is reinforcement rather than bracing. It will be specified by the Truss Designer on the Truss Design Drawing. 47

48 Typical permanent bracing references include Commentary for Permanent Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood, Building Component Safety Information (BCSI) and the Wood Design Manual. 48

49 In order to perform a basic jobsite truss inspection, the points to review are: Truss design drawings and truss placement diagram Truss placements and orientations Bearing locations Multi ply girders Structural connectors Permanent web bracing and Truss damages and repairs Let s look at each point in more detail. 49

50 Before you even start looking at the truss installation, review all relevant documentation from the Truss Manufacturer. You will need the truss design drawings and the truss placement diagram to perform an effective inspection. The most up to date copies should be on site, look in the delivery package that came with the trusses. 50

51 Different Truss Manufacturers may use different types of truss design software so their resulting output format is different. Regardless of their origins, all truss design drawings contain the same type information, you just have to know what to look for. 51

52 Check the truss placement diagram for locations of any girders 52

53 Or areas to be filled in with non structural framing 53

54 Two common methods of non structural framing include using Valley 54

55 Where conventional over framing is used, pay attention to the support details as most trusses are not designed for point loads which would be applied if the over framing is not supported evenly on the trusses below. Most common trusses below the conventional framing are designed for uniform distributed load, which assumes point loads no greater than 2 ft o/c. This is a typical note indicating that the rafters must be supported vertically at every truss rafter intersection (24 o/c). 55

56 Every truss on the placement diagram has an ID mark. Compare the location of each Truss ID on the placement diagram with that on the truss 56

57 Each truss will have the ID mark written on or attached to it somewhere, usually on the top or bottom chord. 57

58 Also check the trusses to make sure they are oriented correctly not upside down or flipped end to end. 58

59 This is important for parallel chord trusses. This example shows a truss installation where the interior bearing location doesn t line up with the interior bearing wall. You can tell this is backwards, because any time a truss rests on a bearing wall there should be a joint and most likely a vertical web. If the truss is flipped back into it s intended position everything lines up perfectly. The truss design drawings indicates exactly where all bearing support are located. 59

60 A cantilever means that part of the structure extends unsupported past the bearing. Most cantilever trusses will have a joint and web located just above the cantilever bearing. This installation violates this provision so it should raise some concern. Check the truss design drawing and it will most likely indicate the correct installation with a web or two terminating in a joint right above the bearing. 60

61 Girders carrying asymmetrical loads may be designed symmetrically so that it can be installed either way. Check the design drawings to see if the plates sizes are mirrored on each side of the truss. If not, then there is only one correct orientation for the girder truss. 61

62 Check that supports indicted on the truss design drawing are present. The most common bearing condition is what s known as a simple span that is, two bearings one at each end. 62

63 Are supports in the correct locations? A quick check of the truss design drawing will tell you no. This incorrect installation shows floor trusses with no means of transferring loads efficiently out of the truss into the interior bearing wall. The homeowner noticed excessive floor deflection before the house was even finished. The builder added an un engineered repair in the form of a bearing block at a major point load location in an attempt to alleviate the problem. 63

64 Verify all plies of any multiple ply girders are fastened together according to the schedule on the truss design drawing. 64

65 Are all hangers, tie downs and clips installed at the correct locations and all available fastener holes filled with the correct fastener? 65

66 Are all available fastener holes filled with the correct fastener? Larger fasteners carry more load, so pay attention to what size fasteners are specified in the hardware pages of the truss package and ensure the correct size and type are used. 66

67 67

68 As discussed earlier, web braces must be lap spliced over a minimum of two trusses. Individual pieces installed between trusses are not acceptable. Braces must be installed perpendicular to the trusses out of plane braces or those that snake between trusses are not permitted. 68

69 69

70 70

71 71

72 Take a look around the job site. Do you see extra trusses lying around? 72

73 Truss manufacturers don t send any more trusses than necessary so any leftovers could indicate a spacing or installation error. 73

74 74

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