A DETAILED STUDY ON RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT IN PAVEMENT QUALITY CEMENT CONCRETE

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2016, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_07_05_041 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication A DETAILED STUDY ON RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT IN PAVEMENT QUALITY CEMENT CONCRETE Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy P. G. Student Civil Engineering Department, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India. Suvarna P. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil engineering, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India. ABSTRACT (reclaimed asphalt pavement) produced from the reconstruction of asphalt road pavements is one of the alternative material proposed. Rap can be used as an alternative material for both fine and coarse aggregate, it is conventionally used as coarse aggregate in asphalt pavement. In this experimental study, Performance of Pavement Quality Cement Concrete(PQCC) is studied when virgin aggregates are replaced by by conducting experimental study in laboratory and also performing numerical analysis on concrete model cube by using ANSYS to find out stress value at different percentage of and age of concrete under loading. Fine aggregate is replaced with by 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and Coarse aggregate with by 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%.Experimental results are validated with numerical results. It is observed that will reduce the performance of concrete and affects mechanical properties of concrete like compressive and flexural strength, density on increasing the percentage in concrete. But for 15 % replacement, concrete has fulfilled the requirements of M30 concrete and for 30%replacement compressive strength of concrete is N/mm² which is very near to the minimum strength value of M30 concrete. For all mix proportion of concrete flexural strength is more than minimum required strength of M30 concrete. The results indicated that can be used as an aggregate in PQCC up to limited percentage. Key words:, ANSYS, PQCC, M30 concrete. Cite this Article: Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P., A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp INTRODUCTION Recycling of asphalt pavements is one of the most effective and proved and also approved recycling processes. It has been organized and being used successfully for rehabilitation processes in many countries across the globe. The reuse of removed asphalt pavement in India has not given more importance in 20thcentury, because of the poor economic conditions and lack of updated, new technologies. The cost of editor@iaeme.com

2 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P. new asphalt mix was less compared to recycled one in India during 20th century, also the non-availability of machinery was a constrain for not adopting this technique. In India, at end of 20th century and beginning of 21st century people started research on the recycling of asphalt pavement. The recycling of ruled out asphalt pavement is successfully carried out in most of the developed countries and still studies are going on in the field of characterization of.[1] Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement () is mainly used in three ways, first one is using as an aggregate in asphalt hot mix with original aggregate, and second one is extracting the bitumen from the, then using extracted bitumen and coarse aggregates separately in an asphalt mix and third newly adopted is using as aggregate in concrete. The usage of became very popular during 1970s due to increasing cost of crude oil because of Arab oil embargo. From last few years, is being used as an aggregate in concrete, developed countries like USA are doing research from years on this and they have started using from last 8-6 years. America is doing lots of research on, because they are getting the tones of waste from their renovated roads every year. The first two methods are adopted in India and the third method is not implemented practically but, it is under research from last few years to determine suitability of using as an aggregate in concrete. [2] In the process of rehabilitation of roads, huge quantity of will be produces along with some amount of dust entrapped within ii, which causes certain percentage of environmental deterioration. This leads to ecological imbalance of nature. Instead of dumping in to open land, the material should be reused. In this experimental work material is used as substitute of fine aggregates and coarse aggregate after proper milling processes in concrete in order make project more economical, minimize natural resources consumption and to reduce negative impacts on an environment. Aim of this investigation is to evaluate performance of PQCC in terms of workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete in which fine and coarse aggregates are replaced by aggregates. Numerical model of cube is analyzing by using ANSYS software to finding stress value for validating the experimental results. ANSYS is one of the best finite element analysis software. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Baoshan Huang, Xiang Shu, Guoqiang Li (2005) are had done Laboratory investigation of Portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements this paper is they are used the as aggregate in both fine and coarse, and conducted experimental study on it behavior, how it effects on the properties of the concrete like compression,toughness, etc.in this study they are prepared four concrete mixes with and without the using percentages for mixes are 0%&0%,100%&100%,100%&0%,0%&100% both coarse and fine respectively in each case. They conducted compression study on concrete with concrete made with rubber aggregates. The rubber is replace as aggregates with various percentage of volume of aggregates they are 0%,10%,15%,25%,50%. As the percentage of rubber is increasing in the concrete, in same manner strength of concrete also decreasing. The authors conclude that from investigation result concrete is better than the rubber concrete. The concrete made with one coarse is giving good strength than other. concrete had more toughness than nominal concrete. [3] Athar Saeed (2008) had conducted study on the Performance-Related Tests of Recycled Aggregates for Use in Unbound Pavement Layers, this study is performing test on and RCP (reclaimed concrete pavement) these to materials are used as aggregates in the unbounded base and sub base pavement layers. He conducted different laboratory test for selection material and to find properties of material on the and RCP, test are like sieve analysis for screening, toughness test, moisture and absorption test, stiffness test and frost susceptibility. The properties these recycled aggregates adversely affecting the performance of the unbound base and sub base pavements like shear strength, durability, stiffness of layer..etc. Whatever the usage of recycled aggregate like, RCP..etc, in unbounded base and sub base pavement layer make project more economical. [4] Michael J.Bergin, Mang Tia, and Nabil Hossiney (2010) has formed experimental study on Concrete Containing for Use in Concrete Pavement. In this experiment they had replaced the natural aggregate editor@iaeme.com

3 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete with the in concrete. The concrete it s containing Rap in percentages 0, 10, 20, 40 were casted in laboratory and evaluate performance of replaced concrete. The investigation results shows that, the is adversely affecting on concrete properties they are compressive & flexural strength, elastic modulus. These properties are decreasing with increasing the percentage of, but it didn t affected the thermal expansion, dry shrinkage of the concrete. The evaluation is carried with software analysis, the analysis was performed on both concrete and normal concrete. The software was used for analysis is finite element analysis of concrete slab, of version four (FEACONS IV). This software has developed by university of Florida for transportation department to analyze performance of PCC pavements under load and thermal effect conditions. The analysis says that maximum stress to flexural ratio is decreasing with increasing content. [5] 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION IN LABORATORY In this study, the effect of in Pavement quality cement concrete in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength after 7,14,28 days curing. were used as both fine and coarse aggregate in concrete Material used and Properties The physical and chemical properties of various materials use to carry out this experimental study. The materials are Cement, Fine aggregate (F.A), Coarse aggregate (C.A) (Reclaimed asphalt pavement). M-sand was used as fine aggregate in this study, test on the performed after gradation into fine and coarse for both cases, all the test are performed according to Indian standards. Various test results of cement are in the table 1 Sieve analysis results of M-sand and fine are shown in table 2, the sieve analysis results of coarse aggregate and coarse are shown in table3. Specific gravity and water absorption of m-sand, coarse aggregate, fine and coarse are shown table 4 respectively. [6] Table 1 Tests on cement Sl.no Properties Cement (OPC 43 ) 1 Specific gravity 3.15 g/cc 2 Initial setting time 56 min 3 Final setting time 363 min 4 Standard consistency 27% 5 Fineness modulus 9% Table 2 Sieve analysis results of M-sand and fine Sl.No Size of sieve in mm Percentage of passed M-sand Fine Fineness modulus editor@iaeme.com

4 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P. Sl.No Table 3 Sieve analysis results of coarse aggregate & coarse Size of sieve in mm Coarse aggregate Percentage of passed Coarse Fineness modulus Table 4 Test on fine and coarse aggregate Sl.no Properties m-sand Coarse aggregate Fine Coarse 1 Specific gravity 2.63 g/cc 2.68 g/cc g/cc 2.42 g/cc 2 Apparent specific gravity 2.62 g/cc 2.63 g/cc 2.11 g/cc 2.48 g/cc 3 Water absorption 4.08% 0.32% 1.01% 1.06% 3.2. Concrete Mix Proportions Based on the test results of material mix design is prepared for mix 1(0% ), mix 2(15% ), mix 3(30% ), mix 4 (45% ), mix 5 (60% ).Both m-sand and coarse aggregate is replacing by,0% mix is nominal mix. Details of concrete mix proportion are shown in table 5all value are in Kg/m 3. [7] 3.3. Method of Curing All batch of mixes are prepared by using mechanical concrete mixer and a stand size rod was used for application of compaction. All the specimen were cured in a curing tank until the day of testing Table 5 details of concrete mix proportion Name of mix Percentage replacement of Cement Coarse aggregate Coarse Fine aggregate Fine Water Mix 1 0% Mix 2 15% Mix 3 30% Mix 4 45% Mix 5 60% Tests Proceedings Workability of concrete is find out by slump cone test. The specimen both cube and beam were test according guide line are given in the IS 516: For compression strength test cube are prepared and editor@iaeme.com

5 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete used of size 150 x mm and for flexural strength test beam are used of size 500x100x100mm.workability of concrete is find out by slump cone test. After casting specimen are allow to set for 24 hour after than removed from mould, specimens are immersed in a curing tank for 7,14,28 days for curing. After the required curing time of cube, the test specimen are has removed from the curing tank and allow to dry surface moisture and then tests performed on the specimen. [8] 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Workability of Concrete Slump test is measure for workability of concrete. Slump test is one of the method to find out concrete workability we can also find out by conducting the compaction factor test. Test is performed on very mix of batch, results of workability shown in table 6. After performing the slump test concrete workability is reducing with increasing % material in concrete. Table 6 Slump test results Name of mix Slump mm Percentage of Density kg/mm 3 Mix % 2400 Mix % 2364 Mix % 2320 Mix % 2280 Mix % Compressive Strength Compression strength test was performed on the cube in auto loading compression testing machine after required time of curing of various percentage replacement of 0%(standard concrete mix),15%,30%,45%,60%.the results of compressive strength is shown in table 7 Table 7 Compression strength results of cube Name of the mix compression strength of concrete N/mm ² 7 days 14 days 28 days Percentage of Density kg/mm 3 Mix % 2400 Decreasing percentage of strength Mix % % Mix % % Mix % % Mix % % editor@iaeme.com

6 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P. (a) (b) Figure 1 Cube specimen containing before and after compressive test (a) Before,(b) After Compression strength in N/mm days 14 days 28 days Percentage replacement of Figure 2 Compressive strength of concrete at various ages The compression value is decreasing with increase in the addition of material in concrete show in figure. After the 28 days, for the 15% replacement of is satisfying strength requirement of M30 concrete mix, but it is less than the nominal mix strength. The concrete mix with 30% replacement is giving compressive strength is N/mm 2 this value is very near to minimum strength value of M30 concrete after 28 days. It observed that the density of the concrete is reducing with % content is increase in concrete As expected concrete compressive strength decreases along with decreasing density of the concrete editor@iaeme.com

7 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete (a) (b) Figure 3 (a) Failure of beam in flexural testing machine, (b) Failure surface of beam contains after test 4.3. Flexural strength Flexural strength test was performed on the beam in flexural testing machine after required time of curing of various percentage replacement of 0%(standard concrete mix),15%,30% %,45%.The flexural strength is expressed in terms of Modulus of Rupture" (MR) in MPa or kg/cm2. Flexural strength is about 12 to 20% of compressive strength. The results of flexural strength is shown in table 8 Table 8 Flexural strength results of beam Name of the mix Flexural strength of concrete kg/cm² 7 days 14 days 28 days Percentage of Density kg/mm 3 Mix % 2400 Decreasing percentage of strength Mix Mix % % % 13.23% Mix % % Flexural strength in kg/cm days 14 days 28 days Percentage replacement of 45 Figure 4 Flexural strength of concrete at various ages editor@iaeme.com

8 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P. 5. NUMERICAL MODEL ANALYSES OF CUBE Numerical analysis is the study of algorithm that can be used for numerical approximation for the mathematical problem and it gives accurate and realistic representation in modeling conditions. The numerical analysis gives better results compare to experimental, because experiment are difficult to perform in some cases and may not give accurate result due to lake experimental set up,time constrains and also due human errors. In presentment study numerical model analysis is using to validate experimental results. ANSYS software is using to perform the analysis on the concrete cube, following step are flowed to performed analysis on cube Developing the numerical model of cube Preforming the analysis on the developed model Validating and comparing results with experimental results Material properties are tabulated in table 26 those properties are entered in the ANSYS while preparing the model. In those elastic modulus is taken according the IS codes by using experimental result Modulus of elasticity = 5000 f ck (according to IS 456:2000) f ck = characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete in N/mm 2 Density of the concrete cube is various is according to it mix proportion. The Poisson ration of concrete is assuming as 0.15 for very mix proportion it has drawn from literature survey. And load (F) is value taking from the experimental results, element type for concrete solid 65 is using. Using the material properties 150x150x150 mm size cube model were created. The experimental load value (see in table 9) is converted into the pressure value and this pressure value is applying as overburden pressure on the top area of cube (on YZ-plan) is showed in figure.the load is varies cube to cube, value are tabulatein table 9and stress distribution of cube are shown in figure 5.numerical model results are shown table 10 (a) (b) Figure 5 a. Model after loading, b. Stress distribution of cube Table 9 Material properties of cube model Percentage of 0% Testing after curing of 7days 14 days 28 days 7days Modulus of elasticity ( X10 4 ) Maximum Load (KN) Poisson ratio Density Kg/mm 2 Element type 2400 SOLID SOLID editor@iaeme.com

9 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete 15% 14 days days days % 14 days days days % 14 days days days % 14 days days SOLID SOLID SOLID 65 Table 10 Comparison of Experimental and Numerical results of cube Percentage of 0% 15% 30% 45% 60% Testing after curing of Experimental results MPa ANSYS result of compression value ( stress) Lower bound value MPa Upper bound value MPa 7days days days days days days days days days days days days days days days editor@iaeme.com

10 Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy and Suvarna P. Compression strength in N/mm Experimental Lower bound Upper bound Percentage Replacement of Compression strength in N/mm Experimental Lower bound Upper bound Percentage Replacement of Figure 6 Comparison between Experimental - Figure 7 Comparison between Experimental and Numerical model for 7 days and Numerical model for 14 days It observed that from numerical model analysis the is reducing concrete strength & also it s negatively affecting other mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The experimental value lies between the lower and upper bound values.it is almost closer to the upper bound value are shown figure for various age of concrete The experimental value is % lesser than the analytical value Compression strength in N/mm Experimental Lower bound Upper bound Percentage Replacement of Figure 8 Comparison between Experimental and Numerical model for 28 days 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Road construction process requires huge quantity of aggregates can be effectively used as aggregate in pavement quality concrete in place of virgin aggregate as a green initiative Increase in addition of adversely affects performance of concrete and it s mechanical properties like compression & flexural strength and workability of concrete Strength values of concrete( compression & flexural ) is decreasing with increase in addition of usage editor@iaeme.com

11 A Detailed Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Pavement Quality Cement Concrete Since the addition of the the strength of concrete, optimum percentage of to used should be found for each project The concrete made with 15% replacement of gives the required strength of M30 grade mix The mix with 30% replacement is giving compressive strength N/mm² which is very near to the minimum strength value of M30 concrete after 28 days. Flexural strength of the concrete at all mix proportion of is satisfy the minimum strength of M30 concrete can be used as aggregate up to 30% replacement in concrete Experimental values are very close to the upper bound values of numerical model Experimental value is % lesser than the analytical value hence difference between the experimental value and numerical value is negligible REFERENCE [1] Michael Berry, Jerry Stephens, Bethany Bermel,Adam Hagel &David Schroeder,2013, Feasibility Of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement As Aggregate In Portland Cement Concrete Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)/MT /8207 [2] Audrey Copeland, 2011, Reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixtures: state of the practice FHWA- HRT [3] Baoshan Huang, Xiang Shu, Guoqiang Li,2005,Laboratory investigation of Portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements, Elsevier cement and concrete research. [4] Muh. Nashir T, Herman Parung, Nur Ali and Tri Harianto, Experimental Study of the Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture with Fiber Stabilisation. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 5(2),2014, pp [5] Bentsen, R.A., Vavrik, W.A., Roesler, J.R. and Gillen, S.L., 2013, Ternary blend concrete with reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in two-lift concrete pavement. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Concrete Sustainability Conference (pp. 6-8). [6] Nabil Hossiney, Mang Tia, and Michael J. Bergin (2010), Concrete Containing for Use in Concrete Pavement, ISSN International journal Pavement Res. Technology, Copy society of pavement engineering 3(5): [7] IS: specification for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate from natural resources for cement (Second Revision Reaffirmed 1997, Bureau of Indian Standards. [8] D.B. Eme, T.C Nwofor and E.S. Umukoro, Stability of Asphalt Cement Concrete Produced From Waste Plastics as Replacement for Aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 6(5),2015, pp [9] IS: (2009), recommended guide lines for concrete mix design,bureau of Indian Standards. [10] IS: methods of tests for strength of concrete (Reaffirmed 2004), eighteenth reprint 2006,Bureau of Indian Standards editor@iaeme.com