TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN THE OVERSEAS COASTAL AREA DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF JAPAN

Transcription

1 Ports and Harbours Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT Port and Airport Research Institute TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN THE OVERSEAS COASTAL AREA DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 2009

2 FOREWORD Foreword This book is a translation of the Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan (hereinafter called the Technical Standards ), which summarizes the ministerial ordinance and public notice articles as well as the related commentaries and technical notes in connection with the Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities established by Japan s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) based on the provisions of the Port and Harbour Law. This translation has been made with the approval of the authors including the Ports and Harbours Bureau of MLIT, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM; also a part of MLIT), and the Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI; an Independent Administrative Institution). Japan is an island nation with few underground resources. The country comprises approximately 6,800 islands, and has an area of 380,000 square kilometers and a total coastline of 34,000 km. For this reason, industry, which supports the nation s economy, has been located in coastal areas with ports and harbors for convenience in importing raw materials and exporting products. Given these conditions, Japan has constructed, improved and modernized approximately 1,100 ports and harbors as well as approximately 3,000 fishing ports during the past one and a half centuries. Because 99% of trade now depends on ports and harbors, they play a particularly important role in Japan. Japan was a closed country for about 220 years, from the early 17th century until the mid-19th century. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, modernization progressed rapidly. During the modernization period, young Japanese engineers learned from experienced engineers invited to Japan from abroad, and constructed modern ports and harbors, such as the Ports of Yokohama and Kobe. The first Japanese manual on port and harbor technology was released in 1943 and was subsequently revised a number of times. Under the 1974 revision of the Ports and Harbours Law, the Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities are provided in the form of ministerial ordinances. The first edition of the present Technical Standards was published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association in 1979 and it has been revised three times as of this writing. An English-language edition of the Technical Standards was first published in 1980, and was revised and reissued in 1991 and 2002 corresponding to the revisions of the Japanese Technical Standards. Because many ports and harbors in Japan face the open sea, a considerable number of ports are exposed to waves with heights exceeding 10m. Furthermore, many Japanese ports and harbors have been constructed on thick strata of cohesive soil deposited on the sea bottom. Because Japan is also one of the world s most earthquake-prone nations, the facilities of ports and harbors are exposed to severe natural disasters of earthquakes and tsunamis. Many efforts for technical development have been undertaken to enable construction of port and harbor facilities that are both safe and economical under these difficult natural conditions. As a result of these efforts, it is fair to say that Japan possesses the world s most advanced level of technology for wave-resistant design, earthquake-resistant design of port and harbor facilities, and countermeasures for soft ground. The 2007 edition of the Technical Standards, in addition to incorporating the most advanced technology, has fully incorporated the approach based on performance-based design in response to worldwide demands that the national standards be based on performance criteria, as advocated in the TBT Agreement (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade). The Technical Standards are consistent with the following international standards, and represent a compilation of Japan s world-class knowledge in connection with technology for ports and harbors:

3 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN ISO2394 General principles on reliability for structures, ISO23469 Bases for design of structures Seismic actions for designing geotechnical works, ISO21650 Actions from waves and currents on coastal structures. The system of technical standards in Japan is structured with ministerial ordinances and public notices which specify concrete methods in connection with the Technical Standards that port and harbor facilities must satisfy based on the Ports and Harbours Law. They are supplemented with the commentaries and technical notes on those ordinances and public notices. Basically, this structure is followed in the English edition. Although there are duplications in various parts of the explanation, the reader is asked to understand that such duplications reflect the structure of the Standards in the Japanese version. "Some description on the performance-based design and the partial factor and system reliability" are included in Annexes as an aid for the reader s understanding. Because technology in respective countries has been developed to conform to the conditions in each country, there may be aspects of the content of the Technical Standards which are difficult for persons from other countries to understand. For parts which can not be clearly understand, we recommend that the reader refer to the reference literature for a more detailed explanation of the contents. Those with a keen interest in the subject may also inquire of the relevant offices of the above-mentioned Ports and Harbours Bureau (MLIT), NILIM, and PARI. It is our sincere hope that the Technical Standards will contribute to the development of ports and harbors worldwide and to progress in port and harbor technology. October 2009 Dr. GODA Yoshimi, Dr. TAKAHASHI Shigeo, Dr. YAGYU Tadahiko, and Dr. YAMAMOTO Shuji Supervisors for Editorial Works of the English Edition

4 CONTENTS Contents Foreword Acknowledgement Abbreviations Symbols Part I General Chapter 1 General Rules Scope of Application Definition of Terms Performance-based Design Performance-based Design Systems Classification of Performance Requirements Performance Requirements Actions Design Situation Performance Criteria Performance Verification Reliability-based Design Method Outline of Reliability-based Design Method Level 1 Reliability-based Design Method (Partial Factor Method) Methods of Setting Partial Factors Setting of Target Safety Level and Target Reliability Index/Partial Factors ANNEX 1 Reliability-based Design Method ANNEX 2 Partial Factor and System Reliability Chapter 2 Construction, Improvement, or Maintenance of Facilities Subject to the Technical Standards Design of Facilities Subject to the Technical Standards Design Working Life Construction of Facilities Subject to the Technical Standards General Substance Set as Construction Plans Substance Set as Construction Methods Content of Construction Management Substance Set as Construction Safety Management Structural Stability during Construction Maintenance of Facilities Subject to the Technical Standards General Maintenance Programs Maintenance Programs Inspection and Diagnosis Programs Measures Regarding Prevention of Danger Measures Dealing with Out-of-Service Facilities Environmental Consideration General xi

5 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Part II Actions and Material Strength Requirements Chapter 1 General General Other Needs to be Considered Chapter 2 Meteorology and Oceanography Meteorology and Oceanography Items to be Considered for Performance Verification General Winds General Characteristic Values of Wind Velocity Wind Pressure Tidal Level Astronomical Tides Storm Surge Harbor Resonance Abnormal Tidal Levels Long-term Variation in the Mean Sea Level Underground Water Level and Seepage Waves Basic Matters Relating to Waves Generation, Propagation and Attenuation of Waves Wave Transformations Wave Refraction Wave Diffraction Combination of Diffraction and Refraction Wave Reflection [1] General [2] Calculation of Reflection Coefficient [3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners near the Heads of Breakwaters and around Detached Breakwaters Wave Shaoling Wave Breaking Wave Runup Height, Wave Overtopping and Transmitted Waves [1] Wave Runup Height [2] Wave Overtopping Quantity [3] Transmitted Waves Rise of Mean Water Level due to Waves and Surf Beats [1] Wave Setup [2] Surf Beats Long-period Waves Concept of Harbor Calmness Ship Waves Wave Pressure and Wave Force General Wave Force on Upright Walls Wave Force Acting on Submersed Members and Isolated Structures Wave Force Acting on Structures near the Water Surface Design Wave Conditions Setting of the Design Wave Conditions for Verification of Stability of Facilities and the Ultimate Limit State of Structural Members Setting of Wave Conditions for Verification of Harbor Calmness Setting of Wave Conditions for Verification of Durability, Serviceability Limit State, of the Structural Members Conditions of Design Waves in Shallow Waters Actions on Floating Body and its Motions General xii

6 xiii CONTENTS Actions on Floating Body Motions of Floating Body and Mooring Force Tsunamis Water Currents The Flow of Sea Water in Coastal Zone Estuarine Hydraulics Littoral Drift General Scouring around Structures Prediction of Beach Deformation Fluid Force due to Current Other Meteorology Items to be Considered Items to be Considered Meteorological and Marine Observations and Investigations Meteorological Observations and Investigations Tide Level Observations and Investigation Wave Observations and Investigation Chapter 3 Geotechnical Conditions Ground Investigation Methods of Determining Geotechnical Conditions Position, Spacing, and Depth of Ground Investigation Locations Selection of Investigation Methods Ground Constants Estimation of Ground Constants Physical Properties of Soils Unit Weight of Soil Classification of Soils Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Mechanical Properties of Soil Elastic Constants Compression and Consolidation Characteristics Shear Characteristics Interpretation Method for N Values Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Modulus of Deformation Dynamic Strength Properties Chapter 4 Earthquakes Ground Motion General Source Effects Propagation Path Effects Site Effects Nonlinear Behavior of Local Soil Deposit Level 1 Earthquake Ground Motions used in Performance Verification of Facilities Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motions used in Performance Verification of Facilities Outline Scenario Earthquakes for the Level 2 Ground Motion Setting the Source Parameters Evaluation of Site Amplification Factors Seismic Action Modeling and Seismic Action of the Ground - Structure System Seismic Action in the Seismic Coefficient Method Seismic Action in the Modified Seismic Coefficient Method Seismic Action in the Seismic Deformation Method Seismic Action in the Seismic Response Analysis of Ground - Structure Systems ANNEX 3 Evaluation of Site Amplification Factors Evaluation of Site Amplification Factors Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis ANNEX 4 Analysis of Seismic Motion

7 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN 1 Seismic Response Analysis of Local Soil Deposit ANNEX 5 Evaluation of Ground Motion Evaluation of Strong Ground Motion Seismic Response Analysis of Local Soil Deposit Spatial Variations in the Ground Motion Considered in Performance Verification of Facilities Chapter 5 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure Earth Pressure General Earth Pressure at Permanent Situation Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil Earth Pressure during Earthquake Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil Apparent Seismic Coefficient Water Pressure Residual Water Pressure Dynamic Water Pressure Chapter 6 Ground Liquefaction General Prediction and Judgment of Liquefaction Chapter 7 Ground Subsidence Ground Subsidence Chapter 8 Ships Principal Dimensions of Design Ships Actions Caused by Ships General Ship Berthing Ship Motions Actions Caused by Ship Berthing Actions Caused by Ship Motions Actions due to Traction by Ships Chapter 9 Environmental Actions Chapter 10 Self Weight and Surcharge General Self Weight Surcharge Static Load Live Load Chapter 11 Materials General Steel General Characteristic Values of Steel Corrosion Protection Overview Corrosion Rates of Steel Corrosion Protection Methods Cathodic Protection Method Covering/Coating Method Concrete Materials of Concrete Concrete Quality and Performance Characteristics xiv

8 CONTENTS 3.3 Underwater Concrete Concrete Pile Materials Bituminous Materials General Asphalt Mats General Materials Mix Proportion Paving Materials Sand Mastic General Materials Mix Proportion Stone General Rubble for Foundation Mound Backfilling Materials Base Course Materials of Pavement Timber General Strength Performance Durability Recyclable Materials General Slag Crushed Concrete Dredged Soil Other Materials Plastic and Rubber Painting Materials Grouting Materials General Properties of Grouting Materials Asphalt Concrete Mass Oyster Shell Friction Coefficient Part III FACILITIES Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Items Common to Facilities Subject to Technical Standards Structural Members General Basic Policy on Performance Verification Examination of Ultimate Limit State Examination of Serviceability Limit State Examination of Fatigue Limit State Examination of Change in Performance Over Time Partial Factors Structural Details Caissons Fundamentals of Performance Verification Determination of Basic Cross Section and Characteristic Values Actions Performance Verification L-shaped Blocks Fundamentals of Performance Verification xv

9 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Determination of Basic Cross Section and Characteristic Values Actions Performance Verification Cellular Blocks Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross Section and Characteristic Values Actions Performance Verification Upright Wave-absorbing Caissons Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Hybrid Caissons General Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Corrosion Control Armor Stones and Blocks Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks on Slope Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks in Composite Breakwater Foundation Mound against Waves Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks against Currents Scouring and Washing-out Foundations General Comments Shallow Spread Foundations General Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Sandy Ground Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Cohesive Soil Ground Bearing Capacity of Multi-layered Ground Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Actions Deep Foundations General Characteristic Value of Vertical Bearing Capacity Horizontal Resistance Force of Deep Foundations Pile Foundations General Fundamentals of Performance Verification of Piles Static Maximum Axial Pushing Resistance of Pile Foundations [1] General [2] Static Maximum Axial Resistance of Single Piles due to Resistance of Ground [3] Estimation of Static Maximum Axial Resistance from Loading Tests [4] Estimation of Static Maximum Axial Resistance by Static Resistance Formulas [5] Examination of Compressive Stress of Pile Material [6] Decrease of Bearing Capacity due to Joints [7] Decrease of Bearing Capacity due to Slenderness Ratio [8] Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups [9] Examination of Negative Skin Friction [10]Examination of Pile Settlement Static Maximum Pulling Resistance of Pile Foundations [1] General [2] Static Maximum Pulling Resistance of Single Pile [3] Items to be Considered when Calculating Design Value of Pulling Resistance of Piles Static Maximum Lateral Resistance of Piles [1] General [2] Estimation of Behavior of Piles [3] Estimation of Behavior of a Single Pile by Loading Tests [4] Estimation of Pile Behavior using Analytical Methods [5] Consideration of Pile Group Action [6] Lateral Bearing Capacity of Coupled Piles xvi

10 xvii CONTENTS General Considerations of Performance Verification of Pile Foundations [1] Load Sharing [2] Distance between Centers of Piles [3] Performance Verification of Pile Foundations during Construction [4] Joints of Piles [5] Change of Plate Thickness or Material Type of Steel Pipe Piles [6] Other Notes regarding Performance Verification Settlement of Foundations Ground Stress Immediate Settlement Consolidation Settlement Lateral Displacement Differential Settlements Stability of Slopes General Examination of Stability Stability Analysis by Circular Slip Failure Surface Stability Analysis Assuming Slip Surfaces other than Circular Slip Surface Soil Improvement Methods General Liquefaction Countermeasure Works Replacement Methods Vertical Drain Method Fundamentals of Performance Verification Performance Verification Deep Mixing Method Fundamentals of Performance Verification [1] Scope of Application [2] Basic Concept Assumption of Dimensions of Stabilized Body [1] Mixing Design Method for Stabilized Subsoil [2] Material Strength of Stabilized Body Conditions of Actions on Stabilized Body Performance Verification [1] External Stability of Improved Subsoil [2] Examination of Internal Stability Lightweight Treated Soil Method Blast Furnace Granulated Slag Replacement Method Premixing Method Fundamentals of Performance Verification Preliminary Survey Determination of Strength of Treated Soil Design of Mix Proportion Examination of Area of Improvement Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Sandy Soil Ground) Basic Policy for Performance Verification Verification of Sand Supply Rate Sand Compaction Pile Method for Cohesive Soil Ground Basic Policy of Performance Verification [1] Scope of Application [2] Basic Concept Sand Piles Cohesive Soil Ground Formula for Shear Strength of Improved Subsoil Actions Performance Verification Rod Compaction Method Basic Policy of Performance Verification Performance Verification Vibro-flotation Method Basic Policy of Performance Verification

11 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Performance Verification [1] Examination using Past Results of Execution Drain Method as Liquefaction Countermeasure Works Well Point Method Surface Soil Stabilization Method Liquefaction Countermeasure Works by Chemical Grouting Methods Basic Policy of Performance Verification Setting of Improvement Ratio Pneumatic Flow Mixing Method Basic Policy of Performance Verification Active Earth Pressure of Geotechnical Materials Treated with Stabilizer General Active Earth Pressure [1] Outline [2] Strength Constants [3] Calculation of Active Earth Pressure [4] Cases where Improvement Width is Limited Chapter 3 Waterways and Basins General Waterways General Depth of Navigation Channel Bases for Verification Performance Verification of Width of Navigation Channel Verification for Class 1 (Empirical Approach) Verification for Class 2 (Performance-based Approach) Alignment of Navigation Channel (Bends) Fundamentals of Performance Verification Performance Verification for Class Basins Performance Criteria Performance Verification [1] Location and Area [2] Water Depth [3] Harbor Calmness Small Craft Basin Chapter 4 Protective Facilities for Harbors General Common Items for Breakwaters Principals of Performance Verification [1] General [2] Layout [3] Selection of Structural Type and Setting of Cross Section Performance Verification Ordinary Breakwaters Gravity-type Breakwaters (Composite Breakwaters) Principals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Structural Details Gravity-type Breakwaters (Upright Breakwaters) Fundamentals of Performance Verification Gravity-type Breakwaters (Sloping Breakwaters) Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Gravity-type Breakwaters (Breakwaters Covered with Wave-dissipating Blocks) xviii

12 xix CONTENTS Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Gravity-type Breakwaters (Upright Wave-absorbing Block Type Breakwaters) Principals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Gravity-type Breakwaters (Wave-absorbing Caisson Type Breakwaters) Principals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Gravity-type Breakwaters (Sloping-top Caisson Breakwaters) Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Pile-type Breakwaters Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Breakwaters with Wide Footing on Soft Ground Fundamentals of Performance Verification Floating Breakwaters Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Amenity-oriented Breakwaters Storm Surge Protection Breakwaters Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Tsunami Protection Breakwaters Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Structural Details Tsunami Reduction Effect of Tsunami Protection Breakwaters Sediment Control Groins General Performance Verification Seawalls Training Jetties General Performance Verification Floodgates Locks Revetments Common Items for Revetments Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Revetments with Amenity Function Coastal Dikes Groins Parapets Siltation Prevention Facilities General Facilities for Trapping Littoral Drift and River Erosion Sediment Wind Blown Sand Prevention Work

13 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN General Chapter 5 Mooring Facilities General General Dimensions and Layout of Mooring Facilities Selection of Structural Type of Mooring Facilities Standard Concept of Allowable Deformation of High Earthquake-resistance Facilities for Level 2 Earthquake Ground Motion Wharves Common Items for Wharves Dimensions of Wharves Protection against Scouring Gravity-type Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Sheet Pile Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Cross-sectional Dimensions Performance Verification Structural Details Cantilevered Sheet Pile Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Sheet Pile Quaywalls with Raking Pile Anchorages Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Open-type Quaywall with Sheet Pile Wall Anchored by Forward Batter Piles Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Layout and Dimensions Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Double Sheet Pile Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Quaywalls with Relieving Platforms Principles of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Cellular-bulkhead Quaywalls with Embedded Sections Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of the Equivalent Wall Width Performance Verification Placement-type Steel Cellular-bulkhead Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Setting of Cross-sectional Dimensions Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Upright Wave-absorbing Type Quaywalls Fundamentals of Performance Verification Performance Verification xx

14 CONTENTS 3 Mooring Buoys Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification of Mooring Buoys Mooring Piles Piled Piers Common Items for Piled Piers Open-type Wharves on Vertical Piles Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross-section Actions Performance Verification Performance Verification of Structural Members Open-type Wharves on Coupled Raking Piles Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting of Basic Cross-section Actions Performance Verification Strutted Frame Type Pier Jacket Type Piled Piers Dolphins Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification [1] Pile Type Dolphins [2] Steel Cell Type Dolphins [3] Caisson Type Dolphins Detached Piers Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification Floating Piers Fundamentals of Performance Verification Setting the Basic Cross-section Actions Performance Verification Shallow Draft Wharves Boat Lift Yards and Landing Facilities for Air Cushion Craft Boat Lift Yards Fundamentals of Performance Verification Location Selection of Boat Lift Yard Dimensions of Each Part [1] Requirements for Usability [2] Height of Each Part [3] Front Water Depth [4] Gradient of Slipway [5] Area of Front Basin Landing Facilities for Air Cushion Craft Fundamentals of Performance Verification Selection of Location Dimensions of Each Part [1] Slipway [2] Apron [3] Hangar Ancillary of Mooring Facilities Mooring Posts and Mooring Rings Position of Mooring Posts and Mooring Rings Actions Performance Verification Fender Equipment xxi

15 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Fundamentals of the Performance Verification of Fender Equipment Actions Layout of Fenders Performance Verification [1] General [2] Performance Verification Lighting Facilities Fundamentals of Performance Verification Standard Intensity of Illumination [1] General [2] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Outdoor Lighting [3] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Indoor Lighting Selection of Light Sources Selection of Apparatuses [1] Outdoor Lighting [2] Indoor Lighting Performance Verification Maintenance [1] Inspection Lifesaving Facilities Curbings Fundamentals of Performance Verification Performance Verification Vehicle Loading Facilities Water Supply Facilities Drainage Facilities Fueling Facilities and Electric Power Supply Facilities Passenger Boarding Facilities Fences, Doors, Ropes, etc Monitoring Equipment [1] Fundamentals of Performance Verification Signs Placement of Signs and Marks Forms and Installation Sites of Signs Aprons Specifications of Aprons [1] Apron Widths [2] Gradient of Apron [3] Countermeasures for Apron Settlement Performance Verification [1] General [2] Fundamentals of Performance Verification [3] Actions [4] Performance Verification for Concrete Pavements [5] Performance Verification of Asphalt Pavements Foundations for Cargo Handling Equipment Fundamentals of Performance Verification Actions Performance Verification of Pile-type Foundations [1] Concrete Beams [2] Maximum Static Resistance Forces of Piles Performance Verification in the Cases of Pile-less Foundation [1] Analysis of Effect on Quaywall [2] Concrete Beams Chapter 6 Port Transportation Facilities General Roads Fundamentals of Performance Verification Carriageway and Lanes Clearance Limits xxii

16 CONTENTS 2.4 Widening of the Curved Sections of Roads Longitudinal Slopes Level Crossings Performance Verification of Pavements Tunnels Constructed by the Immersed Tunnel Method General Fundamentals of Performance Verification Determination of the Basic Cross Section Performance Verification Structural Specifications Parking Lots Examination of Size and Location of Parking Lots Performance Verification Bridges Fundamentals of Performance Verification Ensuring of Durability Performance Verification of Fenders Canals Performance Verification Chapter 7 Cargo Sorting Facilities General General Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment and Rail-mounted Cargo Handling Equipment General Fundamentals of Performance Verification Loading Arms (Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment) Fundamentals of Performance Verification Cargo Sorting Areas General Timber Sorting Areas for Timber Sorting Cargo Sorting Facilities for Marine Products Cargo Sorting Facilities for Hazardous Cargoes Container Terminal Areas General Performance Verification Sheds General Chapter 8 Storage Facilities General Warehouses Open Storage Yards Timber Storage Yards and Ponds Coal Storage Yards Hazardous Materials Storage Facilities Oil Storage Facilities Chapter 9 Facilities for Ship Service General Water Supply Facilities to Ships Chapter 10 Other Port Facilities Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities Fixed Passenger Boarding Facilities Fundamentals of Performance Verification Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities Waste Disposal Sites General Purposes of Wastes Disposal Seawalls xxiii

17 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Inert-type Wastes Disposal Sites Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites Strictly Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites Fundamentals of the Performance Verification Performance Verification Beaches General Purposes of Beaches Fundamentals of Performance Verification Landscape of Beaches Amenity Conservation of Natural Environments Plazas and Green Spaces INDEX xxiv

18 PART I GENERAL, CHAPTER 1 GENERAL RULES Chapter 1 General Rules 1.1 Scope of Application This book is a translated version of the major parts of the Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan, which are referred to as "the Technical Standards" hereinafter. The Technical Standards are applied to the construction, improvement and maintenance of the port and harbor facilities in Japan. Fig shows the statutory structure of the Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan set forth by the Port and Harbour Law, which is composed of the Ministerial Ordinance and the Public Notice and was enacted in July 2007, supplemented with Commentaries. Port and Harbour Law [Article 56, Paragraph 2, Item (2)] (Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities) Port and Harbour Law Enforcement Order [Article 19] (Facilities subject to the Technical Standards) Port and Harbour Law Enforcement Regulations [Article 28] (Stipulation of facilities excluded from coverage) The Technical Standards The Ministerial Ordinance The Public Notice (with Commentaries) Fig Statutory Structure of the Technical Standards for Port and Harbour Facilities Commentaries mainly provide engineers with explanation on the background to and the basis for the Public Notice. In addition, Technical Notes are added at many subsections for provision of further explanation and detailed information. They are intended to assist engineers in designing facilities, by presenting explanation of the investigation methods and/or related standards, specific examples of structures, and other related materials. 3