STRUCTURAL MODELING AND. Harry G. Harris. . Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. and. Gajanan M. Sabnis. Howard University Washington, D.C.

Transcription

1 STRUCTURAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES SECOND EDITION Harry G. Harris. Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Gajanan M. Sabnis Howard University Washington, D.C. CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Modeling in Structural Engineering 1.1 Introduction Structural Models Definitions and Classifications A Brief Historical Perspective on Modeling Structural Models and Codes of Practice Physical Modeling and the New Engineering Curriculum Choice of Geometric Scale The Modeling Process Advantages and Limitations of Model Analysis Accuracy of Structural Models Model Laboratories Modeling Case Studies Summary 34 Problems 36 References 37 Chapter 2 The Theory of Structural Models 2.1 Introduction Dimensions and Dimensional Homogeneity Dimensional Analysis Structural Models Similitude Requirements Summary 76 Problems 77 References. 81 Chapter 3 Elastic Models - Materials and Techniques 3.1 Introduction Materials for Elastic Models Plastics Time Effects in Plastics Evaluation and Compensation Effects of Loading Rate, Temperature, and the Environment Special Problems Related to Plastic Models Wood and Paper Products Elastic Models Design and Research Applications Determination of Influence Lines and Influence Surfaces Using Indirect Models Miiller-Breslau Principle Summary 123 Problems 124 References 127

3 Chapter 4 Inelastic Models: Materials for Concrete and Concrete Masonry Structures 4.1 General Prototype and Model Concretes Engineering Properties of Concrete Unconfined Compressive Strength and Stress-Strain Relationship Tensile Strength of Concrete Flexural Behavior of Prototype and Model Concrete Behavior in Indirect Tension and Shear Design Mixes for Model Concrete Summary of Model Concrete Mixes Used by Various Investigators Gypsum Mortars Modeling of Concrete Masonry Structures Strength of Model Block Masonry Assemblages Summary 202 Problems 202 References 205 Chapter 5 Inelastic Models: Structural Steel and Reinforcing Bars 5.1 Introduction Steel Structural Steel Models Reinforcement for Small-Scale Concrete Models Model Prestressing Reinforcement and Techniques FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Models Bond Characteristics of Model Steel Bond Similitude Cracking Similitude and General Deformation Similitude in Reinforced Concrete Elements Summary 272 Problems 272 References 274 Chapter 6 Model Fabrication Techniques 6.1 Introduction Basic Cutting, Shaping, and Machining Operations Basic Fastening and Gluing Techniques Construction of Structural Steel Models Construction of Plastic Models Construction of Wood and Paper Models Fabrication of Concrete Models Fabrication of Concrete Masonry Models Summary 312 Problems 312 References 315

4 Chapter 7 Instrumentation Principles and Applications 7.1 General Quantities to be Measured Strain Measurements.: Displacement Measurements Full-Field Strain Measurements and Crack Detection Methods Stress and Force Measurement Temperature Measurements Creep and Shrinkage Characteristics and Moisture Measurements Data Acquisition and Reduction Fiber Optics and Smart Structures Summary 377 Problems 377 References 381 Chapter 8 Loading Systems and Laboratory Techniques 8.1 Introduction Types of Loads and Loading Systems Discrete vs. Distributed Loads Loadings for Shell and Other Models Loading Techniques for Buckling Studies and For Structures Subject to Sway Miscellaneous Loading Devices Summary 407 Problems 407 References 409 Chapter 9 Size Effects, Accuracy, and Reliability in Materials Systems and Models 9.1 General What Is a Size Effect? Factors Influencing Size Effects Theoretical Studies of Size Effects Size Effects in Plain Concrete Experimental Work Size Effects in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Size Effects in Metals and Reinforcements Size Effects in Masonry Mortars Size Effects and Design Codes Errors in Structural Model Studies Types of Errors Statistics of Measurements Propagation of Random Errors Accuracy in (Concrete) Models Overall Reliability of Model Results Influence of Cost and Time on Accuracy of Models Summary 458 Problems 459 References 460

5 Chapter 10 Model Applications and Case Studies 10.1 Introduction Modeling Applications Case Studies Summary 572 Problems 573 References 579 Chapter 11 Structural Models for Dynamic Loads 11.1 Introduction Similitude Requirements Materials for Dynamic Models Loading Systems for Dynamic Model Testing Examples of Dynamic Models Case Studies Summary 673 Problems 673 References 675 Chapter 12 Educational Models for Civil and Architectural Engineering 12.1 Introduction Historical Perspective Linearly Elastic Structural Behavior Nonlinear and Inelastic Structural Behavior Structural Dynamics Concepts Experimentation and the New Engineering Curriculum Case Studies and Student Projects Summary 751 Problems 752 References 753 Appendix A Dimensional Dependence and Independence A.I The Form of Dimensions 757 A.2 Method I: The Numeric Method 759 A.3 Method II: The Functional Method 761 A.4 Illustrative Examples 763 References 766 Appendix B A Note on the Use of SI Units in Structural Engineering B.I Geometry 768 B.2 Densities, Gravity Loads, Weights 768 B.3 Force, Moment, Stress, and Other Stress Resultants 768 B.4 Miscellaneous (Angles, Temperature, Energy, Power) 768 B.5 SI System Standard Practice 769 Index 771