Index. STP779-EB/Jul. 1982

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1 STP779-EB/Jul Index A Absorption of moisture (see Moisture absorption) Adsorption, 191 Capillary versus time, 197 Isotherms For glass fiber, 194, 195 For various materials, 196 Air leakage (exfiltration, infiltration), 5, 7, 20 Driving forces, 21 Exterior walls, 230 Hollow concrete masonry, 229 Houses, 227 Paths, 21 Sources of moist air, 20 Air leaks, 84 Correcting in existing building, 88 Expansion joints as sources, 89 Internal walls as sources, 90 Air tightness Achieving, in buildings, 232 Alaska (see Subarctic) American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Handbook of Fundamentals, 14, 146, 149, 163, 167 Apparent roof leaks (see Roof leaks) Aspirated psychrometer (see Instruments) ASTM Standards C , 192 C , 192 C , 156 E ,242 E , 142 E 241,143 Attic Residential, 160 Effect of heavily insulated floor, 163 Moisture sources, 161 Relative humidity versus air temperature, 164 Ventilation, 163 Ventilation rate, 189 B Blister formation, 9 Buckling (see Moisture) Building retrofit, 148 C Calculation Estimating convective and diffusive components of moisture flow through walls, 170 Procedure for vapor retarder requirement, 12 Case studies, Cellulose insulation in electrical boxes, 241 Cementitious grouts, 121 Treatment for rising damp, 127 Chimneys, 213 As exhaust fan system, 228, Copyright by ASTM International

2 286 MOISTURE MIGRATION IN BUILDINGS Cluster Standards in indexing matrix, Structure in indexing matrix, 147 Codes, enforcement of, 142 Coefficient (see Permeance) Condensation, 5, 9, 11, 83, 110 Computer model to predict (see Model, computer) Concealed, in larger buildings, 229 Control (see Control of condensation) Insulation material, 194 Limiting conditions for, 115 Risks of insulated wall, Underside of attic roof, 163, Walls and roof spaces of houses, 226 Water vapor, 234 Condensing Condition, 11 Risk, 179, 180 Construction, 141 Control Condensation, 22, 145 Limiting conditions, 115 Liquid water, 145 Moisture (see Moisture control) Moisture migration, 102 Convection, 21 Coordination Indexing system, 145 Performance standards, 141 Correlation between dew-point temperature of attic air and temperature of underside of roof, 160 Surface temperature parameter versus moisture content, 213 Corrosion Currents, 249, 250, 251 Electrical boxes by cellulose insulation, 241 Mass loss by, 248 Test procedure for, 247, 252 Crawl space Moisture from, 74 Cycles Diurnal temperature, 48 Freeze-thaw, induced by radiative cooling, 77, 78 Seasonal, 48 Tests for light frame wails, 103 D Damage, 41 Effective control of moisture, 142, 143 Freeze-thaw, 9 Damp Rising (see Rising damp) Salt attack, 121 Damp-proof(ing) Chemical treatment, 121 Courses (DPC) sheet, 121,122, 137 Failure of DPC, 123 Mortars, 121 Deck Steel, 84 Wood-fiber, 86 Wood plank, 87 Deck/wall junctions with vapor retarder, 88 Degradation Strength, 9 Thermal resistance, 8 Dehumidification, 224 Design, 141 Criteria for condensation control, 8 Limit state, 5, 8, 12, 15 Dew-point Effect on moisture movement, 43 Dielectric materials, 249 Diffusion (see Vapor)

3 INDEX 287 Dimensional stability, 8 Strength limits, 10 Drainage Factors affecting, 28 Rates, measurement of, Under-drainage, 39 Drying Conditions, 12, 20 Roof insulation, 30 E Efflorescence, 121,122 Electrical components Boxes, 241 Corrosion of, 242 Effect of insulation on resistance, 225 Effect of penetration, 242 Electro-osmosis, 121 Damp-proofing, 127 Emissivity, 175 Enthalpy Water vapor, 202 Envelope Behavior of total system, 99 Erroneous R-values, 83 Evaporation (see Knapen tubes) Expansion of roof felts, Exfiltration (see Air leakage) Experimental Approach to study moisture dynamics in walls, 92, 93 Station, 111, 127 Ferrel's formula, 161 Fibrous material Heat transfer in, 191 Moisture migration in, 191 Moisture penetration in, 193 Fick's law, 120, 166 F Field testing, 193 Flashing, 21 Flat roof system, 29 Forest Products Laboratories (FPL) Moisture detection probe, 95 Frame walls (see Walls) Framing members Moisture content, 234 Freeze-thaw Cycles due to radiative cooling, 77, 78 Damage, 9 Fretting of exposed brick, 133 Frost build-up, 264, 266, 268 G Glaciering, 262 Glaser's theory, 110, 117, 119 Glass fiber, 191 Adsorption isotherms for, 194, 195 Heat transfer mechanism for, Moisture content of, 192 Gradient Temperature, 29 Thermal, 4, 5 Grouts, 120 Cementitious treatment for rising damp, 127 Guarded hot plate, 191, 192 It Heat Flow Meter, 191, 199 Transducer, 45 Flux density, 199, 200 Transfer, 43, 191 Mechanisms in dry fibrous materials, 192, 193 Transmission, 207

4 288 MOISTURE MIGRATION IN BUILDINGS Heat-cool loss, 83 Heating systems, 222, 226 Home building, 234 Hotplate, biguarded, 198 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (see Minimum Property Standards) Humidification of buildings, 20 Humidity, 223, 224, 225 Control in houses, 225 Level in houses, 225 Measurements, 92, 95 Relative (see also Relative Humidity), 110 Residential attic, 160 Internal, 110 Moisture content of, 246 Penetration of electrical boxes by, Thermal, 28 Building wall retrofit, 156 Loose-fill, 156 Mineral fiber blanket and batt, 157 Organic cellular rigid board, 157 Urea-formaldehyde, 241 Wet, 28 Internal insulation (see Insulation) Interstitial, 65 Fluid, 192 Intracellular, 65 I Ice dam, on hot roof, 265 Ideal gas law, 168 Indexing system Classification of standards, Matrix, 14 Infiltration, air (see Air leakage) Infrared Detection, 207, 212 Thermography, 207, 208 Correlation of, with thermocoupies, 211 Detecting moisture in roofing, 208 Instrumentation Measurement of moisture levels, humidity, temperature, heat flux, 94, 95 Sensors, 94 Instruments Aspirated psychrometer, 161 Temperature measuring, 207, 208 Insulation Cellulose, 241 K Knapen tubes Increasing evaporation with, 128, 121 L Leakage (see also Leaks) Air, 5 Currents of outlet boxes, Moist air, 7 Vapor, 31 Water, 9 Leaks Air, 84 Expansion joints as sources of, 89 Interior walls as sources of, 90 Apparent roof leaks, 83 Limit State (see also Design limit state), 5 Limiting conditions for condensation, 115

5 INDEX 289 Limits Acceptable moisture, 9 Allowable for moisture, 5 Strength, 10 M Mass Flux, 167 Transfer, 92 By diffusion, 170 Materials, 141 Matrix in indexing system, 144 Measurement Humidity in residential attic, 160 Membrane, roofing (see Roof and Roofing membrane) Metal Building, 54 Roof insulation system, 54 Walls, seals for, 91 Mineral fiber, 110 Minimum property standards (MPS), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 142 Model, computer Predicting outside humidity level for condensation on underside of attic roof, 173 Modeling, 92 Analytical, 96 Moisture prediction based on, Moist air sources, 20 Moisture (see also Water), 92, 102, 110, 241 Absorption, 9 Acceptable level, 29 Accumulation, 41 Building envelope, 92 Balance, 29 Barriers, 102 Buckling of floor due to persistence of, 75 Conditions, residential, 234 Content, 5, 234 Damp walls, Frame walls, 106, 107 Framing members, 235 Threshold, 214 Versus surface temperature parameter in roofing, 214,215 Wood frame structural members, 235 Control, 102 Buildings, 223 Building wall retrofit, 148 Requirements for installation of insulation in walls, 158 Standards, coordination of, 141 Crawl space, from, 74 Dynamics in walls, 92 Edgewise flow through roofing felts, 66 Flow component Convective, Diffuse, Flow-through, 69 Homes, 234 Insulation (cellulose & U-F foamed insulation), 242,246,247 Levels measured, 100 Damp walls, Measurement of, 95, 121 Predicted, 99 Migration, 65, 83, 102 Control, 102 Effects of, 65 Fibrous insulating material, 191 Movements, 41 Penetration, in fibrous material, 192 Persistence, 66 Problems Case studies, Subarctic, 262

6 290 MOISTURE MIGRATION IN BUILDINGS Removal of condensed water, 231 Research facility, 94 Roofing, 209 Detection of, 207 Introduction system, 210 Sources in attic, 161 Testing of composite structure, Transport in metal building roof insulation system, 54 N National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA), 149 Nondestructive Evaluation of moisture, 208 Testing for moisture, 207 Outlet boxes (see Electrical boxes) O P Paths for air leakage Flashing, 21 Penetrations, 22 Wall cavities, 21 Permeability, 5, 110 Permeance Coefficient, 167, 170 Ratio of outside to inside building materials, 96, 97 Vapor, 5 Water, 41 Pressurization, 21 Purlins Heat loss, 54, 56 Temperature data near, 62 R R-values Changes due to moisture in insulation, 84 Erroneous, 83 Radiation Boundary conditions, 211 Effect of solar, 96 Radiative cooling Freeze-thaw cycles induced by, Roof, 180 Ratchet action, 75 Relative humidity, 65, 148, 234 Attics, 236 Effect on felts, 73 Indicator, Indoors, 236 Maximum outside, before condensation in attic, 185 Residential Conservation service, 149 Moisture conditions (see also Moisture conditions, residential), 243 Resistance (see also Thermal resistance) Thermal, 18 Vapor, 18 Retrofit Building wall, 148 Moisture control, 148 Rising damp, 121 Treatment, 123, 125, 126 Cementitious grout, 127 Electro-osmotic, 127 Surface, 128 Roof (see also Roofing) Edges, 83 Flat, 28 System, 29 Insulation, 41 System, metal buildings, 54

7 INDEX 291 Leaks Apparent, 83 System, insulated, 8 Vents, 51 Roofing (see also Roof), 5, 207 Edgewise moisture flow-through, 66 Effect of immersion in water, Effect of relative humidity, 73 Expansion, Felts, Membrane, 9 Moisture detection in, 207 Nondestructive evaluation of moisture, 208 Shrinkage, Upside-down, 25 Roof/wall junction (see also Deck/ wall junctions), Steel deck Insulation terminating at masonry wall, Overhang, Wood fiber Shredded fiber decks, Plank decks, 87 Roof/waU seals, 87 Sacrificial renders (see Salt damp) Salt damp Attacks, 121, 131 Sacrificial renders for, 133 Sealing (see also Seals), 148 Openings at interior surface, 154 Seals Metal walls, 91 Wind, 83 Shock hazards, 241, 256 Defined by ANSI C39.5, 256 Test set-up for, 256 S Shrinkage of roofing felts, Sky temperature (see Temperature) Solar radiation Effect of, 96 Standards (see also ASTM standards) Coordination of, on moisture control, 141 Performance, 141 Stationary conditions, 110 Study of transfer of water vapor, 111 Subarctic Case studies, Moisture problems in buildings in, 262 Suction, 39 System Indexing, for classification of standards, T Temperature Cycles, diurnal, 48 Data At insulation board seam, 62 Near purlin, 62 Differences, 42 Gradient, 29 Influences moisture distribution, 42 Measurement by infrared thermography, 211 Measuring instruments, 207 Sky, 174 Surface, from radiative intensities, 208 Surface, parameter versus moisture content, 214, 215 Test methods, 141 Cluster in indexing system, 143

8 292 MOISTURE MIGRATION IN BUILDINGS Testing Equipment, 113 Method for moisture of a composite structure, 56 Nondestructive, 207 Thermal Conductivity Design k value, 191 Determination of, 201 Versus moisture content of fibrous insulating material, 192, 203, 204 Of products in use, 191,192 Gradient, 5, 14, 202 Insulation, 28, 148 In electric boxes, 241 Resistance, 6, 8, 207 Thermography (see also Infrared thermography), 207 Transfer of heat (see Heat transfer) Tritiated water, 65 Measure lateral moisture flow through felts, Retarder Ceiling, 179, 236, 240 Continuity of, 23 Disadvantages of, 25 Effectiveness of, 152, 179 In roofing systems, 5 Frame walls, in, 102, 107, 109 Homes with and without, 237 Procedure for calculating and determining requirement for, 12, 13, 16 State of the art, 142 Type sheathing, 236 Venting, 51 Venting, 24, 223 Air spaces, 9 Decks, 52 Roof spaces, 231 Wall cavities, 231 Ventilation (see Venting) Vents (see also Venting) Roof, 51 U Underlay materials, 33 Urea-formaldehyde insulation in electrical boxes, 241 V Vapor Barrier (see Vapor retarder) Diffusion, 5, 7, 10 Through interior cladding, 226 Migration, 5 Permeance, 6 Pressure Difference, 29 Partial, 6 Saturation, 6 Resistance, 18 W Walls, 148 Cavities, 21 Control of moisture migration in, 102 Insulated masonry, diffusion of water vapor through, 110 Light frame, 102, 103 Moisture dynamics in, 92 Systems, 102, 103 Water (see also Moisture) Absorption, effect of, 44 Flow, liquid, 44 Moving, 33 Movement Basic, 42 Horizontal, 50 Liquid, 50

9 INDEX 293 Permeance, 6 Tritiated, 65 Vapor (see also Vapor), 110 Condensation, 234 Diffusion, 7, 110 Permeance, 41 Weatherstripping, 156 Wet insulation, 28 Wicking Action, 45, 47 Forces, 29, 30 Wind seals, 83

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